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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    22 April 1970 – The first Earth Day is celebrated

    Earth Day

    Earth Day is an annual event on April 22 to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First held on April 22, 1970, it now includes a wide range of events coordinated globally by Earthday.org (formerly Earth Day Network)[1] including 1 billion people in more than 193 countries.[2][1][3] The official theme for 2024 is "Planet vs. Plastics." 2025 will be the 55th anniversary of Earth Day.[4][5]

    In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be observed on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later, United States Senator Gaylord Nelson proposed the idea to hold a nationwide environmental teach-in on April 22, 1970. He hired a young activist, Denis Hayes, to be the National Coordinator. Nelson and Hayes renamed the event "Earth Day". Denis and his staff grew the event beyond the original idea for a teach-in to include the entire United States. More than 20 million people poured out on the streets, and the first Earth Day remains the largest single-day protest in human history. Key non-environmentally focused partners played major roles. Under the leadership of labor leader Walter Reuther, for example, the United Auto Workers (UAW) was the most instrumental outside financial and operational supporter of the first Earth Day.[6][7][8] According to Hayes: "Without the UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!"[9] Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in recognition of his work.[10][11] The first Earth Day was focused on the United States. In 1990, Denis Hayes, the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international and organized events in 141 nations.[12][13][14] On Earth Day 2016, the landmark Paris Agreement was signed by the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and 120 other countries. This signing satisfied a key requirement for the entry into force of the historic draft climate protection treaty adopted by consensus of the 195 nations present at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris. Numerous communities engaged in Earth Day Week actions, an entire week of activities focused on the environmental issues that the world faces.[15] On Earth Day 2020, over 100 million people around the world observed the 50th anniversary in what is being referred to as the largest online mass mobilization in history.[3] A similar but separate event, World Environment Day, is organized by the United Nations and observed annually on June 5.

    1. ^ a b "Earth Day 2020: What Is It and How Do People Mark It Around the World?". The Independent. April 21, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
    2. ^ "1 billion people are taking part in Earth Day - here are some reasons to be hopeful this year". Euronews. April 20, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
    3. ^ a b "The 50th Anniversary Of Earth Day Unites Tens Of Millions Of People Across The World In Action And A Multi-Platform Event". Yahoo. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
    4. ^ "Earth Day 2022 Invest in Our Planet". earthday.org. March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
    5. ^ "Earth Week Naperville celebrates 53rd annual Earth Day with special programs". Daily Herald. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
    6. ^ Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    7. ^ "Meet 'Mr. Earth Day,' the Man Who Helped Organize the Annual Observance". Time. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    8. ^ The Rumpus Interview with Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 2, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    9. ^ "Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. April 2, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
    10. ^ Striepe, Becky (April 21, 2013). "Earth Day Care2 Healthy Living". Care2.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
    11. ^ "Planet vs. Plastics Global Theme for Earth Day 2024". earthday.org. n.d. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
    12. ^ Staff – The Buillitt Foundation". Bullitt.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
    13. ^ "The Rumpus Interview With Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
    14. ^ "How Earth Day gave birth to the environmental movement=The Harvard Gazette". January–February 1990. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
    15. ^ "Earth Day: Let's pledge to keep our environment clean, says Mamata". The Statesman.
     
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    23 April 1985Coca-Cola changes its formula and releases New Coke. The response is overwhelmingly negative, and the original formula is back on the market in less than three months.

    New Coke

    New Coke was the unofficial name of a reformulation of the soft drink Coca-Cola, introduced by The Coca-Cola Company in April, 1985. It was renamed Coke II in 1990,[1] and discontinued in July 2002.

    By 1985, Coca-Cola had been losing market share to diet soft drinks and non-cola beverages for several years. Blind taste tests suggested that consumers preferred the sweeter taste of the competing product Pepsi-Cola, and so the Coca-Cola recipe was reformulated. The American public reacted negatively, and New Coke was considered a major failure.

    The company reintroduced the original formula within three months, rebranded "Coca-Cola Classic", resulting in a significant sales boost. This led to speculation that the New Coke formula had been a ploy to stimulate sales of the original Coca-Cola, which the company has vehemently denied.[2] The story of New Coke remains influential as a cautionary tale against tampering with an established successful brand.

    1. ^ Jamieson, Sean (April 5, 1990). "Coke II makes its Spokane debut". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. A8.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Snopes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    24 April 2011WikiLeaks starts publishing the Guantanamo Bay files leak.

    Guantanamo Bay files leak

    The Guantánamo Bay files leak (also known as The Guantánamo Files, or colloquially, Gitmo Files)[1] began on 24 April 2011, when WikiLeaks, along with The New York Times, NPR and The Guardian and other independent news organizations, began publishing 779 formerly secret documents relating to detainees at the United States' Guantánamo Bay detention camp established in 2002 after its invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.[1] The documents consist of classified assessments, interviews, and internal memos about detainees, which were written by the Pentagon's Joint Task Force Guantanamo, headquartered at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The documents are marked "secret" and NOFORN (information that is not to be shared with representatives of other countries).[2]

    Media reports on the documents note that more than 150 innocent Afghans and Pakistanis, including farmers, chefs, and drivers, were held for years without charges.[3][4][5] The documents also reveal that some of the prison's youngest and oldest detainees, who include Mohammed Sadiq, an 89-year-old man, and Naqib Ullah, a 14-year-old boy, suffered from fragile mental and physical conditions.[6] The files contain statements from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the planner of the 9/11 attacks, who said that al-Qaeda possessed nuclear capacity and would use it to retaliate for any attack on Osama bin Laden.[3]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference guardian1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference npr1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference telegraph1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference independent1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference democracynow1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference guardian2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    25 April 1916Anzac Day is commemorated for the first time on the first anniversary of the landing at ANZAC Cove.

    Anzac Day

    The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower that has been used since 1921 to commemorate war dead.
    Flags on the cenotaph in Wellington for the 2007 Dawn March. From left to right, the flags of New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia.

    Anzac Day (/ˈænzæk/; Māori: Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa[2] or Rā o ngā Hōia)[1] is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served".[3][4] Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).

    1. ^ a b "Rā o Ngā Hōia". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
    2. ^ "Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa – te Aka Māori Dictionary".
    3. ^ "ANZAC Day". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
    4. ^ "Anzac Day Today". Anzac.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
     
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    26 April 2018 – American comedian Bill Cosby is found guilty of sexual assault.

    Bill Cosby sexual assault cases

    Bill Cosby at the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia and Girard College in 2011

    In late 2014, multiple allegations emerged that Bill Cosby, an American media personality, had sexually assaulted dozens of women throughout his career.[1][2] Cosby was well known in the United States for his eccentric image, and gained a reputation as "America's Dad" for his portrayal of Cliff Huxtable on The Cosby Show (1984–1992). He received numerous awards and honorary degrees throughout his career, many of which have since been revoked.

    Cosby has been accused by over 60 women of rape, drug-facilitated sexual assault, sexual battery, child sexual abuse, and sexual harassment. The earliest incidents allegedly took place in the mid-1960s. Assault allegations against Cosby became more public after a stand-up routine by comedian Hannibal Buress in October 2014, alluding to Cosby's covert sexual misbehavior; thereafter, many additional claims were made. The dates of the alleged incidents have spanned from 1965 to 2008 in ten U.S. states and in one Canadian province.[3][4][5] Cosby has maintained his innocence and repeatedly denied the allegations made against him. Amid the allegations, numerous organizations severed ties with Cosby and revoked honors and titles previously awarded to him. Media organizations pulled reruns of The Cosby Show and other television programs featuring Cosby from syndication. Ninety-seven colleges and universities rescinded honorary degrees.[6]

    Most of the alleged acts fall outside the statute of limitations for criminal legal proceedings, but criminal charges were filed against Cosby in one case and numerous civil lawsuits were brought against him. As of November 2015, eight related civil suits were active against him.[7][8] Gloria Allred represented 33 of the alleged victims.[9] In July 2015, some court records were unsealed and released to the public from Andrea Constand's 2005 civil suit against Cosby. The full transcript of his deposition was released to the media by a court reporting service. In his testimony, Cosby admitted to casual sex involving recreational use of the sedative-hypnotic methaqualone (Quaaludes) with a series of young women, and he acknowledged that his dispensing the prescription drug was illegal.[10][11][12]

    In December 2015, three Class II felony charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,[13] based on allegations by Constand concerning incidents in January 2004. Cosby's first trial in June 2017 ended in a mistrial.[14] Cosby was found guilty of three counts of aggravated indecent assault at retrial on April 26, 2018[15] and on September 25, 2018, he was sentenced to three to ten years in state prison and fined $25,000 plus the cost of the prosecution, $43,611.[16] Cosby appealed on June 25, 2019 and the verdict was subsequently upheld and granted an appeal by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.[17][18] On June 30, 2021, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court found that an agreement with a previous prosecutor, Bruce Castor, prevented Cosby from being charged in the case, and overruled the conviction.[19] The Supreme Court's decision prevents him from being tried on the same charges a third time.[20] The Montgomery County district attorney's office filed a certiorari petition asking the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case,[21] but on March 7, 2022, the petition was denied, making the decision of the state supreme court final.[22] Cosby’s legal issues continued following his release from prison. In 2014 Judy Huth had filed a civil suit against Cosby in California, alleging that he had sexually assaulted her in 1975, when she was 16 years old. The trial began in 2022, and the jury ruled in Huth’s favour. Cosby was ordered to pay $500,000 in compensatory damages.[23] In 2023, nine women filed sexual assault suits against Cosby.[24]

    1. ^ "A complete list of the 60 Bill Cosby accusers and their reactions to his prison sentence". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    2. ^ "These are the allegations against Bill Cosby". NBC News. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference DailyBeastListofAccusersNov2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Seemayer, Zach (February 26, 2015). "Bill Cosby's Accusers: A Timeline of Alleged rape Claims (Updated)". ET Online. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    5. ^ Ioannou, Filipa; Mathis-Lilley, Ben; Hannon, Elliot (November 21, 2014). "A Complete List of the Women Who Have Accused Bill Cosby of Sexual Assault". Slate. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    6. ^ Holley, Peter (December 1, 2014). "Colleges cut ties with Bill Cosby as the list of women accusing him of sexual assault hits 20". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
    7. ^ Winton, Richard (July 7, 2015). "Bill Cosby's admission on Quaaludes may spur lawsuits against him, legal experts say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
    8. ^ Gardner, Eriq (September 15, 2015). "Bill Cosby Tells Judge That Insurer Is Threatening His Defense Against Accusers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
    9. ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 30, 2020). "Gloria Allred, Attorney for 33 Bill Cosby Accusers, Slams Court's Decision to Overturn Conviction". Variety.
    10. ^ Moghe, Sonia (July 24, 2015). "Cosby deposition: Quaaludes came from L.A. gynecologist". CNN. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
    11. ^ Bowley, Graham; Ember, Sydney (July 18, 2015). "Bill Cosby, in Deposition, Said Drugs and Fame Helped Him Seduce Women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2015. ... he presented himself in the deposition as an unapologetic, cavalier playboy, someone who used a combination of fame, apparent concern and powerful sedatives in a calculated pursuit of young women ... He admitted to giving young women Qualudes at that time 'the same as a person would say have a drink', he said, but not without their knowledge.
    12. ^ Ho, Rodney (September 9, 2016). "Gloria Allred wins Cobb Energy Bill Cosby concert protest case". MyAgc. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
    13. ^ Dale, Maryclaire (December 30, 2015). "Bill Cosby charged with sexually assaulting a woman". Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
    14. ^ Bowley, Graham; Perez-Pena, Richard; Hurdle, Jon (June 17, 2017). "Bill Cosby's Sexual Assault Case Ends in a Mistrial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
    15. ^ "Judge sets sentencing date for Cosby's sex assault case". NBC News. May 16, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
    16. ^ Bowley, Graham; Coscarelli, Joe (September 25, 2018). "Bill Cosby Sentenced to 3 to 10 years in Prison". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
    17. ^ Bowley, Graham (June 25, 2019). "Bill Cosby, Calling His Trial Unfair, Files a Formal Appeal". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
    18. ^ Bowley, Graham (December 10, 2019). "Bill Cosby Loses Appeal of Sexual Assault Conviction". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
    19. ^ Dale, Maryclaire (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby to be released from jail after sex assault conviction overturned by court". Global News. Retrieved June 30, 2021 – via AP News.
    20. ^ Puente, Maria (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby released from prison after sex assault conviction overturned by Pa. Supreme Court". USA TODAY. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
    21. ^ "Montgomery County District Attorney's Office Files Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Cosby" (Press release). Norristown, Pennsylvania: Montgomery County District Attorney's Office. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
    22. ^ Kruzel, John (March 7, 2022). "Supreme Court turns away prosecutors' appeal in Bill Cosby case". The Hill. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
    23. ^ Patten, Dominic (June 22, 2022). "Bill Cosby Sexually Abused Judy Huth In 1970s, Civil Jury Decides – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
    24. ^ "Nine women file sexual assault suits against Bill Cosby after Nevada abolishes statute of limitations for civil cases". Sky News. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
     
  6. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 April 2018 – American comedian Bill Cosby is found guilty of sexual assault.

    Bill Cosby sexual assault cases

    Bill Cosby at the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia and Girard College in 2011

    In late 2014, multiple allegations emerged that Bill Cosby, an American media personality, had sexually assaulted dozens of women throughout his career.[1][2] Cosby was well known in the United States for his eccentric image, and gained a reputation as "America's Dad" for his portrayal of Cliff Huxtable on The Cosby Show (1984–1992). He received numerous awards and honorary degrees throughout his career, many of which have since been revoked.

    Cosby has been accused by over 60 women of rape, drug-facilitated sexual assault, sexual battery, child sexual abuse, and sexual harassment. The earliest incidents allegedly took place in the mid-1960s. Assault allegations against Cosby became more public after a stand-up routine by comedian Hannibal Buress in October 2014, alluding to Cosby's covert sexual misbehavior; thereafter, many additional claims were made. The dates of the alleged incidents have spanned from 1965 to 2008 in ten U.S. states and in one Canadian province.[3][4][5] Cosby has maintained his innocence and repeatedly denied the allegations made against him. Amid the allegations, numerous organizations severed ties with Cosby and revoked honors and titles previously awarded to him. Media organizations pulled reruns of The Cosby Show and other television programs featuring Cosby from syndication. Ninety-seven colleges and universities rescinded honorary degrees.[6]

    Most of the alleged acts fall outside the statute of limitations for criminal legal proceedings, but criminal charges were filed against Cosby in one case and numerous civil lawsuits were brought against him. As of November 2015, eight related civil suits were active against him.[7][8] Gloria Allred represented 33 of the alleged victims.[9] In July 2015, some court records were unsealed and released to the public from Andrea Constand's 2005 civil suit against Cosby. The full transcript of his deposition was released to the media by a court reporting service. In his testimony, Cosby admitted to casual sex involving recreational use of the sedative-hypnotic methaqualone (Quaaludes) with a series of young women, and he acknowledged that his dispensing the prescription drug was illegal.[10][11][12]

    In December 2015, three Class II felony charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,[13] based on allegations by Constand concerning incidents in January 2004. Cosby's first trial in June 2017 ended in a mistrial.[14] Cosby was found guilty of three counts of aggravated indecent assault at retrial on April 26, 2018[15] and on September 25, 2018, he was sentenced to three to ten years in state prison and fined $25,000 plus the cost of the prosecution, $43,611.[16] Cosby appealed on June 25, 2019 and the verdict was subsequently upheld and granted an appeal by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.[17][18] On June 30, 2021, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court found that an agreement with a previous prosecutor, Bruce Castor, prevented Cosby from being charged in the case, and overruled the conviction.[19] The Supreme Court's decision prevents him from being tried on the same charges a third time.[20] The Montgomery County district attorney's office filed a certiorari petition asking the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case,[21] but on March 7, 2022, the petition was denied, making the decision of the state supreme court final.[22] Cosby’s legal issues continued following his release from prison. In 2014 Judy Huth had filed a civil suit against Cosby in California, alleging that he had sexually assaulted her in 1975, when she was 16 years old. The trial began in 2022, and the jury ruled in Huth’s favour. Cosby was ordered to pay $500,000 in compensatory damages.[23] In 2023, nine women filed sexual assault suits against Cosby.[24]

    1. ^ "A complete list of the 60 Bill Cosby accusers and their reactions to his prison sentence". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    2. ^ "These are the allegations against Bill Cosby". NBC News. July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference DailyBeastListofAccusersNov2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Seemayer, Zach (February 26, 2015). "Bill Cosby's Accusers: A Timeline of Alleged rape Claims (Updated)". ET Online. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    5. ^ Ioannou, Filipa; Mathis-Lilley, Ben; Hannon, Elliot (November 21, 2014). "A Complete List of the Women Who Have Accused Bill Cosby of Sexual Assault". Slate. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    6. ^ Holley, Peter (December 1, 2014). "Colleges cut ties with Bill Cosby as the list of women accusing him of sexual assault hits 20". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
    7. ^ Winton, Richard (July 7, 2015). "Bill Cosby's admission on Quaaludes may spur lawsuits against him, legal experts say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
    8. ^ Gardner, Eriq (September 15, 2015). "Bill Cosby Tells Judge That Insurer Is Threatening His Defense Against Accusers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
    9. ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 30, 2020). "Gloria Allred, Attorney for 33 Bill Cosby Accusers, Slams Court's Decision to Overturn Conviction". Variety.
    10. ^ Moghe, Sonia (July 24, 2015). "Cosby deposition: Quaaludes came from L.A. gynecologist". CNN. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
    11. ^ Bowley, Graham; Ember, Sydney (July 18, 2015). "Bill Cosby, in Deposition, Said Drugs and Fame Helped Him Seduce Women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2015. ... he presented himself in the deposition as an unapologetic, cavalier playboy, someone who used a combination of fame, apparent concern and powerful sedatives in a calculated pursuit of young women ... He admitted to giving young women Qualudes at that time 'the same as a person would say have a drink', he said, but not without their knowledge.
    12. ^ Ho, Rodney (September 9, 2016). "Gloria Allred wins Cobb Energy Bill Cosby concert protest case". MyAgc. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
    13. ^ Dale, Maryclaire (December 30, 2015). "Bill Cosby charged with sexually assaulting a woman". Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
    14. ^ Bowley, Graham; Perez-Pena, Richard; Hurdle, Jon (June 17, 2017). "Bill Cosby's Sexual Assault Case Ends in a Mistrial". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
    15. ^ "Judge sets sentencing date for Cosby's sex assault case". NBC News. May 16, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
    16. ^ Bowley, Graham; Coscarelli, Joe (September 25, 2018). "Bill Cosby Sentenced to 3 to 10 years in Prison". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
    17. ^ Bowley, Graham (June 25, 2019). "Bill Cosby, Calling His Trial Unfair, Files a Formal Appeal". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
    18. ^ Bowley, Graham (December 10, 2019). "Bill Cosby Loses Appeal of Sexual Assault Conviction". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
    19. ^ Dale, Maryclaire (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby to be released from jail after sex assault conviction overturned by court". Global News. Retrieved June 30, 2021 – via AP News.
    20. ^ Puente, Maria (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby released from prison after sex assault conviction overturned by Pa. Supreme Court". USA TODAY. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
    21. ^ "Montgomery County District Attorney's Office Files Appeal to U.S. Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Cosby" (Press release). Norristown, Pennsylvania: Montgomery County District Attorney's Office. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
    22. ^ Kruzel, John (March 7, 2022). "Supreme Court turns away prosecutors' appeal in Bill Cosby case". The Hill. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
    23. ^ Patten, Dominic (June 22, 2022). "Bill Cosby Sexually Abused Judy Huth In 1970s, Civil Jury Decides – Update". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
    24. ^ "Nine women file sexual assault suits against Bill Cosby after Nevada abolishes statute of limitations for civil cases". Sky News. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
     
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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    27 April 1981Xerox PARC introduces the computer mouse.

    Computer mouse

    A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which can also function as a button when pressed inwards)
    A typical wireless computer mouse

    A computer mouse (plural mice, also mouses)[nb 1] is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the pointer (called a cursor) on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.

    The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by Doug Engelbart in 1968 as part of the Mother of All Demos.[1] Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use optical movement detection with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

    In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels, which enable additional control and dimensional input.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Computer Mouse: Complete History". 2021-01-04.
     
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    28 April 1969Charles de Gaulle resigns as President of France.

    Charles de Gaulle

    Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle[a] (/də ˈɡl, də ˈɡɔːl/ GOHL, də GAWL, French: [ʃaʁl ɡol] ;[1] 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France. In 1958, amid the Algerian War, he came out of retirement when appointed Prime Minister by President René Coty. He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position he held until his resignation in 1969.

    Born in Lille, he was a decorated officer of the First World War, wounded several times and taken prisoner by the Germans. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured division that counterattacked the invaders; he was then appointed Undersecretary for War. Refusing to accept his government's armistice with Germany, De Gaulle fled to England and exhorted the French to continue the fight in his Appeal of 18 June. He led the Free French Forces and later headed the French National Liberation Committee and emerged as the undisputed leader of Free France. He became head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in June 1944, the interim government of France following its liberation. As early as 1944, De Gaulle introduced a dirigiste economic policy, which included substantial state-directed control over a capitalist economy, which was followed by 30 years of unprecedented growth, known as the Trente Glorieuses. He resigned in 1946, but continued to be politically active as founder of the Rally of the French People. He retired in the early 1950s and wrote his War Memoirs, which quickly became a staple of modern French literature.

    When the Algerian War threatened to bring the unstable Fourth Republic to collapse, the National Assembly brought him back to power during the May 1958 crisis. He founded the Fifth Republic with a strong presidency; he was elected with 78% of the vote to continue in that role. He managed to keep France together while taking steps to end the war, much to the anger of the Pieds-Noirs (ethnic Europeans born in Algeria) and the armed forces. He granted independence to Algeria and acted progressively towards other French colonies. In the context of the Cold War, De Gaulle initiated his "politics of grandeur", asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries, such as the United States, for its national security and prosperity. To this end, he pursued a policy of "national independence" which led him to withdraw from NATO's integrated military command and to launch an independent nuclear strike force that made France the world's fourth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations with Konrad Adenauer to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence through the signing of the Élysée Treaty on 22 January 1963.

    De Gaulle opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring Europe as a continent of sovereign nations. De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the "exorbitant privilege" of the US dollar. In his later years, his support for the slogan "Vive le Québec libre" and his two vetoes of Britain's entry into the European Economic Community generated considerable controversy in both North America and Europe. Although reelected to the presidency in 1965, he faced widespread protests by students and workers in May 1968 but had the Army's support and won a snap election with an increased majority in the National Assembly. De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralisation. He died a year later at the age of 79, leaving his presidential memoirs unfinished. Many French political parties and leaders claim a Gaullist legacy; many streets and monuments in France and other parts of the world were dedicated to his memory after his death.


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    1. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
     
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    29 April 1986 – Chernobyl disaster: American and European spy satellites capture the ruins of the 4th Reactor at the Chernobyl Power Plant.

    Chernobyl disaster

    The Chernobyl disaster[a] began on 26 April 1986 with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR, close to the border with the Byelorussian SSR, in the Soviet Union.[1] It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at seven—the maximum severity—on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. The initial emergency response and subsequent mitigation efforts involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion roubles—roughly US$68 billion in 2019, adjusted for inflation.[2] It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history.[3][4][5]

    The accident occurred during a test of the steam turbine's ability to power the emergency feedwater pumps in the event of a simultaneous loss of external power and coolant pipe rupture. Following an accidental drop in reactor power to near-zero, the operators restarted the reactor in preparation for the turbine test with a prohibited control rod configuration. Upon successful completion of the test, the reactor was then shut down for maintenance. Due to a variety of factors, this action resulted in a power surge at the base of the reactor which brought about the rupture of reactor components and the loss of coolant. This process led to steam explosions and a meltdown, which destroyed the containment building. This was followed by a reactor core fire which lasted until 4 May 1986, during which airborne radioactive contaminants were spread throughout the USSR and Europe.[6][7] In response to the initial accident, a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident, from which approximately 49,000 people were evacuated, primarily from Pripyat. The exclusion zone was later increased to a radius of 30 kilometres (19 mi), from which an additional ~68,000 people were evacuated.[8]

    Following the reactor explosion, which killed two engineers and severely burned two more, an emergency operation to put out the fires and stabilize the surviving reactor began, during which 237 workers were hospitalized, of whom 134 exhibited symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Among those hospitalized, 28 died within the following three months. In the following 10 years, 14 more workers (9 of whom had been hospitalized with ARS) died of various causes mostly unrelated to radiation exposure.[9] 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths were attributed to the disaster as of 2011.[10][11] A United Nations committee found that to date fewer than 100 deaths have resulted from the fallout.[12] Model predictions of the eventual total death toll in the coming decades vary. The most widely cited study conducted by the World Health Organization in 2006 predicted 9,000 cancer-related fatalities in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.[13]

    Following the disaster, Pripyat was abandoned and eventually replaced by the new purpose-built city of Slavutych. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus was built by December 1986. It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination from the wreckage and protected it from weathering. The confinement shelter also provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site, which were restarted in late 1986 and 1987. However, this containment structure was only intended to last for 30 years, and required considerable reinforcement in the early 2000s. The Shelter was heavily supplemented in 2017 by the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement, which was constructed around the old structure. This larger enclosure aims to enable the removal of both the sarcophagus and the reactor debris while containing the radioactive materials inside. Clean-up is scheduled for completion by 2065.[14]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Accident of 1986". Chornobyl NPP. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
    2. ^ "Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact, 2002 update; Chapter II – The release, dispersion and deposition of radionuclides" (PDF). OECD-NEA. 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
    3. ^ "The Chornobyl Accident". United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
    4. ^ "A Brief History of Nuclear Accidents Worldwide". www.ucsusa.org. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
    5. ^ Lallanilla, Marc; Geggel, Laura (18 April 2023). "Chernobyl: The world's worst nuclear disaster". livescience.com. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
    6. ^ McCall, Chris (April 2016). "Chernobyl disaster 30 years on: lessons not learned". The Lancet. 387 (10029): 1707–1708. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30304-x. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27116266. S2CID 39494685.
    7. ^ "Chernobyl-Born Radionuclides in Geological Environment". Groundwater Vulnerability. Special Publications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2014. pp. 25–38. doi:10.1002/9781118962220.ch2. ISBN 978-1-118-96222-0.
    8. ^ Steadman, Philip; Hodgkinson, Simon (1990). Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute. Butterworth Architecture. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-40850-061-6.
    9. ^ Wagemaker, G.; Guskova, A.K.; Bebeshko, V.G.; Griffiths, N.M.; Krishenko, N.A. (1996). "Clinically Observed Effects in Individuals Exposed to Radiation as a Result of the Chernobyl Accident". One Decade After Chernobyl: Summing up the Consequences of the Accident, Proceedings of an International Conference, Vienna.: 173–198.
    10. ^ "Chernobyl 25th anniversary – Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). World Health Organization. 23 April 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
    11. ^ "Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident". World Health Organization. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
    12. ^ "UNSCEAR assessments of the Chernobyl accident". www.unscear.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
    13. ^ "World Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world's worst-ever civil nuclear accident". World Health Organization. 26 April 2006. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
    14. ^ "Chernobyl nuclear power plant site to be cleared by 2065". Kyiv Post. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.
     
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    30 April 1980 – The Iranian Embassy siege begins in London.

    Iranian Embassy siege

    The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy on Prince's Gate in South Kensington, London. The gunmen, Iranian Arabs campaigning for sovereignty of Khuzestan Province, took 26 people hostage, including embassy staff, several visitors, and a police officer who had been guarding the embassy. They demanded the release of prisoners in Khuzestan and their own safe passage out of the United Kingdom. The British government quickly decided that safe passage would not be granted and a siege ensued. Subsequently, police negotiators secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor concessions, such as the broadcasting of the hostage-takers' demands on British television.

    By the sixth day of the siege the gunmen were increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress in meeting their demands. That evening, they killed a hostage and threw his body out of the embassy. The Special Air Service (SAS), a special forces regiment of the British Army, initiated "Operation Nimrod" to rescue the remaining hostages, abseiling from the roof and forcing entry through the windows. During the 17-minute raid they rescued all but one of the remaining hostages and killed five of the six hostage-takers. An inquest cleared the SAS of any wrongdoing. The sole remaining gunman served 27 years in British prisons.

    The operation brought the SAS to the public eye for the first time and bolstered the reputation of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government. The SAS was quickly overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its expertise from foreign governments. The building, damaged by fire during the assault, was not reopened until 1993. The SAS raid, televised live on a bank holiday evening, became a defining moment in British history and proved a career boost for several journalists; it became the subject of multiple documentaries and works of fiction, including several films and television series.

     
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    1 May 1999 – SpongeBob SquarePants premieres on Nickelodeon.

    SpongeBob SquarePants

    SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series created by marine science educator and animator Stephen Hillenburg that premiered on Nickelodeon as a sneak peek after the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards on May 1, 1999, and officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It chronicles the adventures of the title character and his aquatic friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom. The series received worldwide critical acclaim, and has gained popularity by its second season. As of 2019, the series is the fifth-longest-running American animated series. Its popularity made it a multimedia franchise, the highest rated Nickelodeon series, and the most profitable intellectual property for Paramount Consumer Products. By 2019, it had generated over $13 billion in merchandising revenue.[4]

    Many of the series' ideas originated in The Intertidal Zone, an unpublished educational comic book Hillenburg created in 1989 to teach his students about undersea life.[5] Hillenburg joined Nickelodeon in 1992 as an artist on Rocko's Modern Life.[6] After Rocko was cancelled in 1996, he began developing SpongeBob SquarePants into a television series that same year, and in 1997, a seven-minute pilot was pitched to Nickelodeon. The network's executives wanted SpongeBob to be a child in school, but Hillenburg preferred SpongeBob to be an adult character.[7] He was prepared to abandon the series, but compromised by creating a boating school so SpongeBob could attend school as an adult.[8]

    The series has run for a total of thirteen seasons, and has inspired three feature films: The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004), Sponge Out of Water (2015), and Sponge on the Run (2020). Two spin-off series, Kamp Koral: SpongeBob's Under Years and The Patrick Star Show, premiered in 2021. As of February 2022, four additional films are planned: three character spinoff films for Paramount+ and Netflix, and a theatrical SpongeBob film. The fourteenth season of the main series was announced in March 2022,[9] and premiered in November 2023. In September 2023, the show was renewed for a fifteenth season.[10]

    SpongeBob SquarePants has won a variety of awards including six Annie Awards, eight Golden Reel Awards, four Emmy Awards, two BAFTA Children's Awards, and a record-breaking twenty Kids' Choice Awards. A Broadway musical based on it opened in 2017 to critical acclaim.[11] The series is also noted as a cultural touchstone of Generation Z.[12][13]

    1. ^ Meet the Creator: Stephen Hillenburg (Video). Nick Animation. July 27, 2015. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
    2. ^ "SpongeBob SquarePants and the Indestructible Faith of Imagination". Vulture. November 27, 2018. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2019. Who lives in a pineapple under the sea? Why, one of the stars of the most brilliantly imagined and sustained display of surreal humor in pop culture, that's who.
    3. ^ Emily Yahr (October 18, 2012). "CBS sets Spongebob Christmas for November". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
    4. ^ "Nickelodeon Marks 20 Years of SpongeBob SquarePants with the "Best Year Ever"". www.businesswire.com. February 12, 2019. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
    5. ^ "Casetext". casetext.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
    6. ^ Neuwirth 2003, p. 50
    7. ^ White, Peter (October 27, 2009). "SpongeBob SquarePants' creator Steve Hillenburg". Television Business International. Informa Telecoms & Media. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
    8. ^ Wilson, Thomas F. (Interviewer); Hillenburg, Stephen (Interviewee) (May 29, 2012). "Big Pop Fun #28: Stephen Hillenburg, Artist and Animator–Interview (clip)" (mp3). Nerdist Industries (Podcast). Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
    9. ^ Alexandra Del Rosario (March 24, 2022). "SpongeBob SquarePants, Paw Patrol, Blue's Clues & You! Renewed By Nickelodeon". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
    10. ^ Joe Otterson (September 29, 2023). "SpongeBob SquarePants Renewed for Season 15 at Nickelodeon". Variety. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
    11. ^ Gold, Michael (May 2, 2018). "Before the Tonys, SpongeBob Seized the Culture With Memes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 2, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
    12. ^ "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Most Important Show to Generation Z and their Popular Culture". Bryan-College Station Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
    13. ^ Fuller, Benjamin (2019). "The SpongeBob Franchise: Pop Culture Fixture, Reboot Culture Artifact". Studies in Popular Culture. 42 (1): 77–102. ISSN 0888-5753. JSTOR 26926333. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.


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    2 May 1982Falklands War: The British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror sinks the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano.

    Falklands War

    The Falklands War (Spanish: Guerra de Malvinas) was a ten-week undeclared war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and its territorial dependency, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The conflict began on 2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands, followed by the invasion of South Georgia the next day. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with an Argentine surrender on 14 June, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders were killed during the hostilities.

    The conflict was a major episode in the protracted dispute over the territories' sovereignty. Argentina asserted (and maintains) that the islands are Argentine territory,[20] and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory. The British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are predominantly descendants of British settlers, and strongly favour British sovereignty. Neither state officially declared war, although both governments declared the islands a war zone.

    The conflict had a strong effect in both countries and has been the subject of various books, articles, films, and songs. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the unfavourable outcome prompted large protests against the ruling military government, hastening its downfall and the democratisation of the country. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative government, bolstered by the successful outcome, was re-elected with an increased majority the following year. The cultural and political effect of the conflict has been less in the UK than in Argentina, where it has remained a common topic for discussion.[21]

    Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, at which the two governments issued a joint statement.[22] No change in either country's position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit. In 1994, Argentina adopted a new constitution,[23] which declared the Falkland Islands as part of one of its provinces by law.[24] However, the islands continue to operate as a self-governing British Overseas Territory.[25]

    1. ^ The ambiguous role of France in the Falklands/Malvinas War
    2. ^ a b An A-Z of the Falklands War
    3. ^ Portugal will authorize refueling in the Azores
    4. ^ Margaret Thatcher's thank you message to the President of Sierra Leone for allowing her ships to refuel in Freetown
    5. ^ Embargo of the EEC against Buenos Aires starts tomorrow
    6. ^ a b c Apoyo a Argentina del TIAR y voto de castigo contra Estados Unidos
    7. ^ The keys to the conflict between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falklands/Malvinas (in Spanish)
    8. ^ Falklands War cartoon
    9. ^ a b c d e Brasil apoyó el envío de armas a Argentina durante la guerra de las Malvinas
    10. ^ Israel armó y ayudó a la Argentina durante la Guerra
    11. ^ Gadafi conspiró para ayudar a Argentina en la guerra de las Malvinas
    12. ^ La historia de cómo se gestó el apoyo del Perú a Argentina en la Guerra de las Malvinas
    13. ^ Malvinas, documentos desclasificados: los partes de inteligencia del "amigo invisible" soviético y los satélites que "espiaron" a la flota británica
    14. ^ Cuba y la dictadura argentina en tiempos de Malvinas
    15. ^ La OEA, diplomáticamente a favor de Buenos Aires
    16. ^ Los No Alineados reconocen la soberanía argentina sobre las Malvinas
    17. ^ "Falkland Islands profile". BBC News. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
    18. ^ Burns, John F. (5 January 2013). "Vitriol Over Falklands Resurfaces, as Do Old Arguments". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
    19. ^ a b Historia Marítima Argentina, Volume 10, p. 137. Departamento de Estudios Históricos Navales, Cuántica Editora, Argentina: 1993.
    20. ^ "Argentine to reaffirm Sovereignty Rights over The Falkland Islands". National Turk. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
    21. ^ "Cómo evitar que Londres convierta a las Malvinas en un Estado independiente". Clarin. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
    22. ^ "Joint statement of 19 October 1989: Re-establishing Consular Relations Between Britain and Argentina, and Agreeing a Framework on Sovereignty Which Would Allow Further Talks". Falklands info. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
    23. ^ "Constitución Nacional". Argentine Senate (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2004. La Nación Argentina ratifica su legítima e imprescriptible soberanía sobre las Islas Malvinas, Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur y los espacios marítimos e insulares correspondientes, por ser parte integrante del territorio nacional.
    24. ^ "Argentina: Constitución de 1994". pdba.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
    25. ^ Cahill 2010, "Falkland Islands".
     
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    3 May 2007 – The 3-year-old British girl Madeleine McCann disappears in Praia da Luz, Portugal, starting "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".

    Disappearance of Madeleine McCann

    Madeleine Beth McCann (born 12 May 2003) is a British missing person who, at the age of 3, disappeared from her bed in a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz, Lagos, Portugal, on the evening of 3 May 2007. The Daily Telegraph described her disappearance as "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".[4] Madeleine's whereabouts remain unknown,[5] although German prosecutors believe she is dead.[6]

    Madeleine was on holiday from the United Kingdom with her parents Kate and Gerry McCann, her two-year-old twin siblings, and a group of family friends and their children. The McCann children had been left asleep at 20:30 in the ground-floor apartment while their parents dined with friends in a restaurant 55 metres (180 ft) away.[7] The parents checked on the children throughout the evening, until Kate discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the following weeks, particularly after misinterpreting a British DNA analysis, the Portuguese police came to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and her parents had covered it up. The McCanns were given arguido (suspect) status in September 2007, which was lifted when Portugal's attorney general archived the case in July 2008 for lack of evidence.[8][9]

    Madeleine's parents continued the investigation using private detectives until Scotland Yard opened its own inquiry, Operation Grange, in 2011. The senior investigating officer announced that he was treating the disappearance as "a criminal act by a stranger", most likely a planned abduction or burglary gone wrong.[10] In 2013, Scotland Yard released e-fit images of men they wanted to trace, including one of a man seen carrying a child toward the beach on the night Madeleine vanished.[11] Shortly after this, Portuguese police reopened their inquiry.[12] Operation Grange was scaled back in 2015, but the remaining detectives continued to pursue a small number of inquiries described in April 2017 as significant.[13][14]

    In June 2020, German authorities declared Christian Brückner their prime suspect for the abduction and murder of McCann, but charges have yet to be formalised.[6][15][16]

    Madeleine's disappearance attracted sustained press coverage both in the UK and internationally, reminiscent of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.[17] Her parents were subjected to intense scrutiny and baseless allegations of involvement in her death,[a] particularly in the tabloid press and on Twitter.[21][22] In 2008 they and their travelling companions received damages and apologies from Express Newspapers,[23] and in 2011 the McCanns testified before the Leveson Inquiry into British press misconduct, lending support to those arguing for tighter press regulation.[24][25]

    1. ^ "Madeleine McCann, aged progressed to age nine" Archived 9 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Scotland Yard; Patrick Barkham, "The sad ageing of Madeleine McCann" Archived 8 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 25 April 2012.
    2. ^ Height Archived 25 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine; URL accessed 4 November 2020.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference PJmissing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Telegraph24April2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Gordon Rayner, "Madeleine McCann latest: are police any closer to knowing the truth?" Archived 18 January 2015 at archive.today, The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2016.
    6. ^ a b "Madeleine McCann assumed dead - German prosecutors". BBC News. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference distance was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Govan21July2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Telegraph9Feb2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Laville25April2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Sandra Laville, "British detectives release efits of Madeleine McCann suspect" Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC24Oct2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Evans26April2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC5June2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Quinn, Ben; Oltermann, Philip (3 June 2020). "Madeleine McCann: German paedophile identified as new prime suspect". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
    16. ^ Fricker, Martin (9 October 2021). "Madeleine McCann prosecutor 100% convinced Christian B abducted and murdered her". mirror.co.uk. London: The Mirror. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
    17. ^ Rehling 2012, p. 152: "Within a few weeks, it was possible to talk about the 'Maddification' of Britain, akin to the 'Dianification' of Britain that followed the death of the equally photogenic, white, blonde Princess ten years earlier."
      Also see Rafael Epstein, "Britain gripped by kidnap case" Archived 7 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, AM, ABC Radio (Australia): "In Britain, the disappearance of four-year-old Madeleine McCann has gripped the nation, so much so that its effect is being compared to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales."
      John Ward Anderson, "The Campaign" Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 12 August 2007. Allan Massie, "Weep not only for Madeleine" Archived 20 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph, 4 June 2007.
    18. ^ a b Richard Bilton, "Madeleine McCann: 10 Years On", BBC Panorama, 3 May 2017; do Carmo: 00:25:32; Foy: 00:35:58.
    19. ^ Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann: hope and persistence rewarded" Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 27 April 2012
    20. ^ Brian Cathcart, "The Real McCann Scandal" Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, New Statesman, 23 October 2008.
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference OHanlon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ "The dark side of social media" Archived 6 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Nature, editorial, 15 February 2017
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference damages was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ James Robinson, "Leveson inquiry: McCanns deliver damning two-hour testimony" Archived 13 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 23 November 2011.
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCanntestimony was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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    3 May 2007 – The 3-year-old British girl Madeleine McCann disappears in Praia da Luz, Portugal, starting "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".

    Disappearance of Madeleine McCann

    Madeleine Beth McCann (born 12 May 2003) is a British missing person who, at the age of 3, disappeared from her bed in a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz, Lagos, Portugal, on the evening of 3 May 2007. The Daily Telegraph described her disappearance as "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".[4] Madeleine's whereabouts remain unknown,[5] although German prosecutors believe she is dead.[6]

    Madeleine was on holiday from the United Kingdom with her parents Kate and Gerry McCann, her two-year-old twin siblings, and a group of family friends and their children. The McCann children had been left asleep at 20:30 in the ground-floor apartment while their parents dined with friends in a restaurant 55 metres (180 ft) away.[7] The parents checked on the children throughout the evening, until Kate discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the following weeks, particularly after misinterpreting a British DNA analysis, the Portuguese police came to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and her parents had covered it up. The McCanns were given arguido (suspect) status in September 2007, which was lifted when Portugal's attorney general archived the case in July 2008 for lack of evidence.[8][9]

    Madeleine's parents continued the investigation using private detectives until Scotland Yard opened its own inquiry, Operation Grange, in 2011. The senior investigating officer announced that he was treating the disappearance as "a criminal act by a stranger", most likely a planned abduction or burglary gone wrong.[10] In 2013, Scotland Yard released e-fit images of men they wanted to trace, including one of a man seen carrying a child toward the beach on the night Madeleine vanished.[11] Shortly after this, Portuguese police reopened their inquiry.[12] Operation Grange was scaled back in 2015, but the remaining detectives continued to pursue a small number of inquiries described in April 2017 as significant.[13][14]

    In June 2020, German authorities declared Christian Brückner their prime suspect for the abduction and murder of McCann, but charges have yet to be formalised.[6][15][16]

    Madeleine's disappearance attracted sustained press coverage both in the UK and internationally, reminiscent of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.[17] Her parents were subjected to intense scrutiny and baseless allegations of involvement in her death,[a] particularly in the tabloid press and on Twitter.[21][22] In 2008 they and their travelling companions received damages and apologies from Express Newspapers,[23] and in 2011 the McCanns testified before the Leveson Inquiry into British press misconduct, lending support to those arguing for tighter press regulation.[24][25]

    1. ^ "Madeleine McCann, aged progressed to age nine" Archived 9 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Scotland Yard; Patrick Barkham, "The sad ageing of Madeleine McCann" Archived 8 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 25 April 2012.
    2. ^ Height Archived 25 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine; URL accessed 4 November 2020.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference PJmissing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Telegraph24April2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Gordon Rayner, "Madeleine McCann latest: are police any closer to knowing the truth?" Archived 18 January 2015 at archive.today, The Daily Telegraph, 26 April 2016.
    6. ^ a b "Madeleine McCann assumed dead - German prosecutors". BBC News. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference distance was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Govan21July2008 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Telegraph9Feb2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Laville25April2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Sandra Laville, "British detectives release efits of Madeleine McCann suspect" Archived 5 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 14 October 2013.
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC24Oct2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Evans26April2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC5June2019 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Quinn, Ben; Oltermann, Philip (3 June 2020). "Madeleine McCann: German paedophile identified as new prime suspect". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
    16. ^ Fricker, Martin (9 October 2021). "Madeleine McCann prosecutor 100% convinced Christian B abducted and murdered her". mirror.co.uk. London: The Mirror. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
    17. ^ Rehling 2012, p. 152: "Within a few weeks, it was possible to talk about the 'Maddification' of Britain, akin to the 'Dianification' of Britain that followed the death of the equally photogenic, white, blonde Princess ten years earlier."
      Also see Rafael Epstein, "Britain gripped by kidnap case" Archived 7 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, AM, ABC Radio (Australia): "In Britain, the disappearance of four-year-old Madeleine McCann has gripped the nation, so much so that its effect is being compared to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales."
      John Ward Anderson, "The Campaign" Archived 5 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 12 August 2007. Allan Massie, "Weep not only for Madeleine" Archived 20 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Telegraph, 4 June 2007.
    18. ^ a b Richard Bilton, "Madeleine McCann: 10 Years On", BBC Panorama, 3 May 2017; do Carmo: 00:25:32; Foy: 00:35:58.
    19. ^ Esther Addley, "Madeleine McCann: hope and persistence rewarded" Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 27 April 2012
    20. ^ Brian Cathcart, "The Real McCann Scandal" Archived 26 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, New Statesman, 23 October 2008.
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference OHanlon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ "The dark side of social media" Archived 6 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Nature, editorial, 15 February 2017
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference damages was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ James Robinson, "Leveson inquiry: McCanns deliver damning two-hour testimony" Archived 13 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 23 November 2011.
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCanntestimony was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    4 May 1979Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

    Margaret Thatcher

    Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, DStJ, PC, FRS, HonFRSC (née Roberts; 13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013), was a British stateswoman and Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century and the first woman to hold the position. As prime minister, she implemented economic policies known as Thatcherism. A Soviet journalist dubbed her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style.

    Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, and worked briefly as a research chemist before becoming a barrister. She was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her secretary of state for education and science in his 1970–1974 government. In 1975, she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become leader of the opposition, the first woman to lead a major political party in the UK.

    On becoming prime minister after winning the 1979 general election, Thatcher introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high inflation and Britain's struggles in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an oncoming recession.[nb 1] Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised greater individual liberty, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Her popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment. Victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her landslide re-election in 1983. She survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing and achieved a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the 1984–85 miners' strike. In 1986, Thatcher oversaw the deregulation of UK financial markets, leading to an economic boom, in what came to be known as the Big Bang.

    Thatcher was re-elected for a third term with another landslide in 1987, but her subsequent support for the Community Charge (also known as the "poll tax") was widely unpopular, and her increasingly Eurosceptic views on the European Community were not shared by others in her cabinet. She resigned as prime minister and party leader in 1990, after a challenge was launched to her leadership, and was succeeded by John Major, the chancellor of the Exchequer.[nb 2] After retiring from the Commons in 1992, she was given a life peerage as Baroness Thatcher (of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire) which entitled her to sit in the House of Lords. In 2013, she died of a stroke at the Ritz Hotel, London, at the age of 87.

    A polarising figure in British politics, historians nonetheless view Thatcher as one of the greatest prime ministers in British history. Her tenure constituted a realignment towards neoliberal policies in Britain; the complex legacy attributed to this shift continues to be debated into the 21st century.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference PoliticalStuff.co.uk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Heffer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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    5 May 2010Mass protests in Greece erupt in response to austerity measures imposed by the government as a result of the Greek government-debt crisis.

    Anti-austerity movement in Greece

    The anti-austerity movement in Greece involved a series of demonstrations and general strikes that took place across the country. The events, which began on 5 May 2010, were provoked by plans to cut public spending and raise taxes as austerity measures in exchange for a €110 billion bail-out, aimed at solving the Greek government-debt crisis. Three people were killed on 5 May in one of the largest demonstrations in Greece since 1973.

    On 25 May 2011 (2011-05-25), anti-austerity activists organised by the Direct Democracy Now! movement, known as the Indignant Citizens Movement (Greek: Κίνημα Αγανακτισμένων Πολιτών, Kínima Aganaktisménon-Politón), started demonstrating in major cities across Greece. This second wave of demonstrations proved different from the years before[6][7] in that they were not partisan[8] and began through peaceful means.[9] Some of the events later turned violent, particularly in the capital city of Athens.[10][11][12][13] Inspired by the anti-austerity protests in Spain, these demonstrations were organised entirely using social networking sites, which earned it the nickname "May of Facebook".[14] The demonstrations and square sit-ins were officially ended when municipal police removed demonstrators from Thessaloniki's White Tower square on 7 August 2011.[citation needed]

    On 29 June 2011, violent clashes occurred between the riot police and activists as the Greek parliament voted to accept the EU's austerity requirements. Incidents of police brutality were reported by international media such as the BBC, The Guardian, CNN iReport and The New York Times, as well as by academic research[15] and organisations Amnesty International.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The Athens Prosecutor agreed to an investigation into accusations of excessive use of tear gas, as well as the alleged use of other expired and carcinogenic chemical substances. As of 2011, the investigation was under way.[23]

    1. ^ "Outraged Greek youth follow Spanish example". euronews.eu. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. First the Arab world, then Madrid, now Athens. Outraged Greek youth has taken its lead from the Arab spring and Spanish protests over unemployment.
    2. ^ "Greece crisis: Revolution in the offing?". BBC. 19 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Inspired by the Arab uprisings, they have dug in to oppose further spending cuts in exchange for a second bail-out by the EU and IMF.
    3. ^ Νέα ένταση και κυκλοφοριακό χάος (in Greek). 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
    4. ^ Επεισόδια στο Σύνταγμα 12 Φεβρουαρίου 2012 (in Greek). Retrieved 12 February 2012.
    5. ^ "Μάριος Λώλος: Το χτύπημα ήταν δολοφονικό". Retrieved 22 June 2012.
    6. ^ Dalakoglou Dimitris (2012). "The Movement and the "Movement" of Syntagma Square". Cultural Anthropology. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
    7. ^ Εκπομπή: Ο δρόμος (για την πλατεία) είχε την δική του ιστορία (in Greek). koutipandoras.gr. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
    8. ^ "Στα χνάρια των Ισπανών αγανακτισμένων (On the footsteps of the Spanish 'indignados')" (in Greek). skai.gr. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
    9. ^ Αγανακτισμένοι στο Σύνταγμα (in Greek). skai.gr. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
    10. ^ "Violent anti-cut riots in Greece spark coalition talks". Metro. UK. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    11. ^ "Greece Anxiety Increases: US Stocks Ends Lower on Wednesday Trading « USA Market News". Usamarketnews.com. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    12. ^ "Greek PM George Papandreou to unveil new cabinet". BBC. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    13. ^ "Greek riot police, protesters clash during strike – World news – Europe". NBC News. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    14. ^ "Ο Μάης του Facebook και με ομπρέλες". ethnos.gr. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
    15. ^ "Beyond Spontaneity". academia.edu. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
    16. ^ "Greece passes key austerity vote". BBC. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
    17. ^ Siddique, Haroon; Batty, David (29 June 2011). "Greece austerity vote and demonstrations – Wednesday 29 June 2011". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
    18. ^ Smith, Helena (1 July 2011). "Greek police face investigation after protest violence". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    19. ^ "TEAR GAS FIRED AS GREEK POLICE CLASH WITH ATHENS PROTESTERS". Amnesty International. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    20. ^ "GREECE URGED NOT TO USE EXCESSIVE FORCE DURING PROTESTS". Amnesty International. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    21. ^ "Back when peaceful demonstrations in Greece were massive and meaningful..." CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    22. ^ Donadio, Rachel; Sayare, Scott (29 June 2011). "Violent Clashes in the Streets of Athens". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    23. ^ Παρέμβαση της Εισαγγελίας Πρωτοδικών για τα χημικά στα επεισόδια (in Greek). skai.gr. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
     
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    6 May 1983 – The Hitler Diaries are revealed as a hoax after being examined by experts.

    Hitler Diaries

    The front cover of Stern magazine. The image is of three black notebooks; on the top book are the gold letters FH in gothic script. The Stern logo—an irregular six-pointed white star on a red background is in the top left of the cover, next to the word "stern". At the bottom are the words in German "Hitlers Tagebücher endeckt" ("Hitler's diaries discovered").
    "Hitler's diaries discovered". Stern's front page on 28 April 1983

    The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983. The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9.3 million Deutsche Marks (£2.3 million or $3.7 million) by the West German news magazine Stern, which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations. One of the publications involved was The Sunday Times, who asked their independent director, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, to authenticate the diaries; he did so, pronouncing them genuine. At the press conference to announce the publication, Trevor-Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind, and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity. Rigorous forensic analysis, which had not been performed previously, quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes.

    Kujau, born and raised in East Germany, had a history of petty crime and deception. In the mid-1970s he began selling Nazi memorabilia which he had smuggled from the East, but found he could raise the prices by forging additional authentication details to associate ordinary souvenirs to the Nazi leaders. He began forging paintings by Hitler and an increasing number of notes, poems and letters, until he produced his first diary in the mid-to-late 1970s. The West German journalist with Stern who "discovered" the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann, who had an obsession with the Nazis. When Stern started buying the diaries, Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money.

    Kujau and Heidemann spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud, and several newspaper editors lost their jobs. The story of the scandal was the basis for the films Selling Hitler (1991) for the British channel ITV, the German film Schtonk! (1992), and the television series Faking Hitler (2021).

     
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    7 May 2000Vladimir Putin is inaugurated as president of Russia.

    Vladimir Putin

    Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin[c][d] (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia. Putin has held continuous positions as president or prime minister since 1999:[e] as prime minister from 1999 to 2000 and from 2008 to 2012, and as president from 2000 to 2008 and since 2012.[f][7] He is the longest-serving Russian or Soviet leader since Joseph Stalin.

    Putin worked as a KGB foreign intelligence officer for 16 years, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel before resigning in 1991 to begin a political career in Saint Petersburg. In 1996, he moved to Moscow to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin. He briefly served as the director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) and then as secretary of the Security Council of Russia before being appointed prime minister in August 1999. Following Yeltsin's resignation, Putin became acting president and, in less than four months, was elected to his first term as president. He was subsequently reelected in 2004. Due to constitutional limitations of two consecutive presidential terms, Putin served as prime minister again from 2008 to 2012 under Dmitry Medvedev. He returned to the presidency in 2012, following an election marked by allegations of fraud and protests, and was reelected in 2018.

    During Putin's initial presidential tenure, the Russian economy grew on average by seven percent per year,[8] driven by economic reforms and a fivefold increase in the price of oil and gas.[9][10] Additionally, Putin led Russia in a conflict against Chechen separatists, reestablishing federal control over the region.[11][12] While serving as prime minister under Medvedev, he oversaw a military conflict with Georgia and enacted military and police reforms. In his third presidential term, Russia annexed Crimea and supported a war in eastern Ukraine through several military incursions, resulting in international sanctions and a financial crisis in Russia. He also ordered a military intervention in Syria to support his ally Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian civil war, ultimately securing permanent naval bases in the Eastern Mediterranean.[13][14][15]

    In February 2022, during his fourth presidential term, Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, which prompted international condemnation and led to expanded sanctions. In September 2022, he announced a partial mobilization and forcibly annexed four Ukrainian oblasts into Russia. In March 2023, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Putin for war crimes[16] related to his alleged criminal responsibility for illegal child abductions during the war.[17] In April 2021, after a referendum, he signed into law constitutional amendments that included one allowing him to run for reelection twice more, potentially extending his presidency to 2036.[18][19] In June 2023, he survived the Wagner Group rebellion. In March 2024, he was reelected for another term.

    Under Putin's rule, the Russian political system has been transformed into an authoritarian dictatorship.[20][21][22] His rule has been marked by endemic corruption and widespread human rights violations, including the imprisonment and suppression of political opponents, intimidation and censorship of independent media in Russia, and a lack of free and fair elections.[23][24][25] Putin's Russia has consistently received low scores on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, The Economist Democracy Index, Freedom House's Freedom in the World index, and the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index.

    1. ^ "Vladimir Putin quits as head of Russia's ruling party". 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference RFERL080418 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT120505 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Proekt201125 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Times190526 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference SonntagsZeitung was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Timeline: Vladimir Putin – 20 tumultuous years as Russian President or PM". Reuters. 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
    8. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (18 February 2020). "Pessimistic Outlook in Russia Slows Investment, and the Economy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Putin 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fragile Empire 2013 page 17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ "Fighting in volatile Chechnya kills 13 rebels, police: agency". Reuters. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
    12. ^ "Putin Warns 'Mistakes' Could Bring Back '90s Woes". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
    13. ^ Borshchevskaya, Anna (2022). Putin's War in Syria. I. B. Tauris. pp. 70, 71, 80, 81, 157, 169, 171, 174. ISBN 978-0-7556-3463-7.
    14. ^ "Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria". Al Jazeera. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
    15. ^ Geukjian, Ohannes (2022). "5: Russian Diplomacy, War, and Peace Making, 2017–19". The Russian Military Intervention in Syria. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-2280-0829-3.
    16. ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova". International Criminal Court. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
    17. ^ "International court issues war crimes warrant for Putin". AP News. 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
    18. ^ Odynova, Alexandra (5 April 2021). "Putin signs law allowing him to serve 2 more terms as Russia's president". CBS News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
    19. ^ "Putin – already Russia's longest leader since Stalin – signs law that may let him stay in power until 2036". USA Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
    20. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (16 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-80206-179-6. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
    21. ^ Zavadskaya, Margarita (2023). "Russia: Nations in Transit 2023 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 25 March 2024. In Russia, national governance represents outright authoritarianism, dominated by widespread oppression and large-scale corruption among the top elites. The 2022 invasion of Ukraine has set the Russian regime on a further downward spiral, making it one of the most notorious personalist dictatorships in the world.
    22. ^ Kovalev, Alexey (26 March 2024). "Russia Is Returning to Its Totalitarian Past". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
    23. ^ Gill, Graeme (2016). Building an Authoritarian Polity: Russia in Post-Soviet Times (hardback ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-13008-1. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
    24. ^ Reuter, Ora John (2017). The Origins of Dominant Parties: Building Authoritarian Institutions in Post-Soviet Russia (E-book ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316761649. ISBN 978-1-316-76164-9. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
    25. ^ Frye, Timothy (2021). Weak Strongman: The Limits of Power in Putin's Russia. Princeton University Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-0-691-21246-3. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2023.


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    8 May 1886 – Pharmacist John Pemberton first sells a carbonated beverage named "Coca-Cola" as a patent medicine.

    John Stith Pemberton

    John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 – August 16, 1888) was an American pharmacist and Confederate States Army veteran who is best known as the inventor of Coca-Cola. In May 1886, he developed an early version of a beverage that would later become Coca-Cola, but sold its rights to the drink shortly before his death in 1888.

    He suffered from a sabre wound sustained in April 1865, during the Battle of Columbus. His efforts to control his chronic pain led to morphine addiction. In an attempt to curb his addiction he began to experiment with various painkillers and toxins. The development of an earlier beverage blending alcohol and cocaine led to the recipe that later was adapted to make Coca-Cola.

     
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    9 May 1887Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show opens in London.

    Buffalo Bill

    William Frederick Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917), known as Buffalo Bill, was an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman.

    One of the most famous and well-known figures of the American Old West, Cody started his legend when he was only 23. Shortly thereafter he started performing in shows that displayed cowboy themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars. He founded Buffalo Bill's Wild West in 1883, taking his large company on tours in the United States and, beginning in 1887, in Europe.

    He was born in Le Claire, Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), but he lived for several years in his father's hometown in modern-day Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, before the family returned to the Midwest and settled in the Kansas Territory. Buffalo Bill started working at the age of 11, after his father's death, and became a rider for the Pony Express at age 15. During the American Civil War, he served the Union from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout for the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars. While he was initially awarded the Medal of Honor in 1872 for his actions in the Indian Wars, he was among 910 recipients to have the award rescinded in 1917. Congress reinstated the medals for Cody and four other civilian scouts in 1989.

    1. ^ "Encyclopedia". The William F. Cody Archive. Retrieved June 19, 2018. Pahaska, also Pe-Ha-Has-Ka and Paha-Haska, as translated from Lakota Sioux language, means 'Long Hair', the name given to William F. Cody by the Sioux Nation.
     
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    10 May 1908Mother's Day is observed for the first time in the United States, in Grafton, West Virginia.

    Mother's Day

    Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in the months of March or May. It complements similar celebrations, honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.

    While some countries have a multi-century history of a day to celebrate mothers, the modern American version of the holiday began in the United States in the early 20th century at the initiative of Anna Jarvis, who organized the first Mother's Day service of worship and celebration at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which serves as the International Mother's Day Shrine today.[1] It is not directly related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the mother deity Rhea, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the other Christian ecclesiastical Mothering Sunday celebration (associated with the image of Mother Church).[2][3][4][5] However, in some countries, Mother's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions.[6][7][8]

    Mother's Day
    Mother's Day

    The American version of Mother's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized.[9][10] Jarvis herself, who began the celebration as a liturgical observance, regretted this commercialism and expressed that this was never her intention.[1][11] In response, Constance Adelaide Smith successfully advocated for Mothering Sunday as a commemoration of a broader definition of motherhood in many other parts of the English-speaking world.[12]

    1. ^ a b O'Reilly, Andrea (6 April 2010). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Sage Publications (CA). p. 602. ISBN 978-1-4522-6629-9. She organized the first official Mother's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia, on the morning of May 10, 1908. That same afternoon, 15,000 people attended a Mother's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia, which she also organized. Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother's death and selected her mother's favorite flower, the white carnation, as the day's official emblem.
    2. ^ L. James Grold (April 1968), "Mother's Day", American Journal of Psychiatry, 124 (10): 1456–1458, doi:10.1176/ajp.124.10.1456, PMID 5643668, Mother's Day, conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers (...) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother's Day custom, secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908: the first church – St. Andrew's in Grafton, West Virginia – responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele (...)
    3. ^ Tuleja, Tad (1999), Curious Customs: The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals, Galahad Books, p. 167, ISBN 978-1578660704, Although attempts have been made to link Mother's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess, especially the worship of Cybele, the association is more conceptual than historic. Mother's Day is a modern, American invention.
    4. ^ Robert J. Myers, Hallmark Cards (1972), Celebrations; the complete book of American holidays, Doubleday, p. 143, ISBN 9780385076777, Our observance of Mother's Day is little more than half a century old [this was written in 1972], yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times. Many antiquarians, holiday enthusiasts, and students of folklore have claimed to find the source of Mother's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess, particularly the worship of Cybele.
    5. ^ Helsloot 2007, p. 208 "The American origin of the Day, however, was duly acknowledged. 'The idea is imported,. America led the way.'"
    6. ^ Mothering Sunday, BBC, 5 July 2011, retrieved 8 May 2023
    7. ^ Mother's Day: When is it celebrated and where did it come from?, BBC, 19 March 2023, retrieved 8 May 2023
    8. ^ Mothering Sunday, what are its origins in the Church?, Church of England, 26 March 2019, retrieved 8 May 2023
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference why was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Mother's Day 2017, The Daily Telegraph
    11. ^ Trammell, Kendall. "Mother's Day founder later came to regret it". CNN. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
    12. ^ Dunning, Andrew (26 March 2017). "The medieval origins of Mothering Sunday". Medieval manuscripts blog. The British Library.
     
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    11 May 2013 – Fifty-two people are killed in a bombing in Reyhanlı, Turkey.

    2013 Reyhanlı car bombings

    Reyhanlı

    The 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings took place on 11 May 2013, when two car bombs exploded in the Turkish town of Reyhanlı, a town of 64,000 people, 5 km from the Syrian border and the busiest land border post with Syria, in Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 52 people were killed and 140 injured in the attack.[1][2][3][4]

    Turkish authorities accused the government of Syria of being behind the bombings, and within two weeks had charged 12 Turkish nationals who it said were backed by the Syrian government.[5] The state-run Anadolu news agency reported that in February 2018, a Turkish court sentenced nine suspects to life imprisonment and 13 other people to prison terms of 10 to 15 years for the bombings; and that in September 2018 another suspect was captured in Syria and brought to Turkey by Turkish intelligence.[6]

    The Syrian government denied responsibility for the attacks. Other groups proposed as culprits include al-Nusra Front, the Islamic State, and Syrian Resistance.

    Following the bombings, hundreds of Syrians fled Reyhanli, and some residents blamed the Turkish government for bringing the Syrian Civil War to the town.[7]

    1. ^ a b "Hurriyet daily news, 27 May 2013". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
    2. ^ "Death toll rises to 42 as explosions hit Turkish town on border with Syria". Hurriyet Daily News. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
    3. ^ "Deadliest Terror Attack in Turkey's History Might Be Another Attempt to Derail Peace Talks? But Which One? Syria or PKK?". The Istanbulian. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
    4. ^ "Turkey Blames Syria's Assad for Its Deadliest Terror Attack". Bloomberg News. 11 May 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ "Turkish intelligence 'captures bombing suspect in Syria'". BBC News. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
    7. ^ "BBC News". YouTube. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
     
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    12 May 2003 – The Riyadh compound bombings, carried out by al-Qaeda, kill 26 people.

    Riyadh compound bombings

    Two major bombings took place in residential compounds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on 12 May 2003, 39 people were killed, and over 160 wounded when bombs went off at three compounds in Riyadh—Dorrat Al Jadawel, Al Hamra Oasis Village, and the Vinnell Corporation Compound.[1] On 8 November, a bomb was detonated outside the Al-Mohaya housing compound west of Riyadh, killing at least 17 people and wounding 122.[2]

    The bombings have been attributed to Islamic extremists as part of a campaign against Westerners and Westernization in Saudi Arabia. They are thought to have been sparked by the stationing of US troops in Saudi Arabia during the 1991 Gulf War with Iraq.[3]

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference cnn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference cnn-november was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160, 203.
     
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    13 May 2012 – Forty-nine dismembered bodies are discovered by Mexican authorities on Mexican Federal Highway 40.

    Cadereyta Jiménez massacre

    The Cadereyta Jiménez massacre occurred on the Fed 40 on 12–13 May 2012.[1] Mexican officials stated that 49 people were decapitated and mutilated by members of Los Zetas drug cartel and dumped by a roadside near the city of Cadereyta Jiménez in northern Mexico.[2][3] The Blog del Narco, a blog that documents events and people of the Mexican Drug War anonymously, reported that the actual (unofficial) death toll may be more than 68 people.[4] The bodies were found in the town of San Juan in the municipality of Cadereyta Jiménez, Nuevo León at about 4 a.m. on a non-toll highway leading to Reynosa, Tamaulipas.[5][6] The forty-three men and six women killed had their heads, feet, and hands cut off, making their identification difficult.[2] Those killed also bore signs of torture and were stuffed in plastic bags.[7] The arrested suspects have indicated that the victims were Gulf Cartel members,[8] but the Mexican authorities have not ruled out the possibility that they were U.S.-bound migrants.[9] Four days before this incident, 18 people were found decapitated and dismembered near Mexico's second largest city, Guadalajara.[10]

    The metropolitan area of Monterrey is an important warehousing center for cocaine, marijuana and other illegal drugs bound for U.S. consumers.[11] The natural gas wells and pipelines running through Cadereyta and the U.S-Mexico border have also been the most tapped by thieves, supplying gasoline and other natural resources to Mexico's criminal underworld. Small towns, ranches, and isolated communities in Nuevo León have long been treasured by drug traffickers.[11] The Mexican drug trafficking organizations have been fighting for the territorial control of the smuggling routes to the United States, and this massacre may be the "latest blow in an escalating war of intimidation among drug gangs."[12] The cartels also fight for the control of local drug markets and extortion rackets, including shakedowns of migrants seeking to reach the United States.[13] In addition, the discovery seems to echo several other mass murder events where the drug cartels have left large numbers of bodies in public places as warnings to their rivals.[14] The authorities have blamed much of the violence on Los Zetas – a cartel originally set up by ex-commandos that deserted the Mexican Army in the 1990s – and the Sinaloa Cartel, an organization originally headed by Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, once Mexico's most-wanted drug lord.[15][16]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=N> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=N}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Official: 49 bodies left on Reynosa-Monterrey highway". The Monitor. 13 May 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    2. ^ a b "Official: 49 bodies left on Mexico highway". Yahoo! News. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    3. ^ "Mexico violence: Monterrey police find 49 bodies". BBC News. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    4. ^ "Masacran a 68 personas en Nuevo León". Blog del Narco (in Spanish). 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    5. ^ "49 bodies dumped on Mexican highway". CBS News. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    6. ^ "Autoridades hallan 49 cadáveres en una carretera de Nuevo León". CNNMéxico (in Spanish). 13 May 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    7. ^ "49 bodies left on Mexican highway". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    8. ^ "Mexican army captures suspect in slaughter of 49 people". Fox News. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference fox1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ "Scores of mutilated bodies dumped on Mexico highway". BBC News. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
    11. ^ a b "Nearly 50 bodies recovered from latest Mexico massacre". Houston Chronicle. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    12. ^ "Mexican officials report 49 bodies dumped on highway to US border". Yahoo! News. 13 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    13. ^ "Mexican police find 49 bodies dumped on highway". MSN News. 13 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    14. ^ "Discovery of mutilated bodies shuts down Reynosa, Monterrey highway". KGBT-TV. 13 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    15. ^ "Mexican police find 49 mutilated bodies". Agence France-Presse. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
    16. ^ "Dozens of bodies found in bags". Herald Sun. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
     
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    14 May 1973Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.

    Skylab

    Preview warning: Page using Template:Infobox space station with unknown parameter "orbit_reference"
    Preview warning: Page using Template:Infobox space station with unknown parameter "Duration of Mission"
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    Skylab was the United States' first space station, launched by NASA,[3] occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three trios of astronaut crews: Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation and hundreds of experiments. Skylab's orbit eventually decayed and it disintegrated in the atmosphere on July 11, 1979, scattering debris across the Indian Ocean and Western Australia.

    1. ^ "EP-107 Skylab: A Guidebook". NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    2. ^ Belew (1977), p. 18
    3. ^ Belew (1977), p. 15
     
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    15 May 495 BC – A newly constructed temple in honour of the god Mercury was dedicated in ancient Rome on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills. To spite the senate and the consuls, the people awarded the dedication to a senior military officer, Marcus Laetorius.

    Mercury (mythology)

    Fresco of Mercury-Hermes in Pompeii, 1st century

    Mercury (/ˈmɜːrkjʊri/; Latin: Mercurius [mɛrˈkʊrijʊs] ) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon. He is the god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication (including divination), travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery, and thieves; he also serves as the guide of souls to the underworld[2][3] and the "messenger of the gods".

    In Roman mythology, he was considered to be either the son of Maia, one of the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas, and Jupiter, or of Caelus and Dies.[1] In his earliest forms, he appears to have been related to the Etruscan deity Turms; both gods share characteristics with the Greek god Hermes. He is often depicted holding the caduceus in his left hand. Similar to his Greek equivalent Hermes, he was awarded a magic wand by Apollo, which later turned into the caduceus, the staff with intertwined snakes.

    alt=Illustration of bronze statue of a nude male youth, seated on a rock with one leg outstretched, leaning on the opposite thigh, from the 1908 volume Buried Herculaneum by Ethel Ross Barker; caption reads "Mercury in Repose"
    Seated Hermes, excavated at the Villa of the Papyri.
    1. ^ a b Cicero, De natura Deorum 3.56; also Arnobius, Adversus Nationes 4.14.
    2. ^ Glossary to Ovid's Fasti, Penguin edition, by Boyle and Woodard at 343
    3. ^ Rupke, The Religion of the Romans, at 4
     
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    16 May 1943The Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ends.

    Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

    The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (Yiddish: אױפֿשטאַנד אין װאַרשעװער געטאָ, romanizedUfshtand in Varshever Geto; Polish: powstanie w getcie warszawskim; German: Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto) was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the gas chambers of the Majdanek and Treblinka extermination camps.

    After the Grossaktion Warsaw of summer 1942, in which more than a quarter of a million Jews were deported from the ghetto to Treblinka and murdered, the remaining Jews began to build bunkers and smuggle weapons and explosives into the ghetto. The left-wing Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB) and right-wing Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) formed and began to train. A small resistance effort to another roundup in January 1943 was partially successful and spurred Polish resistance groups to support the Jews in earnest.

    The uprising started on 19 April when the ghetto refused to surrender to the police commander SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen Stroop, who ordered the destruction of the ghetto, block by block, ending on 16 May. A total of 13,000 Jews were killed, about half of them burnt alive or suffocated. Stroop reported 110 German casualties, including 17 killed.[4]

    The uprising was the largest single revolt by Jews during World War II. The Jews knew that victory was impossible and survival unlikely. Marek Edelman, the last surviving ŻOB commander who died in 2009, said their inspiration to fight was "not to allow the Germans alone to pick the time and place of our deaths". According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the uprising was "one of the most significant occurrences in the history of the Jewish people".[6]

    1. ^ Marian Apfelbaum (2007). Two Flags: Return to the Warsaw Ghetto. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 15. ISBN 978-965-229-356-5.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guttman 2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Maciej Kledzik (18 April 2008). "Zapomniani żołnierze ŻZW". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
    4. ^ a b Stroop (2009), pp. 25–30.
    5. ^ McDonough, Frank: The Hitler Years, Volume 2: Disaster 1940–1945, p. 396
    6. ^ Freilich, Miri; Dean, Martin (2012). "Warsaw". In Geoffrey P., Megargee; Dean, Martin; Hecker, Mel (eds.). Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe. Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Fishman, Samuel. Bloomington: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-253-00202-0.
     
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    17 May 1900 – The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, is first published in the United States

    The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

    The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow.[1] It is the first novel in the Oz series of books. A Kansas farm girl named Dorothy ends up in the magical Land of Oz after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their home by a cyclone.[2] Upon her arrival in the magical world of Oz, she learns she cannot return home until she has destroyed the Wicked Witch of the West.[3]

    The book was first published in the United States in May 1900 by the George M. Hill Company.[4] In January 1901, the publishing company completed printing the first edition, a total of 10,000 copies, which quickly sold out.[4] It had sold three million copies by the time it entered the public domain in 1956. It was often reprinted under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the successful 1902 Broadway musical adaptation as well as the 1939 live-action film.[5][6]

    The ground-breaking success of both the original 1900 novel and the 1902 musical prompted Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books which serve as official sequels to the first story. Over a century later, the book is one of the best-known stories in American literature, and the Library of Congress has declared the work to be "America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale."[7]

     
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    17 May 1900 – The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, is first published in the United States

    The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

    The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 children's novel written by author L. Frank Baum and illustrated by W. W. Denslow.[1] It is the first novel in the Oz series of books. A Kansas farm girl named Dorothy ends up in the magical Land of Oz after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their home by a cyclone.[2] Upon her arrival in the magical world of Oz, she learns she cannot return home until she has destroyed the Wicked Witch of the West.[3]

    The book was first published in the United States in May 1900 by the George M. Hill Company.[4] In January 1901, the publishing company completed printing the first edition, a total of 10,000 copies, which quickly sold out.[4] It had sold three million copies by the time it entered the public domain in 1956. It was often reprinted under the title The Wizard of Oz, which is the title of the successful 1902 Broadway musical adaptation as well as the 1939 live-action film.[5][6]

    The ground-breaking success of both the original 1900 novel and the 1902 musical prompted Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books which serve as official sequels to the first story. Over a century later, the book is one of the best-known stories in American literature, and the Library of Congress has declared the work to be "America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale."[7]

     
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    18 May 1965 – Israeli spy Eli Cohen is hanged in Damascus, Syria.

    Eli Cohen

    Eliyahu Ben-Shaul Cohen (Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ בֵּן שָׁאוּל כֹּהֵן‎, Arabic: إيلياهو بن شاؤول كوهين‎; 6 December 1924 – 18 May 1965) was an Israeli spy. He is best known for his espionage work in Syria between 1961 and 1965, where he developed close relationships with the Syrian political and military hierarchy.[1][2][3]

    Though he was initially successful, his activity became increasingly risky and he expressed a sense of impending danger to Mossad in 1964. A year later, Cohen's true allegiance was uncovered by Syrian intelligence and he was convicted by the Syrian government under pre-war martial law. After being sentenced to death, he was publicly hanged in Damascus in May 1965. The incident contributed to the sharp escalation of hostilities between Israel and Syria just before the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.

    1. ^ Bergman, Ronen (5 July 2018). "Israel's Secret Operation to Recover the Watch of a Legendary Spy". The New York Times.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference blackAndmorris was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Ahronheim, Anna (15 April 2019). "Rumors fly that body of legendary Israeli spy Eli Cohen was found". The Jerusalem Post.
     
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    19 May 1991Croatians vote for independence in a referendum.

    1991 Croatian independence referendum

    Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991, following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia. With 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum, with 93 percent in favor of independence. Subsequently, Croatia declared independence and the dissolution of its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991, but it introduced a three-month moratorium on the decision when urged to do so by the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe through the Brioni Agreement. The war in Croatia escalated during the moratorium, and on 8 October 1991, the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. In 1992, the countries of the European Economic Community granted Croatia diplomatic recognition and Croatia was admitted to the United Nations.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Referendum-1991-result was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    20 May 1873Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for blue jeans with copper rivets.[7]

    Levi Strauss

    Levi Strauss (/ˈlv ˈstrs/ LEE-vy STROWSS; born Löb Strauß, German: [løːp ˈʃtʁaʊs]; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm of Levi Strauss & Co. (Levi's) began in 1853 in San Francisco, California.[1][2]

    1. ^ Downey, Lynn (2008). "Levi Strauss: a short biography" (PDF). Levi Strauss & Co. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
    2. ^ James Sullivan, Jeans: a cultural history of an American icon (Gotham, 2007).
     
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    21 May 1936Sada Abe is arrested after wandering the streets of Tokyo for days with her dead lover's severed genitals in her handbag. Her story soon becomes one of Japan's most notorious scandals.

    Sada Abe

    Sada Abe (阿部 定, Abe Sada, May 28, 1905 – after 1971) was a Japanese geisha and prostitute who murdered her lover, Kichizō Ishida (石田 吉蔵), via strangulation on May 18, 1936, before cutting off his penis and testicles and carrying them around with her in her kimono. The story became a national sensation in Japan, acquiring mythic overtones, and has been interpreted by artists, philosophers, novelists and filmmakers.[4] Abe was released after serving five years in prison and went on to write an autobiography.

    1. ^ a b Johnston 2005, p. 25
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schreiber-188 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Johnston 2005, p. 20
    4. ^ Thompson 1985, p. 1570
     
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    21 May 1936Sada Abe is arrested after wandering the streets of Tokyo for days with her dead lover's severed genitals in her handbag. Her story soon becomes one of Japan's most notorious scandals.

    Sada Abe

    Sada Abe (阿部 定, Abe Sada, May 28, 1905 – after 1971) was a Japanese geisha and prostitute who murdered her lover, Kichizō Ishida (石田 吉蔵), via strangulation on May 18, 1936, before cutting off his penis and testicles and carrying them around with her in her kimono. The story became a national sensation in Japan, acquiring mythic overtones, and has been interpreted by artists, philosophers, novelists and filmmakers.[4] Abe was released after serving five years in prison and went on to write an autobiography.

    1. ^ a b Johnston 2005, p. 25
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schreiber-188 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Johnston 2005, p. 20
    4. ^ Thompson 1985, p. 1570
     
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    22 May 2015 – The Republic of Ireland becomes the first nation in the world to legalize gay marriage in a public referendum.

    2015 Irish constitutional referendums

    The government of Ireland held referendums on 22 May 2015 on two proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland which had been recommended by the Constitutional Convention.[1] The amendment to permit same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland was approved by 62%-38% of the voters.[2] The other amendment would have reduced the age of candidacy for the President of Ireland from 35 to 21, but voters rejected it by 73%-27%. A Dáil by-election in Carlow–Kilkenny was held on the same day.[2] Other amendments were considered but not proceeded with, including reducing the voting age from 18 to 16, and sanctioning the establishment of a Unified Patent Court.[3][4]

    1. ^ "Ireland Sets Date For Same Sex Marriage Vote". Sky News. 20 February 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
    2. ^ a b "Wording of same-sex marriage referendum published". RTÉ.ie. 21 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
    3. ^ "Government to hold up to half a dozen referendums next year". The Irish Times. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
    4. ^ Collins, Stephen (15 January 2015). "Coalition abandons plan for poll on younger voting age". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
     
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    23 May 1951Tibetans sign the Seventeen Point Agreement with China.

    Seventeen Point Agreement

    The Seventeen Point Agreement, officially the Agreement of the Central People's Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, was a document pertaining to the status of Tibet within the People's Republic of China. It was signed by plenipotentiaries of the Central People's Government and the Tibetan government on 23 May 1951, in Zhongnanhai, Beijing.[1] The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in the form of a telegraph on 24 October 1951.[2]

    However, the 14th Dalai Lama repudiated the agreement nearly eight years later on 18 April 1959, when he issued a statement declaring that the agreement was made under duress.[3] The Central Tibetan Administration, which was formed after 1960, considers the agreement invalid,[4] while Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, who led the Tibetan delegation during the agreement's negotiations, reported that there was no duress involved.[5][6] The validity of the agreement continues to be a source of controversy.

    1. ^ Goldstein & Rimpoche 1989, pp. 812–813.
    2. ^ Grunfeld 1996, p. 107.
    3. ^ Lama 1959.
    4. ^ Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile 2021.
    5. ^ Pan 2014, p. 258: "阿沛:'大民族绝不压迫小民族 ...'" ["Ngapoi: 'A big ethnic group would never oppress a small ethnic group ...'"]
    6. ^ Luo 2017: "阿沛等在信中说:'目前进行和谈是个时机,共产党确无强迫命令的想法和作法,一切可以心平气和地进行商谈决定。'" ["Ngapoi and others said in the letter: 'It is now an opportune time for peace talks. The Communist Party does not have the desire to give coercive orders, and everything can be negotiated and decided calmly.'"]
     
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    24 May 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.

    Fifth Crusade

    The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.

    After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem. An initial campaign in late 1217 in Syria was inconclusive, and Andrew departed. A German army led by cleric Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I of Holland, then joined the Crusade in Acre, with a goal of first conquering Egypt, viewed as the key to Jerusalem. There, cardinal Pelagius Galvani arrived as papal legate and de facto leader of the Crusade, supported by John of Brienne and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who had taken the cross in 1215, did not participate as promised.

    Following the successful siege of Damietta in 1218–1219, the Crusaders occupied the port for two years. Al-Kamil, now sultan of Egypt, offered attractive peace terms, including the restoration of Jerusalem to Christian rule. The sultan was rebuked by Pelagius several times, and the Crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221. En route, they attacked a stronghold of al-Kamil at the battle of Mansurah, but they were defeated, forced to surrender. The terms of surrender included the retreat from Damietta—leaving Egypt altogether—and an eight-year truce. The Fifth Crusade ended in September 1221, a Crusader defeat that failed to achieve its goals.

     
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    25 May 1977Star Wars is released in theaters.

    Star Wars (film)

    Star Wars (retroactively retitled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Twentieth Century-Fox. It was the first film released in the Star Wars film series and the fourth chronological chapter of the "Skywalker Saga". Set "a long time ago" in a fictional galaxy ruled by the tyrannical Galactic Empire, the story focuses on a group of freedom fighters known as the Rebel Alliance, who aim to destroy the Empire's newest weapon, the Death Star. When the Rebel leader Princess Leia is apprehended by the Empire, Luke Skywalker acquires stolen architectural plans of the Death Star and sets out to rescue her while learning the ways of a metaphysical power known as "the Force" from the Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi. The cast includes Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew, David Prowse, and James Earl Jones.

    Lucas had the idea for a science-fiction film in the vein of Flash Gordon around the time he completed his first film, THX 1138 (1971), and he began working on a treatment after the release of American Graffiti (1973). After numerous rewrites, filming took place throughout 1975 and 1976 in locations including Tunisia and Elstree Studios in Hertfordshire, England. Lucas formed the visual effects company Industrial Light & Magic to help create the film's special effects. Star Wars suffered production difficulties: the cast and crew believed the film would be a failure, and it went $3 million over budget due to delays.

    Few were confident in the film's box office prospects. It was released in a small number of theaters in the United States on May 25, 1977, and quickly became a surprise blockbuster hit, leading to it being expanded to a much wider release. Star Wars opened to critical acclaim, particularly for its special effects. It grossed $410 million worldwide during its initial run, surpassing Jaws (1975) to become the highest-grossing film until the release of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982); subsequent releases have brought its total gross to $775 million. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the second-highest-grossing film in North America (behind Gone with the Wind) and the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time. It received Academy Awards, BAFTA Awards, and Saturn Awards, among others. The film has been reissued many times with Lucas's support—most significantly the 20th-anniversary theatrical "Special Edition"—and the reissues have contained many changes, including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks and added scenes.

    Often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made, the film became a pop-cultural phenomenon, launching an industry of tie-in products, including novels, comics, video games, amusement park attractions and merchandise such as toys, games, and clothing. It became one of the first 25 films selected by the United States Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1989, and its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry in 2004. The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983) followed Star Wars, rounding out the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel and a sequel trilogy have since been released, in addition to two anthology films and various television series.

    1. ^ "Star Wars". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
    2. ^ "Star Wars (1977)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017.
    3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BOM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Lamar, Cyriaque (January 13, 2012). "Behold, the 1977 budget breakdown for Star Wars". io9. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
     
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    26 May 1967The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released

    Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

    Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. Released on 26 May 1967,[nb 1] Sgt. Pepper is regarded by musicologists as an early concept album that advanced the roles of sound composition, extended form, psychedelic imagery, record sleeves, and the producer in popular music. The album had an immediate cross-generational impact and was associated with numerous touchstones of the era's youth culture, such as fashion, drugs, mysticism, and a sense of optimism and empowerment. Critics lauded the album for its innovations in songwriting, production and graphic design, for bridging a cultural divide between popular music and high art, and for reflecting the interests of contemporary youth and the counterculture.

    At the end of August 1966, the Beatles had permanently retired from touring and pursued individual interests for the next three months. During a return flight to London in November, Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an Edwardian military band that formed the impetus of the Sgt. Pepper concept. For this project, they continued the technological experimentation marked by their previous album, Revolver, this time without an absolute deadline for completion. Sessions began on 24 November at EMI Studios with compositions inspired by the Beatles' youth, but after pressure from EMI, the songs "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Penny Lane" were released as a double A-side single in February 1967 and left off the LP. The album was then loosely conceptualised as a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band, an idea that was conceived after recording the title track.

    A key work of British psychedelia, Sgt. Pepper is considered one of the first art rock LPs and a progenitor to progressive rock. It incorporates a range of stylistic influences, including vaudeville, circus, music hall, avant-garde, and Western and Indian classical music. With assistance from producer George Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick, many of the recordings were coloured with sound effects and tape manipulation, as exemplified on "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" and "A Day in the Life". Recording was completed on 21 April. The cover, which depicts the Beatles posing in front of a tableau of celebrities and historical figures, was designed by the pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth.

    Sgt. Pepper's release was a defining moment in pop culture, heralding the album era and the 1967 Summer of Love, while its reception achieved full cultural legitimisation for popular music and recognition for the medium as a genuine art form. The first Beatles album to be released with the same track listing in both the UK and the US, it spent 27 weeks at number one on the Record Retailer chart in the United Kingdom and 15 weeks at number one on the Billboard Top LPs chart in the United States. In 1968, it won four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, the first rock LP to receive this honour; in 2003, it was inducted into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It has topped several critics' and listeners' polls for the best album of all time, including those published by Rolling Stone magazine and in the book All Time Top 1000 Albums, and the UK's "Music of the Millennium" poll. More than 32 million copies had been sold worldwide as of 2011. It remains one of the best-selling albums of all time and was still, in 2018, the UK's best-selling studio album. A remixed and expanded edition of the album was released in 2017.

    1. ^ Wiener 1992, p. 31.


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