Welcome to the Podiatry Arena forums

You are currently viewing our podiatry forum as a guest which gives you limited access to view all podiatry discussions and access our other features. By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members, upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, access other special features. Registered users do not get displayed the advertisements in posted messages. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our global Podiatry community today!

  1. Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
    Dismiss Notice
Dismiss Notice
Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
Dismiss Notice
Have you liked us on Facebook to get our updates? Please do. Click here for our Facebook page.
Dismiss Notice
Do you get the weekly newsletter that Podiatry Arena sends out to update everybody? If not, click here to organise this.

This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 November 1956 – Suez Crisis: Israel occupies the Gaza Strip.

    Suez Crisis

    The Suez Crisis[a] or the Second Arab–Israeli War,[8][9][10] also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression[b] in the Arab world[11] and as the Sinai War[c] in Israel,[d] was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Israel invaded on 29 October, having done so with the primary objective of re-opening the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as the recent tightening of the eight-year-long Egyptian blockade further prevented Israeli passage.[12] After issuing a joint ultimatum for a ceasefire, the United Kingdom and France joined the Israelis on 5 November, seeking to depose Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal, which Nasser had earlier nationalised by transferring administrative control from the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company to Egypt's new government-owned Suez Canal Authority.[e] Shortly after the invasion began, the three countries came under heavy political pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as from the United Nations, eventually prompting their withdrawal from Egypt. Israel's four-month-long occupation of the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula enabled it to attain freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran, but the Suez Canal itself was closed from October 1956 to March 1957.[14][15] The Suez Crisis led to international humiliation for the British and the French in the wake of the Cold War, which established the Americans and the Soviets as the world's superpowers. It also strengthened Nasser's standing.[16][17][18]

    Before they were defeated, Egyptian troops had blocked all ship traffic by sinking 40 ships in the Suez Canal. It later became clear that Israel, the United Kingdom, and France had conspired to invade Egypt. Though the three allies had attained a number of their military objectives, the Suez Canal itself was useless. American president Dwight D. Eisenhower had issued a strong warning to the British if they were to invade Egypt; he threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling the American government's bonds of pound sterling. Historians have concluded that the Suez Crisis "signified the end of Great Britain's role as one of the world's major powers" vis-à-vis the United States and the Soviet Union.[19][20][21][22]

    As a result of the conflict, the United Nations established the United Nations Emergency Force to police and patrol the Egypt–Israel border, while British prime minister Anthony Eden resigned from his position. For his diplomatic efforts in resolving the conflict through United Nations initiatives, Canadian external affairs minister Lester B. Pearson received a Nobel Peace Prize. Analysts have argued that the Suez Crisis may have emboldened the Soviet Union, prompting the Soviet invasion of Hungary.[23][24]

    1. ^ A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. 2006. p. 251.McGregor 2006, p. 251
    2. ^ "Casualties of Mideast Wars". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 8 March 1991. p. A7. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
    3. ^ a b Varble 2003, p. 90
    4. ^ Zuljan, Ralph. "Armed Conflict Year Index". OnWar.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
    5. ^ Schiff 1974, p. 70.
    6. ^ Schiff 1974.
    7. ^ "Invasion of Egypt!". Israel – The Suez War of 1956: U.S. newsreel footage. Event occurs at 0:30–0:40. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021.
    8. ^ Ross, Stewart (2004). Causes and Consequences of the Arab–Israeli Conflict. Evans Brothers. pp. 76ff. ISBN 978-0-2375-2585-9.
    9. ^ Isacoff, Jonathan B. (2006). Writing the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Pragmatism and Historical Inquiry. Lexington Books. pp. 79ff. ISBN 978-0-7391-1273-1.
    10. ^ Caplan, Neil (1983). Futile Diplomacy: Operation Alpha and the Failure of Anglo-American Coercive Diplomacy in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1954–1956. Psychology Press. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-7146-4757-9.
    11. ^ Egypt Today staff (3 November 2019). "In 63rd ann. of Tripartite Aggression, members of popular resistance tell heroic stories". Egypt Today. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    12. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2010). The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8160-5387-2.
    13. ^ Copeland, Miles (1989). The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's original political operative. Aurum Press. pp. 170–171, 201.
    14. ^ Pierre, Major Jean-Marc (15 August 2014). 1956 Suez Crisis And The United Nations. Tannenberg Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7828-9608-1. Still in 1950 Egypt blocked the Straits of Tiran barring Israel from the waterway ( Longgood 1958, xii-xiii).
    15. ^ Golani, Motti (1995). "The Historical Place of the Czech-Egyptian Arms Deal, Fall 1955". Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (4): 803–827. doi:10.1080/00263209508701081. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4283762. 3. The blockade of the Straits of Eilat (Tiran) had actually been in effect since 1948, but was significantly aggravated on 12 September 1955, when Egypt announced that it was being tightened and extended to the aerial sphere as well. (p. 805)
    16. ^ Abernathy, David (2000). The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980. Yale University Press. p. CXXXIX. ISBN 978-0-3000-9314-8.
    17. ^ Owen, Roger (2001). Krieger, Joel (ed.). Suez Crisis. The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.[page needed]
    18. ^ "An affair to remember". The Economist. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
    19. ^ Ellis, Sylvia (2009). Historical Dictionary of Anglo-American Relations. Scarecrow Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8108-6297-5.
    20. ^ Peden, G. C. (December 2012), "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power", The Historical Journal, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1073–1096, doi:10.1017/S0018246X12000246
    21. ^ Mullen, Matt; Onion, Amanda; Sullivan, Missy; Zapata, Christian (14 September 2022). "Suez Crisis". History Channel. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
    22. ^ Smith, Simon C., ed. (2016). Reassessing Suez 1956: New perspectives on the crisis and its aftermath. Routledge. pp. 216–218. ISBN 978-0-7546-6170-2.
    23. ^ Mastny, Vojtech (March 2002). "NATO in the Beholder's Eye: Soviet Perceptions and Policies, 1949–56" (PDF). Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
    24. ^ Christopher, Adam (2010). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives. University of Ottawa Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7766-0705-4.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  2. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 November 1956 – Suez Crisis: Israel occupies the Gaza Strip.

    Suez Crisis

    The Suez Crisis[a] or the Second Arab–Israeli War,[8][9][10] also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression[b] in the Arab world[11] and as the Sinai War[c] in Israel,[d] was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956. Israel invaded on 29 October, having done so with the primary objective of re-opening the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as the recent tightening of the eight-year-long Egyptian blockade further prevented Israeli passage.[12] After issuing a joint ultimatum for a ceasefire, the United Kingdom and France joined the Israelis on 5 November, seeking to depose Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and regain control of the Suez Canal, which Nasser had earlier nationalised by transferring administrative control from the foreign-owned Suez Canal Company to Egypt's new government-owned Suez Canal Authority.[e] Shortly after the invasion began, the three countries came under heavy political pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as from the United Nations, eventually prompting their withdrawal from Egypt. Israel's four-month-long occupation of the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip and Egypt's Sinai Peninsula enabled it to attain freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran, but the Suez Canal itself was closed from October 1956 to March 1957.[14][15] The Suez Crisis led to international humiliation for the British and the French in the wake of the Cold War, which established the Americans and the Soviets as the world's superpowers. It also strengthened Nasser's standing.[16][17][18]

    Before they were defeated, Egyptian troops had blocked all ship traffic by sinking 40 ships in the Suez Canal. It later became clear that Israel, the United Kingdom, and France had conspired to invade Egypt. Though the three allies had attained a number of their military objectives, the Suez Canal itself was useless. American president Dwight D. Eisenhower had issued a strong warning to the British if they were to invade Egypt; he threatened serious damage to the British financial system by selling the American government's bonds of pound sterling. Historians have concluded that the Suez Crisis "signified the end of Great Britain's role as one of the world's major powers" vis-à-vis the United States and the Soviet Union.[19][20][21][22]

    As a result of the conflict, the United Nations established the United Nations Emergency Force to police and patrol the Egypt–Israel border, while British prime minister Anthony Eden resigned from his position. For his diplomatic efforts in resolving the conflict through United Nations initiatives, Canadian external affairs minister Lester B. Pearson received a Nobel Peace Prize. Analysts have argued that the Suez Crisis may have emboldened the Soviet Union, prompting the Soviet invasion of Hungary.[23][24]

    1. ^ A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. 2006. p. 251.McGregor 2006, p. 251
    2. ^ "Casualties of Mideast Wars". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. 8 March 1991. p. A7. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
    3. ^ a b Varble 2003, p. 90
    4. ^ Zuljan, Ralph. "Armed Conflict Year Index". OnWar.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
    5. ^ Schiff 1974, p. 70.
    6. ^ Schiff 1974.
    7. ^ "Invasion of Egypt!". Israel – The Suez War of 1956: U.S. newsreel footage. Event occurs at 0:30–0:40. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021.
    8. ^ Ross, Stewart (2004). Causes and Consequences of the Arab–Israeli Conflict. Evans Brothers. pp. 76ff. ISBN 978-0-2375-2585-9.
    9. ^ Isacoff, Jonathan B. (2006). Writing the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Pragmatism and Historical Inquiry. Lexington Books. pp. 79ff. ISBN 978-0-7391-1273-1.
    10. ^ Caplan, Neil (1983). Futile Diplomacy: Operation Alpha and the Failure of Anglo-American Coercive Diplomacy in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1954–1956. Psychology Press. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-7146-4757-9.
    11. ^ Egypt Today staff (3 November 2019). "In 63rd ann. of Tripartite Aggression, members of popular resistance tell heroic stories". Egypt Today. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
    12. ^ Mayer, Michael S. (2010). The Eisenhower Years. Infobase Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8160-5387-2.
    13. ^ Copeland, Miles (1989). The Game Player: Confessions of the CIA's original political operative. Aurum Press. pp. 170–171, 201.
    14. ^ Pierre, Major Jean-Marc (15 August 2014). 1956 Suez Crisis And The United Nations. Tannenberg Publishing. ISBN 978-1-7828-9608-1. Still in 1950 Egypt blocked the Straits of Tiran barring Israel from the waterway ( Longgood 1958, xii-xiii).
    15. ^ Golani, Motti (1995). "The Historical Place of the Czech-Egyptian Arms Deal, Fall 1955". Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (4): 803–827. doi:10.1080/00263209508701081. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4283762. 3. The blockade of the Straits of Eilat (Tiran) had actually been in effect since 1948, but was significantly aggravated on 12 September 1955, when Egypt announced that it was being tightened and extended to the aerial sphere as well. (p. 805)
    16. ^ Abernathy, David (2000). The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980. Yale University Press. p. CXXXIX. ISBN 978-0-3000-9314-8.
    17. ^ Owen, Roger (2001). Krieger, Joel (ed.). Suez Crisis. The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.[page needed]
    18. ^ "An affair to remember". The Economist. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
    19. ^ Ellis, Sylvia (2009). Historical Dictionary of Anglo-American Relations. Scarecrow Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8108-6297-5.
    20. ^ Peden, G. C. (December 2012), "Suez and Britain's Decline as a World Power", The Historical Journal, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1073–1096, doi:10.1017/S0018246X12000246
    21. ^ Mullen, Matt; Onion, Amanda; Sullivan, Missy; Zapata, Christian (14 September 2022). "Suez Crisis". History Channel. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
    22. ^ Smith, Simon C., ed. (2016). Reassessing Suez 1956: New perspectives on the crisis and its aftermath. Routledge. pp. 216–218. ISBN 978-0-7546-6170-2.
    23. ^ Mastny, Vojtech (March 2002). "NATO in the Beholder's Eye: Soviet Perceptions and Policies, 1949–56" (PDF). Cold War International History Project. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
    24. ^ Christopher, Adam (2010). The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives. University of Ottawa Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7766-0705-4.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  3. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    3 November 1812Napoleon's armies are defeated at the Battle of Vyazma.

    Battle of Vyazma

    The Battle of Vyazma (3 November 1812; 22 October by OS), occurred at the beginning of Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. In this encounter a Russian force commanded by General Miloradovich inflicted heavy losses on the rear guard of the Grande Armée.[4] Although the French thwarted Miloradovich's goal of encircling and destroying the corps of Marshal Davout, they withdrew in a partial state of disorder due to ongoing Russian harassment and heavy artillery bombardments.[5][6][7] The French reversal at Vyazma, although indecisive, was significant due to its damaging impact on several corps of Napoleon's retreating army.[8]

    1. ^ Foord, page 319, cites the figure of 2,500 Russian losses
    2. ^ Foord, p. 319
    3. ^ Foord, p. 319
    4. ^ Lieven, pp. 264–265
    5. ^ Lieven, p. 264
    6. ^ Caulaincourt, p. 1974
    7. ^ Segur, p. 167
    8. ^ Caulaincourt, p. 197; Segur, p. 168
     
  4. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 November 1979Iran hostage crisis: A group of Iranian college students overruns the U.S. embassy in Tehran and takes 90 hostages.

    Iran hostage crisis

    The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States. Fifty-three American diplomats and citizens were held hostage after a group of militarized Iranian college students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, including Hossein Dehghan (future Iranian Minister of Defense), Mohammad Ali Jafari (future Revolutionary Guards Commander-In-Chief) and Mohammad Bagheri (future Chief of the General Staff of the Iranian Army),[3][4] took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran[5][6] and took them as hostages. The hostages were held for 444 days, from November 4, 1979 to their release on January 20, 1981. The crisis is considered a pivotal episode in the history of Iran–United States relations.[7]

    Western media described the crisis as an "entanglement" of "vengeance and mutual incomprehension".[8] U.S. President Jimmy Carter called the hostage-taking an act of "blackmail" and the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy".[9] In Iran, it was widely seen as an act against the U.S. and its influence in Iran, including its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution and its long-standing support of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was overthrown in 1979.[10] After Shah Pahlavi was overthrown, he was granted asylum and admitted to the U.S. for cancer treatment. The new Iranian regime demanded his return in order to stand trial for the crimes he was accused of committing against Iranians during his rule through his secret police. These demands were rejected, which Iran saw as U.S. complicity in those abuses. The U.S. saw the hostage-taking as an egregious violation of the principles of international law, such as the Vienna Convention, which granted diplomats immunity from arrest and made diplomatic compounds inviolable.[11][12][13][14] The Shah left the U.S. in December 1979 and was ultimately granted asylum in Egypt, where he died from complications of cancer at age 60 on July 27, 1980.

    Seven American diplomats who had evaded capture were rescued by a joint CIA–Canadian effort on January 27, 1980. The crisis reached a climax in early 1980 after diplomatic negotiations failed to win the release of the hostages. Carter ordered the U.S. military to attempt a rescue mission – Operation Eagle Claw – using warships that included USS Nimitz and USS Coral Sea, which were patrolling the waters near Iran. The failed attempt on April 24, 1980, resulted in the death of one Iranian civilian and the accidental deaths of eight American servicemen after one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigned his position following the failure. In September 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with Algeria acting as a mediator.

    Political analysts cited the standoff as a major factor in the continuing downfall of Carter's presidency and his landslide loss in the 1980 presidential election.[15] The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after American President Ronald Reagan was sworn into office. In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the political power of theocrats who opposed any normalization of relations with the West.[16] The crisis also led to American economic sanctions against Iran, which further weakened ties between the two countries.[17]

    1. ^ Clark, Mark Edmond (2016). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujaheddin-e-Khalid". In David Gold (ed.). Microeconomics. Routledge. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-1-317-04590-8. Following the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, the MEK participated physically at the site by assisting in defending it from attack. The MEK also offered strong political support for the hostage-taking action.
    2. ^ Buchan, James (2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon and Schuster. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4165-9777-3.
    3. ^ "The Bagheri Brothers: One in Operations, One in Intelligence". Retrieved March 11, 2024.
    4. ^ "What Became of Those Who Seized the US Embassy in Tehran". March 9, 2024.
    5. ^ Penn, Nate (November 3, 2009). "444 Days in the Dark: An Oral History of the Iran Hostage Crisis". GQ. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
    6. ^ Sahimi, Muhammad (November 3, 2009). "The Hostage Crisis, 30 Years On". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
    7. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). "Inside Iran's Fury". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
    8. ^ Skow, John (January 26, 1981). "The Long Ordeal of the Hostages". Time. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
    9. ^ "Air Force Magazine" (PDF). Air Force Magazine. April 5, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
    10. ^ Kinzer, Stephen. "Thirty-five years after Iranian hostage crisis, the aftershocks remain". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 16, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
    11. ^ "Doing Satan's Work in Iran" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1979. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
    12. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
    13. ^ Nalle, David (2003). "All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror". Middle East Policy. 10 (4): 148–155.
    14. ^ Pryce-Jones, David (2003). "A Very Elegant Coup". National Review. 55 (17): 48–50.
    15. ^ "Reagan's Lucky Day: Iranian Hostage Crisis Helped The Great Communicator To Victory". CBS News. January 21, 2001. Archived May 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
    16. ^ Mackey, Sandra (1996). The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation. New York: Dutton. p. 298. ISBN 9780525940050
    17. ^ "A Review Of US Unilateral Sanctions Against Iran". Mafhoum. August 26, 2002. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
     
  5. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    5 November 2017Devin Patrick Kelley kills 26 and injured 20 in a church in Sutherland Springs, Texas.

    Sutherland Springs church shooting

    On November 5, 2017, at the First Baptist Church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, a local man, Devin Kelley, shot and killed 26 people and wounded 22 others. Kelley was shot and wounded by another local resident, then killed himself after a car chase. It is the deadliest mass shooting in Texas history[2] and the deadliest at an American place of worship, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015.[3]

    In 2021, a federal judge ruled that the federal government was negligent and awarded victims and families nearly a quarter-billion dollars. The 26-year-old Kelley should not have been allowed to purchase or possess firearms and ammunition because of a prior domestic violence conviction in a court-martial while in the United States Air Force; however, he was still able to buy the weapons because the Air Force did not report the conviction. In response, Congress passed new legislation that fixed holes in background check reporting procedures.

    1. ^ Medina, Steve Spriester, Mariah (February 6, 2018). "700 rounds in 11 minutes: Sutherland Springs survivor says he's amazed he's alive". KSAT.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    2. ^ Ahmed, Saeed (November 6, 2017). "2 of the 5 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history happened in the last 35 days". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
    3. ^ Weill, Kelly (November 5, 2017). "Deadliest Church Shooting in American History Kills at Least 26". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
     
  6. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    6 November 1947Meet the Press, the longest running television program in history, makes its debut

    Meet the Press

    Meet the Press is a weekly American television Sunday morning talk show broadcast on NBC.[6][7] It is the longest-running program on American television, though its format has changed since the debut episode on November 6, 1947.[8][9] Meet the Press specializes in interviews with leaders in Washington, D.C., across the country, and around the world on issues of politics, economics, foreign policy, and other public affairs, along with panel discussions that provide opinions and analysis. In January 2021, production moved to NBC's bureau on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.[5][10]

    The longevity of Meet the Press is attributable in part to the fact that the program debuted during what was only the second official "network television season" for American television. It was the first live television network news program on which a sitting president of the United States appeared, this occurred on its broadcast on November 9, 1975, which featured Gerald Ford. The program has been hosted by 12 moderators, beginning with creator Martha Rountree. The show's current moderator is Kristen Welker, who became moderator in September 2023 following longtime moderator Chuck Todd’s departure.

    Meet the Press airs Sundays from 9-10 a.m. ET on the NBC-TV network; 10:30-11:30 a.m. ET in New York and Washington. The program also re-airs at 2 p.m. ET Sundays and 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. ET Mondays on MSNBC on cable.[11] Meet the Press is also occasionally pre-empted by network coverage of sports events held outside the U.S. The program is also rebroadcast on Mondays at 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time on MSNBC, whose audio feed is also simulcast on Sirius/XM Satellite Radio. The program is syndicated by Westwood One to various radio stations around the United States, and is on C-SPAN Radio as part of its replays of the Sunday morning talk shows.

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference 60th was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference shemadeit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ "Meet the Press - Credits". NBCUniversal. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
    4. ^ "The Sounds of War". Slate. April 2003.
    5. ^ a b Johnson, Ted (25 January 2021). "NBCU Debuts New Washington Bureau And Studios". Deadline. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
    6. ^ "Meet the Press: Cast & Details". TV Guide. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
    7. ^ "About Meet The Press". MSNBC. Archived from the original on February 3, 2004. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
    8. ^ "Meet the Press: U.S. Public Affairs/Interview". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on September 25, 2012.
    9. ^ "About 'Meet the Press' - Meet the Press - About us | NBC News". 2012-12-31. Archived from the original on 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
    10. ^ Ball, Rick (1998). Meet the Press: Fifty Years of History in the Making. McGraw Hill. pp. 12 (Farley), 14-15 (Chambers), 15-17 (Bentley), 51-53 (Castro), 67-68 (JFK) 92 (MLK), 167 (satellite). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    11. ^ "Watch NBC's 'Meet the Press with Kristen Welker' in your area". NBC News. 2023-09-18. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
     
  7. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    7 November 2007Jokela school shooting in Tuusula, Finland, resulting in the death of nine people.

    Jokela school shooting

    The Jokela school shooting also known as the Jokela High School massacre occurred on 7 November 2007, at Jokela High School in the town of Jokela, Tuusula, Finland. The gunman, 18-year-old Pekka-Eric Auvinen, entered the school that morning armed with a semi-automatic pistol. He killed eight people and wounded one person in the toe before shooting himself in the head; twelve others were also injured by flying glass or sprained ankles.[4] Auvinen died later that evening in a Helsinki hospital.

    This was the second school shooting in the history of Finland. The previous incident occurred in 1989 at the Raumanmeri school in Rauma, when a 14-year-old fatally shot two fellow students.[5] Less than one year after the Jokela school massacre, the Kauhajoki school shooting occurred, which is thought to have been heavily inspired by Auvinen.

    1. ^ "Nine Dead in School Shooting". Yle. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
    2. ^ "Teen gunman dead from critical injuries who opened fire on Finnish classmates". CNN. 7 November 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
    3. ^ "Fatal shooting at Finnish school". BBC News. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
    4. ^ a b Petäjäniemi, Tuulikki (Chairman); Valonen, Kai (LL.M. Secretary, Chief Accident Investigator) (26 February 2009). "Jokela School Shooting on 7 November 2007: Report of the Investigation Commission" (PDF). Helsinki: Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 19 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    5. ^ "School Shootings Rare in Finland". YLE. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
     
  8. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 November 1895 – While experimenting with electricity, Wilhelm Röntgen discovers the X-ray.

    Wilhelm Röntgen

    Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (/ˈrɛntɡən, -ən, ˈrʌnt-/;[3] German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʁœntɡən] ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist,[4] who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.[5][6] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The unit of measurement roentgen was also named after him.

    1. ^ Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
    2. ^ Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
    3. ^ "Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
    4. ^ "Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". historiek.net. 31 October 2010.
    5. ^ Novelize, Robert. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. 5th edition. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p. 1.
    6. ^ Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
     
  9. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    9 November 2005 – Suicide bombers attack three hotels in Amman, Jordan, killing at least 60 people.

    2005 Amman bombings

    The 2005 Amman bombings were a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on three hotel lobbies in Amman, Jordan, on 9 November 2005. The explosions at the Grand Hyatt Hotel, the Radisson SAS Hotel, and the Days Inn started at around 20:50 local time (18:50 UTC) at the Grand Hyatt.[2][3] The three hotels are frequented by foreign diplomats. The bomb at the Radisson SAS exploded in the Philadelphia Ballroom, where a Palestinian wedding hosting hundreds of guests was taking place. The attacks killed 57 people and injured 115 others.

    Al-Qaeda in Iraq was quick to claim the attack.[1][4] The attack spurred a wave of new anti-terror measures by the Jordanian government.[5][failed verification]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference bbc10-11-05 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Deadly Bombings Hit Jordan Archived 16 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine - TheStreet.com, 9 November 2005
    3. ^ Jordan bombings kill 57, wound 300 Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine - Aljazeera, 9 November 2005
    4. ^ Ellis, John (2007). Police Analysis and Planning for Homicide Bombings: Prevention, Defense, and Response. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 171. ISBN 9780398085186. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
    5. ^ "Jordan battling to rescue its key earner — tourism". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
     
  10. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    10 November 1983Bill Gates introduces Windows 1.0.

    Windows 1.0

    Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was first released to manufacturing in the United States on November 20, 1985, while the European version was released as Windows 1.02 in May 1986.

    Its development began after the Microsoft co-founder and spearhead of Windows 1.0, Bill Gates, saw a demonstration of a similar software suite, Visi On, at COMDEX in 1982. The operating environment was showcased to the public in November 1983, although it ended up being released two years later. Windows 1.0 runs on MS-DOS, as a 16-bit shell program known as MS-DOS Executive, and it provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. It introduced multitasking and the use of the mouse, and various built-in programs such as Calculator, Paint, and Notepad. The operating environment does not allow its windows to overlap, and instead, the windows are tiled. Windows 1.0 received four releases numbered 1.01 through 1.04, mainly adding support for newer hardware or additional languages.

    The system received lukewarm reviews; critics raised concerns about not fulfilling expectations, its compatibility with very little software, and its performance issues, while it has also received positive responses to Microsoft's early presentations and support from a number of hardware- and software-makers. Its last release was 1.04, and it was succeeded by Windows 2.0, which was released in December 1987. Microsoft ended its support for Windows 1.0 on December 31, 2001, making it the longest-supported out of all versions of Windows.

     
  11. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    11 November 1934 – The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia is opened.

    Shrine of Remembrance

    The Shrine of Remembrance (commonly referred to as The Shrine) is a war memorial in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, located in Kings Domain on St Kilda Road. It was built to honour the men and women of Victoria who served in World War I, but now functions as a memorial to all Australians who have served in any war. It is a site of annual observances for Anzac Day (25 April) and Remembrance Day (11 November), and is one of the largest war memorials in Australia.

    Designed by architects Phillip Hudson and James Wardrop, both World War I veterans, the Shrine is in classical style, based on the Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus and the Parthenon in Athens, Greece.[2] The crowning element at the top of the ziggurat roof references the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. Built from Tynong granite,[3] the Shrine originally consisted only of the central sanctuary surrounded by the ambulatory. The sanctuary contains the marble Stone of Remembrance, upon which is engraved the words "Greater love hath no man" (John 15:13); once per year, on 11 November at 11 a.m. (Remembrance Day), a ray of sunlight shines through an aperture in the roof to light up the word "Love" in the inscription.[4][5] Beneath the sanctuary lies the crypt, which contains a bronze statue of a soldier father and son, and panels listing every unit of the Australian Imperial Force.

    The Shrine went through a prolonged process of development, which began in 1918 with an initial proposal to build a Victorian memorial. Two committees were formed, the second of which ran a competition for the memorial's design. The winner was announced in 1922.[6] However, opposition to the proposal, led by Keith Murdoch and the Herald Sun, forced the governments of the day to rethink the design. A number of alternatives were proposed, the most significant of which was the Anzac Square and cenotaph proposal of 1926. In response, General Sir John Monash used the 1927 Anzac Day march to garner support for the Shrine, and finally won the support of the Victorian government later that year. The foundation stone was laid on 11 November 1927, and the Shrine was officially dedicated on 11 November 1934.[7]

    1. ^ a b "Shrine of Remembrance". Victorian Heritage Database. Government of Victoria. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference TaylorP101 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Royall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Heilbron, J. L. (1999). The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 288–289. ISBN 0-674-00536-8.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference EducationProgramP8-10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference InglisP301-302 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Taylor (2005), pp. 101–102
     
  12. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    12 November 1997Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

    1993 World Trade Center bombing

    The 1993 World Trade Center bombing was a terrorist attack carried out on February 26, 1993, when a van bomb detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. The 1,336 lb (606 kg) urea nitratehydrogen gas enhanced device[1] was intended to send the North Tower crashing into its twin, the South Tower, taking down both skyscrapers and killing tens of thousands of people. While it failed to do so, it killed six people, including a pregnant woman,[2] and caused over a thousand injuries.[3] About 50,000 people were evacuated from the buildings that day.[4][5]

    The attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad A. Salameh, Nidal Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin, and Ahmed Ajaj. In March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing: Abouhalima, Ajaj, Ayyad, and Salameh. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives. In November 1997, two more were convicted: Ramzi Yousef, the organizer behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the van carrying the bomb.[6]

    Emad Salem, an FBI informant and a key witness in the trial of Ramzi Yousef, Abdul Hakim Murad, and Wali Khan Amin Shah, stated that the bomb itself was built under supervision from the FBI.[7] During his time as an FBI informant, Salem recorded hours of telephone conversations with his FBI handlers. In tapes made after the bombing, Salem alleged that an unnamed FBI supervisor declined to move forward on a plan that would have used a "phony powder" to fool the conspirators into believing that they were working with genuine explosives.[8]

    1. ^ Whitlock, Craig (July 5, 2005). "Homemade, Cheap and dangerous – Terror Cells Favor from Simple Ingredients In Building Bombs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
    2. ^ "February 26, 1993 Commemoration". Each year on February 26, victims' families, survivors, downtown residents, and city and state officials gather at the 9/11 Memorial to mark the anniversary of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing with a moment of silence, the tolling of a bell, and a reading of the names of the six victims of the first terror attack at the site.
    3. ^ "FBI 100 First Strike: Global Terror in America". FBI.gov. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
    4. ^ Childers, J. Gilmore; Henry J. DePippo (February 24, 1998). "Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings: Foreign Terrorists in America: Five Years After the World Trade Center". US Senate Judiciary Committee. Archived from the original on December 27, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
    5. ^ Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower, Knopf, (2006) p. 178.
    6. ^ 1993 World Trade Center Bombing
    7. ^ "Informant says he built World Trade Center bomb".
    8. ^ "Tapes Depict Proposal to Thwart Bomb Used in Trade Center Blast," Ralph Blumenthal, The New York Times, October 28, 1993, Section A; Page 1; Column 4
     
  13. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    13 November 1990 – In Aramoana, New Zealand, David Gray shoots dead 13 people in a massacre before being tracked down and killed by police the next day.

    Aramoana massacre

    The Aramoana massacre was a mass shooting that occurred on 13 November 1990 in the small seaside township of Aramoana, northeast of Dunedin, New Zealand.[2] Resident David Gray[3] killed 13 people, including local police Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, one of the first responders to the reports of a shooting, after a verbal dispute between Gray and his next-door neighbour. After a careful house-to-house search the next day, police officers led by the Anti-Terrorist Squad (now known as the Special Tactics Group) located Gray, and shot and injured him as he came out of a house firing from the hip.[4][5] He died in an ambulance while being transported to hospital.

    At the time, the incident was the deadliest mass shooting in New Zealand's history, being surpassed 29 years later by the Christchurch mosque shootings.[6] After the shootings, sweeping changes were made to New Zealand's firearms legislation in 1992, including 10-year photographic licences and tight restrictions on military style semi-automatic firearms.[7]

    1. ^ "Grim history, missed chance?". Otago Daily Times. 7 November 2020.
    2. ^ "Gunman On Rampage". Otago Daily Times. 14 November 1990. p. 1.
    3. ^ Benson, Nigel (15 November 1990). "Day's outing for Port family turns to tragedy". Otago Daily Times. p. 2.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Forbes1997p206 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference ODT_Kill_me was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Brockell, Gillian (15 March 2019). "'Garry's getting shot': This 1990 massacre was New Zealand's worst before mosque attacks". The Washington Post.
    7. ^ "Hours of Terror End". Otago Daily Times. 15 November 1990. p. 1.
     
  14. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    14 November 2012Israel launches a major military operation in the Gaza Strip, as hostilities with Hamas escalate.

    2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip

    In November 2012, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Pillar of Defense (Hebrew: עַמּוּד עָנָן, ʿAmúd ʿAnán, literally: "Pillar of Cloud"),[23] which was an eight-day campaign in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, beginning on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas, by an Israeli airstrike.[24][25][26][27]

    The operation was preceded by a period with a number of mutual Israeli–Palestinian responsive attacks.[28] According to the Israeli government, the operation began in response to the launch of over 100 rockets at Israel during a 24-hour period,[29][30] an attack by Gaza militants on an Israeli military patrol jeep within Israeli borders,[citation needed] and an explosion caused by improvised explosive devices (IEDs), which occurred near Israeli soldiers, on the Israeli side of a tunnel passing under the Israeli West Bank barrier.[31][32] The Israeli government stated that the aims of the military operation were to halt rocket attacks against civilian targets originating from the Gaza Strip[33][34] and to disrupt the capabilities of militant organizations.[35] The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation.[36] They cited the blockade of the Gaza Strip and the occupation of West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as the reason for rocket attacks.[24]

    During the course of the operation, the IDF claimed to have struck more than 1,500 sites in the Gaza Strip,[37] including rocket launchpads, weapon depots, government facilities, and apartment blocks.[38] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report, 174 Palestinians were killed and hundreds were wounded.[39] Approximately 350–700 families were displaced.[40][19][41][42] One airstrike[43] killed ten members of the al-Dalu family. Some Palestinian casualties were caused by misfired Palestinian rockets landing inside the Gaza Strip.[44] Eight Palestinians were executed by members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades for alleged collaboration with Israel.[45][46][47]

    During the operation, Hamas, the al-Qassam Brigades and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) further intensified their rocket attacks on Israeli cities and towns, in an operation code named Operation Stones of Baked Clay (Arabic: حجارة سجيل, ḥijārat sijīl) by the al-Qassam Brigades,[48] firing over 1,456 rockets into Israel, and an additional 142 which fell inside Gaza itself.[49] Palestinian militant groups used weapons including Iranian-made Fajr-5, Russian-made Grad rockets, Qassams, and mortars.[citation needed] Some of these weapons were fired into Rishon LeZion, Beersheba, Ashdod, Ashkelon, and other population centers. Tel Aviv was hit for the first time since the 1991 Gulf War, and rockets were fired at Jerusalem.[50] The rockets killed three Israeli civilians in a direct hit on a home in Kiryat Malachi.[25][46][51] By the end of the operation, six Israelis had been killed, two hundred forty were injured, and more than two hundred had been treated for anxiety by Magen David Adom, an Israeli medical organization.[56] About 421 rockets were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system, another 142 fell on Gaza itself, 875 fell in open areas, and 58 hit urban areas in Israel.[49][57] A bus in Tel Aviv was bombed by an Arab-Israeli, injuring 28 civilians.[58]

    Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other Western countries expressed support for what they considered Israel's right to defend itself, or condemned the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[70] China,[71] Iran, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.[75] The United Nations Security Council held an emergency session on the situation, but did not reach a decision.[76] After days of negotiations between Hamas and Israel, a ceasefire mediated by Egypt was announced on 21 November.[77][78][79] Both sides claimed victory. Israel said that it had achieved its aim of crippling Hamas's rocket-launching ability,[80] while Hamas stated that Israel's option of invading Gaza had ended.[81][82] According to Human Rights Watch, both sides violated the laws of war during the fighting.[83][84][85]

    1. ^ "IDF believes Hamas, Islamic Jihad will honor cease-fire". The Jerusalem Post. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    2. ^ a b "PFLP says fighters will continue to strike Israel". Ma'an News Agency. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    3. ^ "Occupied Quds City Targeted by Palestinian Missile". Fars News Agency. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    4. ^ "Fatah: We also fought against Israel in Pillar of Defense". The Jerusalem Post. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    5. ^ "Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
    6. ^ Londoño, Ernesto; Birnbaum, Michael (21 November 2012). "After Israel, Hamas reach Gaza cease-fire, both sides claim victory". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    7. ^ Kalman, Matthew; Sengupta, Kim (21 November 2012). "Fragile truce deal hailed as a victory on both sides". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    8. ^ Ahren, Raphael (21 November 2012). "Israel says it 'fulfilled all its goals,' while Hamas hails an 'exceptional victory'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    9. ^ Lyon, Alistair, ed. (21 November 2012). "Israel's battle damage report says Hamas crippled". Jewish Journal. Reuters. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    10. ^ Balmer, Crispian (21 November 2012). "Analysis: Relief at Gaza ceasefire can't mask its frailty". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    11. ^ Ravid, Barak (22 November 2012). "Israel's Pillar of Defense achieved its goals". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    12. ^ "Israel eases restrictions on Gaza fishing – Middle East – Al Jazeera English". Aljazeera.com. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    13. ^ Williams, Dan (22 March 2013). "Hamas appeals to Egypt after Israel halves Gaza fishing zone". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    14. ^ "Rocket fired from Gaza lands near Jerusalem". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    15. ^ "The main armed groups in Gaza". gulfnews.com. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    16. ^ a b "Israel under fire – November 2012". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
    17. ^ a b "The total numbers of victims". Palestinian Center for Human Rights. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    18. ^ a b "Gaza baby 'only knew how to smile'". BBC News. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
    19. ^ a b c "After eight days of fighting, ceasefire is put to the test". Times of Israel. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    20. ^ a b "Operation Pillar of Defence" (PDF). Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
    21. ^ a b "Operation Pillar of Defence Report". B'tselem. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
    22. ^ "Hamas executes six suspected informants for Israel on Gaza street". The Guardian. Associated press. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    23. ^ "Chief of Staff Declares 'Operation Pillar of Cloud'". Arutz Sheva. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    24. ^ a b "Q&A: Israel-Gaza violence". BBC News. 20 November 2012.
    25. ^ a b "Day 2: 300+ Rockets Fired at Israel Since Start of Operation Pillar of Defense" (live updates). Algemeiner. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    26. ^ Lappin, Yaakov (14 November 2012). "Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    27. ^ Kalman, Matthew (15 November 2012). "Massed Israeli troops poised for invasion of Gaza". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Haaretz_blame_mullet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    29. ^ "Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets". The Jerusalem Post. 11 December 2012.
    30. ^ Cite error: The named reference pound was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    31. ^ "Israel: Tunnel Explodes on Gaza Border". ABC News. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.[dead link]
    32. ^ "Operation Pillar of Defense – Selected statements". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, israel. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    33. ^ Cite error: The named reference UNHCR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    34. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (16 November 2012). "Jerusalem and Tel Aviv under rocket fire, Netanyahu warns Gaza". Chicago Tribune.
    35. ^ "Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari". The Jerusalem Post. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    36. ^ "Israel warns Hamas of 'heavy price' for Gaza rockets". 11 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    37. ^ "LIVE BLOG: Day 8 of Israel-Gaza conflict 2012". Haaretz. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
    38. ^ "Factbox: Gaza targets bombed by Israel". Reuters. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    39. ^ Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the implementation of Human Rights Council resolutions S-9/1 and S-12/1, Addendum, 6 March 2013.
    40. ^ "Escalation in Hostilities, Gaza and southern Israel" (PDF). Situation Report. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
    41. ^ "Israel Gaza Attacks Intensify Despite Truce Talks". The Huffington Post. The Associated Press. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    42. ^ Initial Findings: 40 of the Palestinians killed by the Israeli military up to the night of 19 Nov. were civilians, among them 19 minors., B'Tselem 21 November 2012 Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    43. ^ "Dalu Family in Gaza Mourns Dead After Israel Bombs House". The Huffington Post. Reuters. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
    44. ^ "Israeli forces prepare for war as troops mass on Gaza border". Telegraph. London. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    45. ^ Mistaken Lull, Simple Errand, Death in Gaza, The New York Times, 16 November 2012
    46. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference toi7b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    47. ^ JODI RUDOREN. "Collaborators fall prey to both sides in Gaza ; Price of being suspected, much less convicted, can be fatal – and gruesome." International Herald Tribune. 2012
    48. ^ "كتائب القسام تبدأ عملية "حجارة سجيل" ضد إسرائيل". Al-sharq.com. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    49. ^ a b Ban Ki-moon; UN Secretary-General (21 November 2012). "Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council [as delivered]". Tel Aviv. Retrieved 22 November 2012. Overall, in that same time period, more than 1,456 rockets have been fired from Gaza into Israel. 142 have fallen inside Gaza itself. Approximately 409 were intercepted by the Iron Dome anti-missile system. (...) Since Israel's targeted assassination from the air, on 14 November, of Ahmed Jaabari, chief of Hamas' military wing, and with Israel's offensive in Gaza in its eighth day, the Israel Defense Forces publicly reported that it has conducted strikes at more than 1,450 targets in Gaza.
    50. ^ Lappin, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah (15 November 2012). "Gaza rocket hits area south of Tel Aviv for first time". The Jerusalem Post.
    51. ^ Cite error: The named reference gu18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    52. ^ Rettig, Haviv (21 November 2012). "Title: After eight days of fighting, ceasefire is put to the test. TOI. Nov 2012". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    53. ^ "MDA: 16 injured in South on sixth day of operation". The Jerusalem Post. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
    54. ^ 70 Israelis injured in rocket attacks in last 24 hours, Jerusalem Post 15 November 2012
    55. ^ Oster, Marcy (22 November 2012). "Title: six Israelis die in Operation Pillar of Defense. JTA. 12 Nov". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    56. ^ [16][52][53][54][55]
    57. ^ Levinson, Charles; Adam Entous (26 November 2012). "Israel's Iron Dome Defense Battled to Get Off the Ground". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
    58. ^ "Terror attack: Blast on Tel Aviv bus; 28 hurt". Ynet News. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
    59. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (16 November 2012). "Ashton, Merkel say Israel has right to defend itself". The Jerusalem Post.
    60. ^ "Gaza Rocket Attacks" (Press release). US: Department of State. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    61. ^ "Foreign Secretary statement on Gaza and southern Israel". UK: Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    62. ^ al-Mughrabi, Nidal (14 November 2012). "UPDATE 8-Rockets hits near Tel Aviv as Gaza death toll rises". Reuters. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    63. ^ Hall, Bianca (16 November 2012). "Gillard condemns attacks on Israel" (Press release). AU: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    64. ^ "Les ministres européens mettent en garde Israël quant à l'escalade de la violence à Gaza" [European ministers warn Israel about escalade of violence in Gaza] (in French). EurActiv. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013.
    65. ^ "Foreign minister Nikolay Mladenov commenting on the situation in southern Israel and the Gaza Strip". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    66. ^ "Canada Condemns Hamas and Stands with Israel" (Press release). CA: Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    67. ^ Statement of MFA on Israel and the Gaza Strip Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 15 November 2012
    68. ^ Timmermans condemns rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza, Government of the Netherlands 13 November 2012
    69. ^ a b "Russia condemns 'disproportionate' strikes on Gaza". The Daily Star. LB. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    70. ^ [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
    71. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on November 19, 2012". Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in New York. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
    72. ^ "At the UN, Pakistan slams Israel's offensive in Gaza". The Express Tribune. PK. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    73. ^ "Morocco Strongly Condemns Israeli Raids on Gaza". Rabat, BH. Bahrain News Agency. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    74. ^ "Lebanese president: Israeli attack on Gaza obstructs peace". NOW Lebanon. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    75. ^ [69][72][73][74]
    76. ^ "Gaza toll rises as UN calls for end to the bloodshed". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    77. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Rudoren, Jodi (21 November 2012). "Cease-Fire Between Israel and Hamas Takes Effect". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    78. ^ Owen, Paul (19 November 2012). "Israel-Gaza: truce talks ongoing in Cairo – live updates". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
    79. ^ Iron Dome protects Tel Aviv as army warns of long fight ahead, Times of Israel 17 November 2012
    80. ^ Israel dealt Hamas 'a heavy blow' and is prepared to resume offensive if need be, Netanyahu says, Times of Israel 22 November 2012
    81. ^ Gaza leader Haniyeh thanks Iran for helping make Israel ‘scream with pain', Times of Israel 22 November 2012
    82. ^ IBRAHIM BARZAK and KARIN LAUB The Associated Press (22 November 2012). "Hamas claims victory as ceasefire starts". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    83. ^ Sarah Leah Whitson; Middle East director (20 December 2012). "Israel/Gaza: Unlawful Israeli Attacks on Palestinian Media". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    84. ^ Cite error: The named reference HRWHamas was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    85. ^ Cite error: The named reference HRWreport was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  15. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    14 November 2012Israel launches a major military operation in the Gaza Strip, as hostilities with Hamas escalate.

    2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip

    In November 2012, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Pillar of Defense (Hebrew: עַמּוּד עָנָן, ʿAmúd ʿAnán, literally: "Pillar of Cloud"),[23] which was an eight-day campaign in the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip, beginning on 14 November 2012 with the killing of Ahmed Jabari, chief of the Gaza military wing of Hamas, by an Israeli airstrike.[24][25][26][27]

    The operation was preceded by a period with a number of mutual Israeli–Palestinian responsive attacks.[28] According to the Israeli government, the operation began in response to the launch of over 100 rockets at Israel during a 24-hour period,[29][30] an attack by Gaza militants on an Israeli military patrol jeep within Israeli borders,[citation needed] and an explosion caused by improvised explosive devices (IEDs), which occurred near Israeli soldiers, on the Israeli side of a tunnel passing under the Israeli West Bank barrier.[31][32] The Israeli government stated that the aims of the military operation were to halt rocket attacks against civilian targets originating from the Gaza Strip[33][34] and to disrupt the capabilities of militant organizations.[35] The Palestinians blamed the Israeli government for the upsurge in violence, accusing the IDF of attacks on Gazan civilians in the days leading up to the operation.[36] They cited the blockade of the Gaza Strip and the occupation of West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as the reason for rocket attacks.[24]

    During the course of the operation, the IDF claimed to have struck more than 1,500 sites in the Gaza Strip,[37] including rocket launchpads, weapon depots, government facilities, and apartment blocks.[38] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) report, 174 Palestinians were killed and hundreds were wounded.[39] Approximately 350–700 families were displaced.[40][19][41][42] One airstrike[43] killed ten members of the al-Dalu family. Some Palestinian casualties were caused by misfired Palestinian rockets landing inside the Gaza Strip.[44] Eight Palestinians were executed by members of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades for alleged collaboration with Israel.[45][46][47]

    During the operation, Hamas, the al-Qassam Brigades and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) further intensified their rocket attacks on Israeli cities and towns, in an operation code named Operation Stones of Baked Clay (Arabic: حجارة سجيل, ḥijārat sijīl) by the al-Qassam Brigades,[48] firing over 1,456 rockets into Israel, and an additional 142 which fell inside Gaza itself.[49] Palestinian militant groups used weapons including Iranian-made Fajr-5, Russian-made Grad rockets, Qassams, and mortars.[citation needed] Some of these weapons were fired into Rishon LeZion, Beersheba, Ashdod, Ashkelon, and other population centers. Tel Aviv was hit for the first time since the 1991 Gulf War, and rockets were fired at Jerusalem.[50] The rockets killed three Israeli civilians in a direct hit on a home in Kiryat Malachi.[25][46][51] By the end of the operation, six Israelis had been killed, two hundred forty were injured, and more than two hundred had been treated for anxiety by Magen David Adom, an Israeli medical organization.[56] About 421 rockets were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome missile defense system, another 142 fell on Gaza itself, 875 fell in open areas, and 58 hit urban areas in Israel.[49][57] A bus in Tel Aviv was bombed by an Arab-Israeli, injuring 28 civilians.[58]

    Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other Western countries expressed support for what they considered Israel's right to defend itself, or condemned the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[70] China,[71] Iran, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, and several other Arab and Muslim countries condemned the Israeli operation.[75] The United Nations Security Council held an emergency session on the situation, but did not reach a decision.[76] After days of negotiations between Hamas and Israel, a ceasefire mediated by Egypt was announced on 21 November.[77][78][79] Both sides claimed victory. Israel said that it had achieved its aim of crippling Hamas's rocket-launching ability,[80] while Hamas stated that Israel's option of invading Gaza had ended.[81][82] According to Human Rights Watch, both sides violated the laws of war during the fighting.[83][84][85]

    1. ^ "IDF believes Hamas, Islamic Jihad will honor cease-fire". The Jerusalem Post. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    2. ^ a b "PFLP says fighters will continue to strike Israel". Ma'an News Agency. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    3. ^ "Occupied Quds City Targeted by Palestinian Missile". Fars News Agency. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    4. ^ "Fatah: We also fought against Israel in Pillar of Defense". The Jerusalem Post. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    5. ^ "Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)". European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
    6. ^ Londoño, Ernesto; Birnbaum, Michael (21 November 2012). "After Israel, Hamas reach Gaza cease-fire, both sides claim victory". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    7. ^ Kalman, Matthew; Sengupta, Kim (21 November 2012). "Fragile truce deal hailed as a victory on both sides". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    8. ^ Ahren, Raphael (21 November 2012). "Israel says it 'fulfilled all its goals,' while Hamas hails an 'exceptional victory'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    9. ^ Lyon, Alistair, ed. (21 November 2012). "Israel's battle damage report says Hamas crippled". Jewish Journal. Reuters. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    10. ^ Balmer, Crispian (21 November 2012). "Analysis: Relief at Gaza ceasefire can't mask its frailty". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    11. ^ Ravid, Barak (22 November 2012). "Israel's Pillar of Defense achieved its goals". Haaretz. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    12. ^ "Israel eases restrictions on Gaza fishing – Middle East – Al Jazeera English". Aljazeera.com. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    13. ^ Williams, Dan (22 March 2013). "Hamas appeals to Egypt after Israel halves Gaza fishing zone". Reuters. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    14. ^ "Rocket fired from Gaza lands near Jerusalem". Al Jazeera English. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    15. ^ "The main armed groups in Gaza". gulfnews.com. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    16. ^ a b "Israel under fire – November 2012". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
    17. ^ a b "The total numbers of victims". Palestinian Center for Human Rights. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    18. ^ a b "Gaza baby 'only knew how to smile'". BBC News. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
    19. ^ a b c "After eight days of fighting, ceasefire is put to the test". Times of Israel. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    20. ^ a b "Operation Pillar of Defence" (PDF). Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
    21. ^ a b "Operation Pillar of Defence Report". B'tselem. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
    22. ^ "Hamas executes six suspected informants for Israel on Gaza street". The Guardian. Associated press. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    23. ^ "Chief of Staff Declares 'Operation Pillar of Cloud'". Arutz Sheva. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    24. ^ a b "Q&A: Israel-Gaza violence". BBC News. 20 November 2012.
    25. ^ a b "Day 2: 300+ Rockets Fired at Israel Since Start of Operation Pillar of Defense" (live updates). Algemeiner. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    26. ^ Lappin, Yaakov (14 November 2012). "Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    27. ^ Kalman, Matthew (15 November 2012). "Massed Israeli troops poised for invasion of Gaza". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Haaretz_blame_mullet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    29. ^ "Gaza groups pound Israel with over 100 rockets". The Jerusalem Post. 11 December 2012.
    30. ^ Cite error: The named reference pound was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    31. ^ "Israel: Tunnel Explodes on Gaza Border". ABC News. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.[dead link]
    32. ^ "Operation Pillar of Defense – Selected statements". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, israel. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    33. ^ Cite error: The named reference UNHCR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    34. ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (16 November 2012). "Jerusalem and Tel Aviv under rocket fire, Netanyahu warns Gaza". Chicago Tribune.
    35. ^ "Israeli air strike kills top Hamas commander Jabari". The Jerusalem Post. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    36. ^ "Israel warns Hamas of 'heavy price' for Gaza rockets". 11 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
    37. ^ "LIVE BLOG: Day 8 of Israel-Gaza conflict 2012". Haaretz. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
    38. ^ "Factbox: Gaza targets bombed by Israel". Reuters. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
    39. ^ Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the implementation of Human Rights Council resolutions S-9/1 and S-12/1, Addendum, 6 March 2013.
    40. ^ "Escalation in Hostilities, Gaza and southern Israel" (PDF). Situation Report. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
    41. ^ "Israel Gaza Attacks Intensify Despite Truce Talks". The Huffington Post. The Associated Press. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    42. ^ Initial Findings: 40 of the Palestinians killed by the Israeli military up to the night of 19 Nov. were civilians, among them 19 minors., B'Tselem 21 November 2012 Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
    43. ^ "Dalu Family in Gaza Mourns Dead After Israel Bombs House". The Huffington Post. Reuters. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
    44. ^ "Israeli forces prepare for war as troops mass on Gaza border". Telegraph. London. 17 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    45. ^ Mistaken Lull, Simple Errand, Death in Gaza, The New York Times, 16 November 2012
    46. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference toi7b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    47. ^ JODI RUDOREN. "Collaborators fall prey to both sides in Gaza ; Price of being suspected, much less convicted, can be fatal – and gruesome." International Herald Tribune. 2012
    48. ^ "كتائب القسام تبدأ عملية "حجارة سجيل" ضد إسرائيل". Al-sharq.com. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
    49. ^ a b Ban Ki-moon; UN Secretary-General (21 November 2012). "Secretary-General's remarks to the Security Council [as delivered]". Tel Aviv. Retrieved 22 November 2012. Overall, in that same time period, more than 1,456 rockets have been fired from Gaza into Israel. 142 have fallen inside Gaza itself. Approximately 409 were intercepted by the Iron Dome anti-missile system. (...) Since Israel's targeted assassination from the air, on 14 November, of Ahmed Jaabari, chief of Hamas' military wing, and with Israel's offensive in Gaza in its eighth day, the Israel Defense Forces publicly reported that it has conducted strikes at more than 1,450 targets in Gaza.
    50. ^ Lappin, Yaakov; Lazaroff, Tovah (15 November 2012). "Gaza rocket hits area south of Tel Aviv for first time". The Jerusalem Post.
    51. ^ Cite error: The named reference gu18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    52. ^ Rettig, Haviv (21 November 2012). "Title: After eight days of fighting, ceasefire is put to the test. TOI. Nov 2012". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    53. ^ "MDA: 16 injured in South on sixth day of operation". The Jerusalem Post. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
    54. ^ 70 Israelis injured in rocket attacks in last 24 hours, Jerusalem Post 15 November 2012
    55. ^ Oster, Marcy (22 November 2012). "Title: six Israelis die in Operation Pillar of Defense. JTA. 12 Nov". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    56. ^ [16][52][53][54][55]
    57. ^ Levinson, Charles; Adam Entous (26 November 2012). "Israel's Iron Dome Defense Battled to Get Off the Ground". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
    58. ^ "Terror attack: Blast on Tel Aviv bus; 28 hurt". Ynet News. 21 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
    59. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah (16 November 2012). "Ashton, Merkel say Israel has right to defend itself". The Jerusalem Post.
    60. ^ "Gaza Rocket Attacks" (Press release). US: Department of State. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
    61. ^ "Foreign Secretary statement on Gaza and southern Israel". UK: Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    62. ^ al-Mughrabi, Nidal (14 November 2012). "UPDATE 8-Rockets hits near Tel Aviv as Gaza death toll rises". Reuters. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    63. ^ Hall, Bianca (16 November 2012). "Gillard condemns attacks on Israel" (Press release). AU: Fairfax Media. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    64. ^ "Les ministres européens mettent en garde Israël quant à l'escalade de la violence à Gaza" [European ministers warn Israel about escalade of violence in Gaza] (in French). EurActiv. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013.
    65. ^ "Foreign minister Nikolay Mladenov commenting on the situation in southern Israel and the Gaza Strip". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    66. ^ "Canada Condemns Hamas and Stands with Israel" (Press release). CA: Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    67. ^ Statement of MFA on Israel and the Gaza Strip Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 15 November 2012
    68. ^ Timmermans condemns rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza, Government of the Netherlands 13 November 2012
    69. ^ a b "Russia condemns 'disproportionate' strikes on Gaza". The Daily Star. LB. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    70. ^ [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
    71. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on November 19, 2012". Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in New York. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
    72. ^ "At the UN, Pakistan slams Israel's offensive in Gaza". The Express Tribune. PK. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
    73. ^ "Morocco Strongly Condemns Israeli Raids on Gaza". Rabat, BH. Bahrain News Agency. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    74. ^ "Lebanese president: Israeli attack on Gaza obstructs peace". NOW Lebanon. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    75. ^ [69][72][73][74]
    76. ^ "Gaza toll rises as UN calls for end to the bloodshed". The Daily Telegraph. UK. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
    77. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Rudoren, Jodi (21 November 2012). "Cease-Fire Between Israel and Hamas Takes Effect". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
    78. ^ Owen, Paul (19 November 2012). "Israel-Gaza: truce talks ongoing in Cairo – live updates". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
    79. ^ Iron Dome protects Tel Aviv as army warns of long fight ahead, Times of Israel 17 November 2012
    80. ^ Israel dealt Hamas 'a heavy blow' and is prepared to resume offensive if need be, Netanyahu says, Times of Israel 22 November 2012
    81. ^ Gaza leader Haniyeh thanks Iran for helping make Israel ‘scream with pain', Times of Israel 22 November 2012
    82. ^ IBRAHIM BARZAK and KARIN LAUB The Associated Press (22 November 2012). "Hamas claims victory as ceasefire starts". The Chronicle Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    83. ^ Sarah Leah Whitson; Middle East director (20 December 2012). "Israel/Gaza: Unlawful Israeli Attacks on Palestinian Media". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
    84. ^ Cite error: The named reference HRWHamas was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    85. ^ Cite error: The named reference HRWreport was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  16. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    15 November 1955 – The first part of Saint Petersburg Metro is opened.

    Saint Petersburg Metro

    The Saint Petersburg Metro (Russian: Петербургский метрополитен, romanized: Peterburgskiy metropoliten) is a rapid transit system in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Construction began in early 1941, but was put on hold due to World War II and the subsequent Siege of Leningrad, during which the constructed stations were used as bomb shelters. It was finally opened on 15 November 1955.

    Formerly known as the Order of Lenin Leningrad Metro named after V. I. Lenin (Ленинградский Ордена Ленина Метрополитен имени В. И. Ленина), the system exhibits many typical Soviet designs and features exquisite decorations and artwork making it one of the most attractive and elegant metros in the world. Due to the city's unique geology, the Saint Petersburg Metro is also one of the deepest metro systems in the world and the deepest by the average depth of all the stations. The system's deepest station, Admiralteyskaya, is 86 metres (282 ft) below ground.

    The network consists of 5 lines with a total length of 124 kilometres (77 mi). It has 72 stations including 7 transfer points. Serving about 2 million passengers daily, it is the 26th busiest metro system in the world.

    1. ^ Andrew Zalmanov as a private person. "Петербургский метрополитен". Spb.metro.ru. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
     
  17. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    16 October 1943 – Holocaust in Italy: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome.

    Raid of the Ghetto of Rome

     
  18. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    17 November 2013 – Fifty people are killed when Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363 crashes at Kazan Airport, Russia.

    Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363

    Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight, operated by Tatarstan Airlines on behalf of Ak Bars Aero, from Moscow to Kazan, Russia. On 17 November 2013, at 19:24 local time (UTC+4), the Boeing 737-500 crashed during an aborted landing at Kazan International Airport, killing all 44 passengers and 6 crew members on board, making it 2013's worst plane crash.[1][2]

    According to the official investigation report by the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), the crash was a result of pilot error, arising from a lack of skill to recover from an excessive nose-up attitude during a go-around procedure. The pilots' deficiencies were caused by a problem with the airline's safety management and a lack of regulatory oversight. One member of the commission filed an alternative opinion report, however, claiming that the commission had ignored the possible malfunction of the aircraft's elevator controls.[3]

    1. ^ "'Dozens dead' in Russian plane crash". BBC News. 17 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
    2. ^ "Russian airline crashes in Kazan, killing dozens". CBS News. 17 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference alternative was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  19. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
  20. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    19 November 1969 – Association football player Pelé scores his 1,000th goal.

    Pelé

    Edson Arantes do Nascimento (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈɛtsõ aˈɾɐ̃tʃiz du nasiˈmẽtu]; 23 October 1940 – 29 December 2022), better known by his nickname Pelé (Portuguese pronunciation: [peˈlɛ]), was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all-time, he was among the most successful and popular sports figures of the 20th century.[2][3] In 1999, he was named Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee and was included in the Time list of the 100 most important people of the 20th century. In 2000, Pelé was voted World Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) and was one of the two joint winners of the FIFA Player of the Century. His 1,279 goals in 1,363 games, which includes friendlies, is recognised as a Guinness World Record.[4]

    Pelé began playing for Santos at age 15 and the Brazil national team at 16. During his international career, he won three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962 and 1970, the only player to do so and the youngest player to win a World Cup (17). He was nicknamed O Rei (The King) following the 1958 tournament. With 77 goals in 92 games for Brazil, Pelé held the record as the national team's top goalscorer for over fifty years. At club level, he is Santos's all-time top goalscorer with 643 goals in 659 games. In a golden era for Santos, he led the club to the 1962 and 1963 Copa Libertadores, and to the 1962 and 1963 Intercontinental Cup. Credited with connecting the phrase "The Beautiful Game" with football, Pelé's "electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals" made him a star around the world, and his teams toured internationally to take full advantage of his popularity.[5] During his playing days, Pelé was for a period the best-paid athlete in the world. After retiring in 1977, Pelé was a worldwide ambassador for football and made many acting and commercial ventures. In 2010, he was named the honorary president of the New York Cosmos.

    Averaging almost a goal per game throughout his career, Pelé was adept at striking the ball with either foot in addition to anticipating his opponents' movements on the field. While predominantly a striker, he could also drop deep and take on a playmaking role, providing assists with his vision and passing ability, and he would also use his dribbling skills to go past opponents. In Brazil, he was hailed as a national hero for his accomplishments in football and for his outspoken support of policies that improve the social conditions of the poor. His emergence at the 1958 World Cup, where he became a black global sporting star, was a source of inspiration.[6] Throughout his career and in his retirement, Pelé received numerous individual and team awards for his performance on the field, his record-breaking achievements, and his legacy in the sport.[7]

    1. ^ "Pelé, who rose from a Brazilian slum to become the world's greatest soccer player, dies at 82". Los Angeles Times. 29 December 2022. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference fifa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Luhn, Michele (29 December 2022). "Pelé, Brazilian soccer star and the only player to win the World Cup three times, dies at age 82". CNBC. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference GWR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference britannica was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ronay was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Ben Green (30 December 2022). "Pele's legendary career told in numbers: Just how good was Brazil's emblematic forward?". squawka.com.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
  21. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    20 November 1998 – A court in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan declares accused terrorist Osama bin Laden "a man without a sin" in regard to the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania.

    1998 United States embassy bombings

    The 1998 United States embassy bombings were attacks that occurred on August 7, 1998. More than 220 people were killed in nearly simultaneous truck bomb explosions in two Capital East African cities, one at the United States Embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and the other at the United States Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[1]

    Fazul Abdullah Mohammed and Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah were credited with being the masterminds behind the bombings.[2][3][4]

    1. ^ "Lifting the Veil — Understanding the Roots of Islamic Militancy | Harvard International Review". hir.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
    2. ^ Bennett, Brian (June 12, 2011). "Al Qaeda operative key to 1998 U.S. embassy bombings killed in Somalia". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011.
    3. ^ "Al-Qaida timeline: Plots and attacks – World news – Hunt for Al-Qaeda". NBC News. April 23, 2004. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
    4. ^ "Читать онлайн 'The Black Banners' автора Soufan Ali H. - RuLit - Страница 83". Archived from the original on January 15, 2014.
     
  22. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    21 November 2012 – At least 28 are wounded after a bomb is thrown onto a bus in Tel Aviv.

    2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing

    Shaul Hamelech Street, the location of the attack, pictured in 2009

    The 2012 Tel Aviv bus bombing was a mass-injury terror attack carried out on November 21, 2012, on a crowded passenger bus driving in the center of Tel Aviv's business district. The attack was carried out by an Israeli citizen of Arab descent, who remotely detonated an explosive device, which he had hid on the bus in advance. Twenty-eight civilians were injured in the attack, among them three who were injured seriously. The attack was carried out on the 8th and last day of Operation Pillar of Defense, only a few hours before the ceasefire was reached.

    The attack was the first mass-injury terror attack in Tel Aviv since the 2006 Tel Aviv shawarma restaurant bombing, in which 11 people were killed and 70 were injured.[2]

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference telegraph1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Egypt FM: Israel, Hamas cease-fire to go into effect at 9pm". Jerusalem Post. November 21, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
     
  23. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    22 November 1995Toy Story is released as the first feature-length film created completely using computer-generated imagery.

    Toy Story

    Toy Story is a 1995 American animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. The first installment in the franchise of the same name, it was the first entirely computer-animated feature film, as well as the first feature film from Pixar. It was directed by John Lasseter (in his feature directorial debut) and produced by Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim, from a screenplay written by Joss Whedon, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, and Alec Sokolow and a story by Lasseter, Stanton, Pete Docter, and Joe Ranft. The film features music by Randy Newman, and was executive-produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull. The film features the voices of Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Don Rickles, Jim Varney, Wallace Shawn, John Ratzenberger, Annie Potts, R. Lee Ermey, John Morris, Laurie Metcalf, and Erik von Detten.

    Taking place in a world where toys come to life when humans are not present, the plot of Toy Story focuses on the relationship between an old-fashioned pullstring cowboy doll named Woody and a modern space cadet action figure, Buzz Lightyear, as Woody develops jealousy towards Buzz when he becomes their owner Andy's favorite toy.

    Following the success of Tin Toy, a short film that was released in 1988, Pixar was approached by Disney to produce a computer-animated feature film that was told from a small toy's perspective. Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter wrote early story treatments, which were rejected by Disney, who wanted the film's tone to be "edgier". After several disastrous story reels, production was halted and the script was rewritten to better reflect the tone and theme Pixar desired: "toys deeply want children to play with them, and ... this desire drives their hopes, fears, and actions". The studio, then consisting of a relatively small number of employees, produced Toy Story under minor financial constraints.

    Toy Story premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 19, 1995, and was released in theaters in North America on November 22 of that year. It was the highest-grossing film during its opening weekend,[2] eventually grossing over $373 million worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing film of 1995. The film received critical acclaim and holds a 100% approval rating on film aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes. It was praised for the technical innovation of the 3D animation, script, Newman's score, appeal to all age groups, and voice performances (particularly Hanks and Allen); it is frequently lauded as one of the best animated films ever made and, due to its status as the first computer-animated film, one of the most important films in medium's history and film at large.[4] The film received three Academy Award nominations—Best Original Screenplay (the first animated film to be nominated for the award), Best Original Song for "You've Got a Friend in Me", and Best Original Score—in addition to being honored with a non-competitive Special Achievement Academy Award.[5]

    In 2005, Toy Story was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", one of nine films designated in its first year of eligibility. The success of Toy Story launched a multimedia franchise. It spawned three sequels beginning with Toy Story 2 (1999), a spin-off film Lightyear (2022), numerous short films, and a planned fourth sequel. The film also had a theatrical 3D re-release in 2009 as part of a double feature with the second film.

    1. ^ "Toy Story". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
    2. ^ a b "Toy Story". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
    3. ^ "Toy Story". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference best-animation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ King, Susan (September 30, 2015). "How 'Toy Story' changed the face of animation, taking off 'like an explosion'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
     
  24. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    23 November 1992 – The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, is introduced at COMDEX in Las Vegas, Nevada.

    IBM Simon

    Preview warning: Page using Template:Infobox mobile phone with unknown parameter "Processor"
    Preview warning: Page using Template:Infobox mobile phone with unknown parameter "price"
    Preview warning: Page using Template:Infobox mobile phone with unknown parameter "carrier"

    The IBM Simon Personal Communicator (simply known as IBM Simon) is a handheld, touchscreen PDA designed by International Business Machines (IBM), and manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric.[6] Although the term "smartphone" was not coined until 1995, because of Simon's features and capabilities, it has been retrospectively referred to as the first true smartphone.[2][7][8][9]

    BellSouth Cellular Corp. distributed the IBM Simon in the United States between August 1994 and February 1995, selling 50,000 units. The Simon Personal Communicator was the first personal digital assistant or PDA to include telephony features (make phone calls). The battery lasted only an hour, and flip phones became increasingly slim which led to its demise.[10]

    1. ^ a b O'Malley, Chris (December 1994). "Simonizing the PDA". Byte. 19 (12): 145–148. ISSN 0360-5280. Archived from the original on February 21, 1999. Retrieved June 30, 2012. The CPU is a 16-bit x86-compatible processor running at 16 MHz, a single-chip design manufactured by Vadem. Simon runs a version of DOS called ROM-DOS, from Datalight...
    2. ^ a b Sager, Ira (June 29, 2012). "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone". Bloomberg Businessweek. ISSN 2162-657X. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. Simon was the first smartphone. Twenty years ago, it envisioned our app-happy mobile lives, squeezing the features of a cell phone, pager, fax machine, and computer into an 18-ounce black brick.
    3. ^ "Bellsouth, IBM Unveil Personal Communicator Phone". Mobile Phone News. November 8, 1993. ISSN 0737-5077. Retrieved June 30, 2012. The phone currently is based on an AMPS standard...
    4. ^ "BellSouth: IBM Simon PDA Cellphone". RetroCom. Retrieved June 30, 2012. Graphic display: 160 x 293
    5. ^ Nochkin, Alexandr (July 10, 2013). "IBM Simon. The first smartphone in the World. What's inside". IBM blog (in Russian). Habrahabr.ru. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
    6. ^ Jin, Dal Yong (2017). Smartland Korea: Mobile Communication, Culture, and Society. University of Michigan Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780472053377.
    7. ^ "Ericsson GS88 Preview". Eri-no-moto. 2006. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
    8. ^ "Penelope Box". Stockholm Smartphone. 2010. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2011.
    9. ^ Savage, Pamela (January 1995). "Designing a GUI for Business Telephone users". Interactions. 2. Association for Computing Machinery: 32–41. doi:10.1145/208143.208157. S2CID 19863684. Retrieved September 13, 2014. ...It is at this point that early usability test participants met impasse. The switch connected to our "smart phone" is expecting the typical "dumb end-point"... AT&T's PhoneWriter was demonstrated at the 1993 Comdex Computer Show...
    10. ^ First Smartphone Turns 20: Fun Facts About Simon, 2014-08-18.
     
  25. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    24 November 1877Anna Sewell's animal welfare novel Black Beauty is published.

    Black Beauty

    Black Beauty: His Grooms and Companions, the Autobiography of a Horse is an 1877 novel by English author Anna Sewell. It was composed in the last years of her life, during which she was bedridden and seriously ill.[1] The novel became an immediate best-seller, with Sewell dying just five months after its publication, but having lived long enough to see her only novel become a success. With fifty million copies sold, Black Beauty is one of the best-selling books of all time.[2]

    While forthrightly teaching animal welfare, it also teaches how to treat people with kindness, sympathy, and respect. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 58 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[3] It is seen as a forerunner of the pony book.

    1. ^ Merriam-Webster (1995). "Black Beauty". Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature.
    2. ^ The Times on Black Beauty: "Fifty million copies of Black Beauty have been sold in the years since Anna Sewell's publisher paid her £20 for the story." (29 February 2008)
    3. ^ "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 18 October 2012
     
  26. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    25 November 1960 – The Mirabal sisters of the Dominican Republic are assassinated.

    Mirabal sisters

    The Mirabal sisters (Spanish: hermanas Mirabal [eɾˈmanas miɾaˈβal]) were four sisters from the Dominican Republic, three of whom (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa) opposed the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo (el Jefe) and were involved in clandestine activities against his regime.[1] The three sisters were assassinated on 25 November 1960. The last sister, Adela, who was not involved in political activities at the time, died of natural causes on 1 February 2014.[2]

    Of the sisters, Minerva was the one who had the most active role in politics, being the founder of the June 14 Revolutionary Movement together with her husband Manolo Tavárez Justo [es]. Maria Teresa also became involved in the Movement. The second oldest sister, Patria, did not have the same level of political activity as her other sisters, but supported them. She lent her house to store weapons and tools from the insurgents. They are considered national heroines of the Dominican Republic. Their remains rest in a mausoleum that was declared an extension of the National Pantheon, located in the Hermanas Mirabal House-Museum, the last residence of the sisters.

    Patria, Minerva and María Teresa.
    Patria, Minerva and María Teresa.

    The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both popular and feminist resistance".[3] In 1999, in their honor, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.[1]

    1. ^ a b Nations, United. "International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women". United Nations. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
    2. ^ "La tragedia de las hermanas Mirabal: cómo el asesinato de 3 mujeres dominicanas dio origen al día mundial de la No violencia contra la mujer" [The tragedy of the Mirabal sisters: how the murder of 3 Dominican women gave rise to the world day of No violence against women]. BBC News Mundo. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
    3. ^ Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997). "The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama". New York Times.
     
  27. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 November 2008Mumbai attacks, a series of terrorist attacks killing approximately 166 citizens by 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan based extremist Islamist terrorist organisation, and the ship, Queen Elizabeth 2 is out of service, and docks in Dubai.

    2008 Mumbai attacks

    The 2008 Mumbai attacks[14] (also referred to as 26/11 attacks)[15][a] were a series of terrorist attacks that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, a militant Islamist[16] organisation from Pakistan, carried out 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai.[17][18][19] The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday 26 November and lasted until Saturday 29 November 2008. A total of 175 people died, including nine of the attackers, with more than 300 injured.[4][5][20]

    Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Palace & Tower,[2] the Leopold Cafe, the Cama Hospital,[2] the Nariman House,[21][22] the Metro Cinema,[1] and in a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College.[2] There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle.[23] By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by the Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining attackers; it culminated in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Hotel and ended the attacks.[24]

    Before his execution in 2012, Ajmal Kasab,[25] the sole surviving attacker, disclosed that the attackers were members of the terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,[26] and were controlled from Pakistan, corroborating initial claims from the Indian Government.[27] Pakistan later confirmed that the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen.[28][29] On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, was released on bail and disappeared;[30] he was arrested again in Lahore on 2 January 2021.[31][32] In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif questioned the Pakistani government's allowance of those who committed the attacks to cross into India.[33] In 2022, one of the masterminds of the attack, Sajid Majeed Mir —who had been earlier claimed to be dead by the Pakistan Government— was convicted for funding terrorist activities by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan.[34][35][36]

    1. ^ a b Magnier, Mark (3 December 2008). "Facing attackers with little more than courage". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
    2. ^ a b c d "Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes India's Mumbai, Killing at Least 182". Fox News. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
    3. ^ Magnier, Mark; Sharma, Subhash (27 November 2008). "Terror attacks ravage Mumbai". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
    4. ^ a b Bhandarwar, A. H.; Bakhshi, G. D.; Tayade, M. B.; Chavan, G. S.; Shenoy, S. S.; Nair, A. S. (2012). "Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 72 (5): 1329–34, discussion 1334. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e31824da04f. PMID 22673262. S2CID 23968266.
    5. ^ a b "Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
    6. ^ Masood, Salman (12 February 2009). "Pakistan Backtracks on Link to Mumbai Attacks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
    7. ^ Haider, Kamran (12 February 2009). "Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plotters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
    8. ^ Aziz, Hadi (12 November 2012). "Pakistan admits Pakistanis, LeT training camps used for Mumbai attacks". The News Tribe. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
    9. ^ Nelson, Dean (8 July 2009). "Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
    10. ^ "Pakistan admits Mumbai terror link". The National. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
    11. ^ "Army preparing for final assault, says Major General Hooda". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
    12. ^ "India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege Ends". Deutsche Welle. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
    13. ^ ""War level" security in India after Mumbai attacks". Reuters. 30 November 2008.
    14. ^ "10 years on, revisiting Mumbai's terror hours". Onmanorama. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
    15. ^ "26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks Aftermath: Security Audits Carried Out On 227 Non-Major Seaports Till Date". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
    16. ^ "Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts". CNN. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
    17. ^ Friedman, Thomas (17 February 2009). "No Way, No How, Not Here". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
    18. ^ "Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers". Sify News. 19 February 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
    19. ^ Schifrin, Nick (25 November 2009). "Mumbai Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged – Action Comes a Year After India's Worst Terrorist Attacks; 164 Die". ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
    20. ^ Black, Ian (28 November 2008). "Attacks draw worldwide condemnation". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
    21. ^ Kahn, Jeremy (2 December 2008). "Jews of Mumbai, a Tiny and Eclectic Group, Suddenly Reconsider Their Serene Existence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
    22. ^ "Ten years after 26/11 Chabad House continues to stand tall". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
    23. ^ "Tracing the terror route". The Indian Express. Mumbai. 10 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
    24. ^ "Police declare Mumbai siege over". BBC News. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
    25. ^ "Terrorist's name lost in transliteration". The Hindu. Chennai. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
    26. ^ Bajoria, Jayshree (14 January 2010). "Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba)". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
    27. ^ Schmitt, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (3 December 2008). "Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attackers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
    28. ^ "Mumbai siege: 'Kill all the hostages – except the two Muslims'". The Independent. 8 January 2009. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
    29. ^ Waraich, Omar (8 January 2009). "Pakistan Continues to Resist India Pressure on Mumbai". Time. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
    30. ^ "Mumbai attack suspect Lakhvi released on bail in Pakistan". BBC News. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
    31. ^ Tanveer, Asim (2 January 2021). "Pakistan arrests key militant on terror financing charges". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
    32. ^ Bukhari, Mubasher (2 January 2021). "Pakistan arrests alleged militant group leader Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi on terrorism financing charge". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
    33. ^ Imran, Mohammad (14 May 2018). "'What did I say that was wrong?': Nawaz responds to controversy around remarks on Mumbai attacks". Dawn. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2023. "Militant organisations are active. Call them non-state actors, should we allow them to cross the border and kill 150 people in Mumbai?" [Nawaz Sharif] had asked [...]
    34. ^ "Pakistan quietly jails 26/11 handler Sajid Mir for 15 years". The Times of India. 25 June 2022.
    35. ^ "Following are the top foreign stories at 1700 hours". The Week. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022. was earlier declared dead by Pakistan, has been jailed for over 15 years in a terror-financing case
    36. ^ "Pakistan Court Sentences 26/11 Terror Attack Mastermind to 15 Years in Jail". The Wire. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2022. Pakistani authorities had in the past claimed he had died, but Western countries remained unconvinced and demanded proof of his death.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  28. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    27 November 1924 – In New York City, the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.

    Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

    The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is an annual parade in New York City presented by the U.S.-based department store chain Macy's. The parade first took place in 1924, tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States;[a] it has been held every year since except from 1942 through 1944. Its signature giant helium balloons date to 1928, with smaller air-filled balloons having been used in 1927. The three-hour parade is held in Manhattan, ending outside Macy's Herald Square, and takes place from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1953.

    1. ^ a b "Portfolio of Brad Lachman-produced programs". Retrieved November 22, 2012.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  29. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    28 November 2014 – Gunmen set off three bombs at the central mosque in the northern Nigerian city of Kano killing at least 120 people.

    2014 Kano attack

    The 2014 Kano bombing was a terrorist attack on November 28, 2014, at the Central Mosque (Grand Mosque) in Kano, the biggest city in the mainly Muslim Northern Nigeria during the Islamist insurgency in Nigeria. The mosque is next to the palace of the Emir of Kano, Muhammad Sanusi II, Nigeria's second most senior Muslim cleric, who had urged the civilians to protect themselves by arming up against Boko Haram. Two suicide bombers blew themselves up and gunmen opened fire on those who were trying to escape. Around 120 people were killed and another 260 injured.[1][2][3][4]

    1. ^ AFP (28 November 2014). "Suicide bombers, gunmen kill 64 at prominent Nigeria mosque". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
    2. ^ "BBC News - Nigeria unrest: Kano mosque attack kills dozens". BBC News. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
    3. ^ Al Jazeera and agencies. "Scores killed in Nigeria mosque blasts". Retrieved 29 November 2014.
    4. ^ "Bombs, gunfire kill 81 at crowded mosque in Nigeria's Kano". Reuters. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
     
  30. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    29 November 1944 – World War II: Albania is liberated by the Partisans.

    Liberation Day (Albania)

    Map of Albania during World War II

    Liberation Day (Albanian: Dita e Çlirimit) in Albania is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which the country was liberated from Nazi Germany forces by the Albanian resistance during World War II.[1]

    1. ^ Pearson, Owen (2006). Albania as dictatorship and democracy: from isolation to the Kosovo War. IB Taurus. p. 221. ISBN 1-84511-105-2.

    29 November 1944 – World War II: Albania is liberated by the Partisans.

    Liberation Day (Albania)

    Map of Albania during World War II

    Liberation Day (Albanian: Dita e Çlirimit) in Albania is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which the country was liberated from Nazi Germany forces by the Albanian resistance during World War II.[1]

    1. ^ Pearson, Owen (2006). Albania as dictatorship and democracy: from isolation to the Kosovo War. IB Taurus. p. 221. ISBN 1-84511-105-2.

    29 November 1944 – World War II: Albania is liberated by the Partisans.

    Liberation Day (Albania)

    Map of Albania during World War II

    Liberation Day (Albanian: Dita e Çlirimit) in Albania is commemorated as the day, November 29, 1944, in which the country was liberated from Nazi Germany forces by the Albanian resistance during World War II.[1]

    1. ^ Pearson, Owen (2006). Albania as dictatorship and democracy: from isolation to the Kosovo War. IB Taurus. p. 221. ISBN 1-84511-105-2.
     
  31. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    30 November 1995 – Official end of Operation Desert Storm.

    Gulf War

    The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991.

    On 2 August 1990, Iraq, governed by dictator Saddam Hussein, launched an invasion of neighboring Kuwait and fully occupied the country within two days. Initially, Iraq ran the occupied territory under a puppet government known as the "Republic of Kuwait" before proceeding with an outright annexation in which Kuwaiti sovereign territory was split, with the "Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District" being carved out of the country's northern portion and the "Kuwait Governorate" covering the rest. Varying speculations have been made regarding intents behind the Iraqi invasion, most notably including Iraq's inability to repay a US$14 billion debt the country had borrowed from Kuwait to finance its prior war with Iran. Kuwait's demands for repayment were coupled with its surge in petroleum production levels, which kept revenues down for Iraq and further weakened its economic prospects; throughout much of the 1980s, Kuwait's oil production was above its mandatory quota under OPEC, which kept international oil prices down. Iraq interpreted the Kuwaiti refusal to decrease oil production as an act of aggression towards the Iraqi economy, leading up to the hostilities.

    The invasion of Kuwait was immediately met with international condemnation, including Resolution 660 by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and economic sanctions were unanimously imposed on Iraq in its Resolution 661. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and American president George H. W. Bush deployed troops and equipment into Saudi Arabia and openly urged other countries to send their own forces. An array of countries joined the American-led coalition, forming the largest military alliance since World War II. The bulk of the coalition's military power was from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as the largest lead-up contributors, in that order; Saudi Arabia and the Kuwaiti government-in-exile paid out around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost to mobilize the coalition against Iraq.

    UNSC Resolution 678 adopted on 29 November 1990 offered Iraq one final chance until 15 January 1991 to implement Resolution 660 and withdraw from Kuwait; it further empowered states after the deadline to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait. Initial efforts to dislodge the Iraqis from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, which continued for five weeks. As the Iraqi military struggled against the coalition attacks, Iraq began to fire missiles at Israel. The coalition did not include Israel, however the Iraqi leadership expected the missile barrage to provoke an independent Israeli military response, which would prompt the coalition's Muslim-majority countries to withdraw on account of tense relations between Arab nations and Israel. The provocation was unsuccessful; Israel did not retaliate and Iraq continued to remain at odds with most Muslim-majority countries. Iraqi missile barrages against coalition targets in Saudi Arabia were also largely unsuccessful, and on 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a major ground assault into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. The offensive was a decisive victory for the coalition, who liberated Kuwait and promptly began to advance past the Iraq–Kuwait border into Iraqi territory. A hundred hours after the beginning of the ground campaign, the coalition ceased its advance into Iraq and declared a ceasefire. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas straddling the Iraq–Saudi Arabia border.

    The conflict marked the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the American network CNN. It has also earned the nickname Video Game War, after the daily broadcast of images from cameras onboard American bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The Gulf War has gained notoriety for including three of the largest tank battles in American military history.

    1. ^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
    2. ^ Persian Gulf War, the Sandhurst-trained Prince
      Khaled bin Sultan al-Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf
      www.casi.org.uk/discuss Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    3. ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander, with US General Norman Schwarzkopf, of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    4. ^ Knights, Michael (2005). Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power. United States Naval Institute. p. 20]. ISBN 978-1-59114-444-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    5. ^ a b "Persian Gulf War". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
    6. ^ 18 M1 Abrams, 11 M60, 2 AMX-30
    7. ^ CheckPoint, Ludovic Monnerat. "Guerre du Golfe: le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna".
    8. ^ Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: Certain Victory. Brassey's, 1994, p. 279.
    9. ^ Halberstadt 1991. p. 35
    10. ^ Atkinson, Rick. Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. pp. 332–3
    11. ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs, B. Co. Commander, Knights in the Desert. Publisher/Editor Unknown. p. 111.
    12. ^ Malory, Marcia. "Tanks During the First Gulf War – Tank History". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
    13. ^ M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956–92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby
    14. ^ "TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
    15. ^ NSIAD-92-94, "Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams". Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine US General Accounting Office, 10 January 1992. Quote: "According to information provided by the Army's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones
    16. ^ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 (Air War) Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Acig.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2011
    17. ^ a b c d e Bourque (2001), p. 455.
    18. ^ "Appendix – Iraqi Death Toll | The Gulf War | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
    19. ^ Tucker-Jones, Anthony (31 May 2014). The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990–1991. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3730-0. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
    20. ^ "Human Rights Watch". Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
    21. ^ "Appendix A: Chronology - February 1991". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
    22. ^ "Iraq air force wants Iran to give back its planes". Reuters. 10 August 2007.
    23. ^ "The Use of Terror during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 24 January 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
    24. ^ "Kuwait: missing people: a step in the right direction". Red Cross. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
    25. ^ "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict". Project on Defense Alternatives. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
     
  32. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 December 1958 – The Our Lady of the Angels School fire in Chicago kills 92 children and three nuns.

    Our Lady of the Angels School fire

    On Monday, December 1, 1958, a fire broke out at Our Lady of the Angels School in Chicago, Illinois, shortly before classes were to be dismissed for the day. The fire originated in the basement near the foot of a stairway. The elementary school was operated by the Archdiocese of Chicago and had an enrollment of approximately 1600 students. A total of 92 pupils and 3 nuns ultimately died when smoke, heat, fire, and toxic gases cut off their normal means of egress through corridors and stairways. Many more were injured when they jumped from second-floor windows which, because the building had a raised basement, were nearly as high above ground as a third floor would be on level ground (c. 25 ft.).[1]

    The disaster was the lead headline story in American, European,[2] and Canadian newspapers. Pope John XXIII sent his condolences from the Vatican in Rome. The severity of the fire shocked the nation and surprised educational administrators of both public and private schools. The disaster led to major improvements in standards for school design and fire safety codes.

    1. ^ David Cowan and John Kuenster, To Sleep with the Angels: The Story of a Fire (1996) excerpt
    2. ^ "Russia Says Chicago Disaster No Accident". The Pantagraph. Bloomington, Illinois. United Press International. 1958-12-03. p. 10. - Clipping at Newspapers.com.
     
  33. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 December 1976Fidel Castro becomes President of Cuba, replacing Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado.

    Fidel Castro

    Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (/ˈkæstr/ KASS-troh,[1] Latin American Spanish: [fiˈðel aleˈxandɾo ˈkastɾo ˈrus]; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1965 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.

    Born in Birán, the son of a wealthy Spanish farmer, Castro adopted leftist and anti-imperialist ideas while studying law at the University of Havana. After participating in rebellions against right-wing governments in the Dominican Republic and Colombia, he planned the overthrow of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista, launching a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks in 1953. After a year's imprisonment, Castro travelled to Mexico where he formed a revolutionary group, the 26th of July Movement, with his brother Raúl Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara. Returning to Cuba, Castro took a key role in the Cuban Revolution by leading the Movement in a guerrilla war against Batista's forces from the Sierra Maestra. After Batista's overthrow in 1959, Castro assumed military and political power as Cuba's prime minister. The United States came to oppose Castro's government and unsuccessfully attempted to remove him by assassination, economic embargo, and counter-revolution, including the Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961. Countering these threats, Castro aligned with the Soviet Union and allowed the Soviets to place nuclear weapons in Cuba, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis—a defining incident of the Cold War—in 1962.

    Adopting a Marxist–Leninist model of development, Castro converted Cuba into a one-party, socialist state under Communist Party rule, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Policies introducing central economic planning and expanding healthcare and education were accompanied by state control of the press and the suppression of internal dissent. Abroad, Castro supported anti-imperialist revolutionary groups, backing the establishment of Marxist governments in Chile, Nicaragua, and Grenada, as well as sending troops to aid allies in the Yom Kippur, Ogaden, and Angolan Civil War. These actions, coupled with Castro's leadership of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and Cuban medical internationalism, increased Cuba's profile on the world stage. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Castro led Cuba through the economic downturn of the "Special Period", embracing environmentalist and anti-globalization ideas. In the 2000s, Castro forged alliances in the Latin American "pink tide"—namely with Hugo Chávez's Venezuela—and formed the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. In 2006, Castro transferred his responsibilities to Vice President Raúl Castro, who was elected to the presidency by the National Assembly in 2008.

    The longest-serving non-royal head of state in the 20th and 21st centuries, Castro polarized world opinion. His supporters view him as a champion of socialism and anti-imperialism whose revolutionary government advanced economic and social justice while securing Cuba's independence from American hegemony. His critics view him as a dictator whose administration oversaw human rights abuses, the exodus of many Cubans, and the impoverishment of the country's economy.

     
  34. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    3 December 1984Bhopal disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000–600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.

    Bhopal disaster

    The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. In what is considered the world's worst industrial disaster,[3] over 500,000 people in the small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC).[4] Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate deaths being 2,259. In 2008, the Government of Madhya Pradesh paid compensation to the family members of 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.[1] A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[5] Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.[6]

    The owner of the factory, UCIL, was majority-owned by the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) of the United States, with Indian government-controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1989, UCC paid $470 million (equivalent to $970 million in 2022) to settle litigation stemming from the disaster. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in UCIL to Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), which subsequently merged with McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. Eveready ended clean-up on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001, seventeen years after the disaster.

    Civil and criminal cases filed in the United States against UCC and Warren Anderson, chief executive officer of the UCC at the time of the disaster, were dismissed and redirected to Indian courts on multiple occasions between 1986 and 2012, as the US courts focused on UCIL being a standalone entity of India. Civil and criminal cases were also filed in the District Court of Bhopal, India, involving UCC, UCIL, and Anderson.[7][8] In June 2010, seven Indian nationals who were UCIL employees in 1984, including the former UCIL chairman Keshub Mahindra, were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a fine of about $2,000 each, the maximum punishment allowed by Indian law. All were released on bail shortly after the verdict. An eighth former employee was also convicted, but died before the judgement was passed.[9][10]

    1. ^ a b "Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, Bhopal. Immediate Relief Provided by the State Government". Government of Madhya Pradesh. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eckerman2001-p23-24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ * Mandavilli, Apoorva (9 July 2018). "The World's Worst Industrial Disaster Is Still Unfolding". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
    4. ^ Varma, Roli; Daya R. Varma (2005). "The Bhopal Disaster of 1984". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 25: 37–45. doi:10.1177/0270467604273822. S2CID 109281859.
    5. ^ AK Dubey (21 June 2010). "Bhopal Gas Tragedy: 92% injuries termed "minor"". First14 News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eckerman2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Company Defends Chief in Bhopal Disaster". The New York Times. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
    8. ^ "U.S. Exec Arrest Sought in Bhopal Disaster". CBS News. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
    9. ^ "Eight convicted over Bhopal leak". BBC News. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
    10. ^ "Ex-Union Carbide officials sentenced over Bhopal leak". U.S. Reuters. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
     
  35. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    3 December 1984Bhopal disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, kills more than 3,800 people outright and injures 150,000–600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.

    Bhopal disaster

    The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. In what is considered the world's worst industrial disaster,[3] over 500,000 people in the small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC).[4] Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate deaths being 2,259. In 2008, the Government of Madhya Pradesh paid compensation to the family members of 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.[1] A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[5] Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.[6]

    The owner of the factory, UCIL, was majority-owned by the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) of the United States, with Indian government-controlled banks and the Indian public holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1989, UCC paid $470 million (equivalent to $970 million in 2022) to settle litigation stemming from the disaster. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in UCIL to Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), which subsequently merged with McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. Eveready ended clean-up on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001, seventeen years after the disaster.

    Civil and criminal cases filed in the United States against UCC and Warren Anderson, chief executive officer of the UCC at the time of the disaster, were dismissed and redirected to Indian courts on multiple occasions between 1986 and 2012, as the US courts focused on UCIL being a standalone entity of India. Civil and criminal cases were also filed in the District Court of Bhopal, India, involving UCC, UCIL, and Anderson.[7][8] In June 2010, seven Indian nationals who were UCIL employees in 1984, including the former UCIL chairman Keshub Mahindra, were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a fine of about $2,000 each, the maximum punishment allowed by Indian law. All were released on bail shortly after the verdict. An eighth former employee was also convicted, but died before the judgement was passed.[9][10]

    1. ^ a b "Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, Bhopal. Immediate Relief Provided by the State Government". Government of Madhya Pradesh. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eckerman2001-p23-24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ * Mandavilli, Apoorva (9 July 2018). "The World's Worst Industrial Disaster Is Still Unfolding". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
    4. ^ Varma, Roli; Daya R. Varma (2005). "The Bhopal Disaster of 1984". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 25: 37–45. doi:10.1177/0270467604273822. S2CID 109281859.
    5. ^ AK Dubey (21 June 2010). "Bhopal Gas Tragedy: 92% injuries termed "minor"". First14 News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eckerman2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Company Defends Chief in Bhopal Disaster". The New York Times. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
    8. ^ "U.S. Exec Arrest Sought in Bhopal Disaster". CBS News. 31 July 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
    9. ^ "Eight convicted over Bhopal leak". BBC News. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
    10. ^ "Ex-Union Carbide officials sentenced over Bhopal leak". U.S. Reuters. 7 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
     
  36. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 December 1991Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years in captivity as a hostage in Beirut; he is the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon.

    Terry A. Anderson

    Terry A. Anderson (born October 27, 1947)[1] is an American journalist. He reported for the Associated Press.[2] In 1985, he was taken hostage by Shia Hezbollah militants of the Islamic Jihad Organization in Lebanon[3] and held until 1991. In 2004, he ran unsuccessfully for the Ohio State Senate.

    1. ^ Barron, James (March 16, 1990). "A Lost American in Lebanon: After 5 Years, Trail Is Faint". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
    2. ^ Specter, Michael (December 11, 1991). "Terry Anderson Receives Hero's Welcome at A.P.". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
    3. ^ "Lebanon: The Hostage Crisis". December 1987. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
     
  37. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    5 December 1945Flight 19, a group of TBF Avengers, disappears in the Bermuda Triangle.

    Flight 19

    Flight 19 was the designation of a group of five General Motors TBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared over the Bermuda Triangle on December 5, 1945, after losing contact during a United States Navy overwater navigation training flight from Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, Florida. All 14 naval aviators on the flight were lost, as were all 13 crew members of a Martin PBM Mariner flying boat that subsequently launched from Naval Air Station Banana River to search for Flight 19.

    A report by Navy investigators concluded that flight leader Lt. Charles C. Taylor mistook small islands offshore for the Florida Keys after his compasses stopped working, resulting in the flight heading over open sea and away from land. The report was later amended by the Navy to read "cause unknown" to avoid blaming Taylor for the loss of five aircraft and 14 men. The report attributed the loss of the PBM search aircraft to an explosion in mid-air while searching for the flight.

     
  38. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    6 December 2006NASA reveals photographs taken by Mars Global Surveyor suggesting the presence of liquid water on Mars.

    Water on Mars

    An artist's impression of what ancient Mars may have looked like, based on geological data
    Water ice on Mars
    likeliest areas[1]
    (December 10, 2019)
    Global
    Planar
    Subsurface water ice detected by NASA missions (SWIM project, 2023)
    Mars – Utopia Planitia
    Martian terrain
    Map of terrain
    Scalloped terrain led to the discovery of a large amount of underground ice – enough water to fill Lake Superior (November 22, 2016)[2][3][4]

    Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere.[5] What was thought to be low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil, also called recurrent slope lineae,[6][7] may be grains of flowing sand and dust slipping downhill to make dark streaks.[8] While most water ice is buried, it is exposed at the surface across several locations on Mars. In the mid-latitudes, it is exposed by impact craters, steep scarps and gullies.[9][10][11] Additionally, water ice is also visible at the surface at the north polar ice cap.[12] Abundant water ice is also present beneath the permanent carbon dioxide ice cap at the Martian south pole. More than 5 million km3 of ice have been detected at or near the surface of Mars, enough to cover the whole planet to a depth of 35 meters (115 ft).[13] Even more ice might be locked away in the deep subsurface.[14][15] Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today, but limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, which are challenging environments for known life.[7][16][17] No large standing bodies of liquid water exist on the planet's surface, because the atmospheric pressure there averages just 610 pascals (0.088 psi), a figure slightly below the vapor pressure of water at its triple point; under average Martian conditions, warming water ice on the Martian surface would sublime, meaning transition directly from solid to vapor; conversely, cooling water would deposit, meaning transition directly from vapor to solid. Before about 3.8 billion years ago, Mars may have had a denser atmosphere and higher surface temperatures,[18][19][20][21] allowing vast amounts of liquid water on the surface,[22][23][24][25] possibly including a large ocean[26][27][28][29] that may have covered one-third of the planet.[30][31][32] Water has also apparently flowed across the surface for short periods at various intervals more recently in Mars' history.[33][34][35] Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater, explored by the Curiosity rover, is the geological remains of an ancient freshwater lake that could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life.[36][37][38][39] The present-day inventory of water on Mars can be estimated from spacecraft images, remote sensing techniques (spectroscopic measurements,[40][41] radar,[42] etc.), and surface investigations from landers and rovers.[43][44] Geologic evidence of past water includes enormous outflow channels carved by floods,[45] ancient river valley networks,[46][47] deltas,[48] and lakebeds;[49][50][51][52] and the detection of rocks and minerals on the surface that could only have formed in liquid water.[53] Numerous geomorphic features suggest the presence of ground ice (permafrost)[54] and the movement of ice in glaciers, both in the recent past[55][56][57][58] and present.[59] Gullies and slope lineae along cliffs and crater walls suggest that flowing water continues to shape the surface of Mars, although to a far lesser degree than in the ancient past.

    Although the surface of Mars was periodically wet and could have been hospitable to microbial life billions of years ago,[60] the current environment at the surface is dry and subfreezing, probably presenting an insurmountable obstacle for living organisms. In addition, Mars lacks a thick atmosphere, ozone layer, and magnetic field, allowing solar and cosmic radiation to strike the surface unimpeded. The damaging effects of ionizing radiation on cellular structure is another one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life on the surface.[61][62] Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be in subsurface environments.[63][64][65] Large amounts of underground ice have been found on Mars; the volume of water detected is equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior.[2][3][4] In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the southern polar ice cap, with a horizontal extent of about 20 km (12 mi), the first known stable body of liquid water on the planet,[66][67] but subsequent work has questioned this detection.[68][69]

    Understanding the extent and situation of water on Mars is vital to assess the planet's potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, "Follow the Water" was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. NASA and ESA missions including 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars Phoenix lander have provided information about water's abundance and distribution on Mars.[70][full citation needed] Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, and Mars Science Lander Curiosity rover are still operating, and discoveries continue to be made. In September 2020, scientists confirmed the existence of several large saltwater lakes under ice in the south polar region of the planet Mars. According to one of the researchers, "We identified the same body of water [as suggested earlier in a preliminary initial detection], but we also found three other bodies of water around the main one ... It's a complex system."[71][72] In March 2021, researchers reported that a considerable amount of water on ancient Mars has remained but that, for the most part, has likely been sequestered into the rocks and crust of the planet over the years.[73][74][75][76]

    1. ^ Torbet, Georgina (December 12, 2019). "NASA finds 'water ice' just below the surface of Mars - The ice could be reached with a shovel and a pickaxe, experts say". Engadget. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
    2. ^ a b Staff (November 22, 2016). "Scalloped Terrain Led to Finding of Buried Ice on Mars". NASA. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
    3. ^ a b "Lake of frozen water the size of New Mexico found on Mars – NASA". The Register. November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
    4. ^ a b "Mars Ice Deposit Holds as Much Water as Lake Superior". NASA. November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
    5. ^ Jakosky, B. M.; Haberle, R.M. (1992). "The Seasonal Behavior of Water on Mars". In Kieffer, H. H.; et al. (eds.). Mars. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 969–1016.
    6. ^ Martín-Torres, F. Javier; Zorzano, María-Paz; Valentín-Serrano, Patricia; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, Maria (April 13, 2015). "Transient liquid water and water activity at Gale crater on Mars". Nature Geoscience. 8 (5): 357–361. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..357M. doi:10.1038/ngeo2412.
    7. ^ a b Ojha, L.; Wilhelm, M. B.; Murchie, S. L.; McEwen, A. S.; Wray, J. J.; Hanley, J.; Massé, M.; Chojnacki, M. (2015). "Spectral evidence for hydrated salts in recurring slope lineae on Mars". Nature Geoscience. 8 (11): 829–832. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..829O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2546. S2CID 59152931.
    8. ^ "Recurring Martian Streaks: Flowing Sand, Not Water?" Archived December 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine NASA, November 20, 2017
    9. ^ Byrne, Shane; Dundas, Colin M.; Kennedy, Megan R.; Mellon, Michael T.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Cull, Selby C.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Shean, David E.; Seelos, Kimberly D.; Murchie, Scott L.; Cantor, Bruce A.; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Edgett, Kenneth S.; Reufer, Andreas; Thomas, Nicolas (September 25, 2009). "Distribution of Mid-Latitude Ground Ice on Mars from New Impact Craters". Science. 325 (5948): 1674–1676. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1674B. doi:10.1126/science.1175307. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19779195. S2CID 10657508.
    10. ^ Dundas, Colin M.; Bramson, Ali M.; Ojha, Lujendra; Wray, James J.; Mellon, Michael T.; Byrne, Shane; McEwen, Alfred S.; Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Viola, Donna; Sutton, Sarah; Clark, Erin; Holt, John W. (January 12, 2018). "Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes". Science. 359 (6372): 199–201. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..199D. doi:10.1126/science.aao1619. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29326269. S2CID 206662378.
    11. ^ Khuller, Aditya; Christensen, Philip (January 18, 2021). "Evidence of Exposed Dusty Water Ice within Martian Gullies". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 126 (2). Bibcode:2021JGRE..12606539R. doi:10.1029/2020JE006539. ISSN 2169-9097. S2CID 234174382.
    12. ^ Carr, M. H. (1996). Water on Mars. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 197.
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference ChristensenIceBudget was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Carr, 2006, p. 173.
    15. ^ Chryse Planitia
    16. ^ Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (December 10, 2013). "NASA Mars Spacecraft Reveals a More Dynamic Red Planet". NASA.
    17. ^ "Liquid Water From Ice and Salt on Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. NASA Astrobiology. July 3, 2014. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
    18. ^ Pollack, J. B. (1979). "Climatic Change on the Terrestrial Planets". Icarus. 37 (3): 479–553. Bibcode:1979Icar...37..479P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90012-5.
    19. ^ Pollack, J. B.; Kasting, J. F.; Richardson, S. M.; Poliakoff, K. (1987). "The Case for a Wet, Warm Climate on Early Mars". Icarus. 71 (2): 203–224. Bibcode:1987Icar...71..203P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90147-3. hdl:2060/19870013977. PMID 11539035.
    20. ^ Fairén, A. G. (2010). "A cold and wet Mars Mars". Icarus. 208 (1): 165–175. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..165F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.006.
    21. ^ Fairén, A. G.; et al. (2009). "Stability against freezing of aqueous solutions on early Mars". Nature. 459 (7245): 401–404. Bibcode:2009Natur.459..401F. doi:10.1038/nature07978. PMID 19458717. S2CID 205216655.
    22. ^ "releases/2015/03/150305140447". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
    23. ^ Villanueva, G.; Mumma, M.; Novak, R.; Käufl, H.; Hartogh, P.; Encrenaz, T.; Tokunaga, A.; Khayat, A.; Smith, M. (2015). "Strong water isotopic anomalies in the martian atmosphere: Probing current and ancient reservoirs". Science. 348 (6231): 218–221. Bibcode:2015Sci...348..218V. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3630. PMID 25745065. S2CID 206633960.
    24. ^ Baker, V. R.; Strom, R. G.; Gulick, V. C.; Kargel, J. S.; Komatsu, G.; Kale, V. S. (1991). "Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars". Nature. 352 (6348): 589–594. Bibcode:1991Natur.352..589B. doi:10.1038/352589a0. S2CID 4321529.
    25. ^ Salese, F.; Ansan, V.; Mangold, N.; Carter, J.; Anouck, O.; Poulet, F.; Ori, G. G. (2016). "A sedimentary origin for intercrater plains north of the Hellas basin: Implications for climate conditions and erosion rates on early Mars" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (11): 2239–2267. Bibcode:2016JGRE..121.2239S. doi:10.1002/2016JE005039. S2CID 132873898.
    26. ^ Parker, T. J.; Saunders, R. S.; Schneeberger, D. M. (1989). "Transitional Morphology in West Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for Modification of the Lowland/Upland Boundary". Icarus. 82 (1): 111–145. Bibcode:1989Icar...82..111P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90027-4. S2CID 120460110.
    27. ^ Dohm, J. M.; Baker, Victor R.; Boynton, William V.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Ferris, Justin C.; Finch, Michael; Furfaro, Roberto; Hare, Trent M.; Janes, Daniel M.; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Karunatillake, Suniti; Keller, John; Kerry, Kris; Kim, Kyeong J.; Komatsu, Goro; Mahaney, William C.; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Marinangeli, Lucia; Ori, Gian G.; Ruiz, Javier; Wheelock, Shawn J. (2009). "GRS Evidence and the Possibility of Paleooceans on Mars" (PDF). Planetary and Space Science. 57 (5–6): 664–684. Bibcode:2009P&SS...57..664D. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.10.008. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2017. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
    28. ^ "PSRD: Ancient Floodwaters and Seas on Mars". Planetary Science Research Discoveries. University of Hawaii. July 16, 2003.
    29. ^ "Gamma-Ray Evidence Suggests Ancient Mars Had Oceans". SpaceRef. November 17, 2008.
    30. ^ Clifford, S. M.; Parker, T. J. (2001). "The Evolution of the Martian Hydrosphere: Implications for the Fate of a Primordial Ocean and the Current State of the Northern Plains". Icarus. 154 (1): 40–79. Bibcode:2001Icar..154...40C. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6671. S2CID 13694518.
    31. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    32. ^ "Ancient ocean may have covered third of Mars". Science Daily. June 14, 2010.
    33. ^ Carr, 2006, pp. 144–147.
    34. ^ Fassett, C. I.; Dickson, James L.; Head, James W.; Levy, Joseph S.; Marchant, David R. (2010). "Supraglacial and Proglacial Valleys on Amazonian Mars". Icarus. 208 (1): 86–100. Bibcode:2010Icar..208...86F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.02.021.
    35. ^ "Flashback: Water on Mars Announced 10 Years Ago". Space.com. June 22, 2000.
    36. ^ Chang, Kenneth (December 9, 2013). "On Mars, an Ancient Lake and Perhaps Life". The New York Times.
    37. ^ Various (December 9, 2013). "Science – Special Collection – Curiosity Rover on Mars". Science.
    38. ^ Parker, T.; Clifford, S. M.; Banerdt, W. B. (2000). "Argyre Planitia and the Mars Global Hydrologic Cycle" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science. XXXI: 2033. Bibcode:2000LPI....31.2033P.
    39. ^ Heisinger, H.; Head, J. (2002). "Topography and morphology of the Argyre basin, Mars: implications for its geologic and hydrologic history". Planetary and Space Science. 50 (10–11): 939–981. Bibcode:2002P&SS...50..939H. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00054-5.
    40. ^ Soderblom, L. A. (1992). Kieffer, H. H.; et al. (eds.). The composition and mineralogy of the Martian surface from spectroscopic observations – 0.3 micron to 50 microns. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 557–593. ISBN 978-0-8165-1257-7.
    41. ^ Glotch, T.; Christensen, P. (2005). "Geologic and mineralogical mapping of Aram Chaos: Evidence for water-rich history". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (E9): E09006. Bibcode:2005JGRE..110.9006G. doi:10.1029/2004JE002389. S2CID 53489327.
    42. ^ Holt, J. W.; Safaeinili, A.; Plaut, J. J.; Young, D. A.; Head, J. W.; Phillips, R. J.; Campbell, B. A.; Carter, L. M.; Gim, Y.; Seu, R.; Team, Sharad (2008). "Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science. XXXIX (1391): 2441. Bibcode:2008LPI....39.2441H.
    43. ^ Amos, Jonathan (June 10, 2013). "Old Opportunity Mars rover makes rock discovery". BBC News.
    44. ^ "Mars Rover Opportunity Examines Clay Clues in Rock". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA. May 17, 2013.
    45. ^ "Regional, Not Global, Processes Led to Huge Martian Floods". Planetary Science Institute. September 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015 – via SpaceRef.
    46. ^ Harrison, K; Grimm, R. (2005). "Groundwater-controlled valley networks and the decline of surface runoff on early Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (E12): E12S16. Bibcode:2005JGRE..11012S16H. doi:10.1029/2005JE002455. S2CID 7755332.
    47. ^ Howard, A.; Moore, Jeffrey M.; Irwin, Rossman P. (2005). "An intense terminal epoch of widespread fluvial activity on early Mars: 1. Valley network incision and associated deposits". Journal of Geophysical Research. 110 (E12): E12S14. Bibcode:2005JGRE..11012S14H. doi:10.1029/2005JE002459. S2CID 14890033.
    48. ^ Salese, F.; Di Achille, G.; Neesemann, A.; Ori, G. G.; Hauber, E. (2016). "Hydrological and sedimentary analyses of well-preserved paleofluvial-paleolacustrine systems at Moa Valles, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (2): 194–232. Bibcode:2016JGRE..121..194S. doi:10.1002/2015JE004891. S2CID 130651090.
    49. ^ Cite error: The named reference Irwin III 2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    50. ^ Fassett, C.; Head, III (2008). "Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: Distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology". Icarus. 198 (1): 37–56. Bibcode:2008Icar..198...37F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016.
    51. ^ Moore, J.; Wilhelms, D. (2001). "Hellas as a possible site of ancient ice-covered lakes on Mars" (PDF). Icarus. 154 (2): 258–276. Bibcode:2001Icar..154..258M. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6736. hdl:2060/20020050249. S2CID 122991710.
    52. ^ Weitz, C.; Parker, T. (2000). "New evidence that the Valles Marineris interior deposits formed in standing bodies of water" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science. XXXI: 1693. Bibcode:2000LPI....31.1693W.
    53. ^ "New Signs That Ancient Mars Was Wet". Space.com. October 28, 2008.
    54. ^ Squyres, S. W.; et al. (1992). "Ice in the Martian Regolith". In Kieffer, H. H. (ed.). Mars. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 523–554. ISBN 978-0-8165-1257-7.
    55. ^ Head, J.; Marchant, D. (2006). "Modifications of the walls of a Noachian crater in Northern Arabia Terra (24 E, 39 N) during northern mid-latitude Amazonian glacial epochs on Mars: Nature and evolution of Lobate Debris Aprons and their relationships to lineated valley fill and glacial systems (abstract)". Lunar and Planetary Science. 37: 1128.
    56. ^ Head, J.; et al. (2006). "Modification if the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (8): 33. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..33.8S03H. doi:10.1029/2005gl024360. S2CID 9653193.
    57. ^ Head, J.; Marchant, D. (2006). "Evidence for global-scale northern mid-latitude glaciation in the Amazonian period of Mars: Debris-covered glacial and valley glacial deposits in the 30–50 N latitude band". Lunar and Planetary Science. 37: 1127.
    58. ^ Lewis, Richard (April 23, 2008). "Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active". Brown University.
    59. ^ Plaut, Jeffrey J.; Safaeinili, Ali; Holt, John W.; Phillips, Roger J.; Head, James W.; Seu, Roberto; Putzig, Nathaniel E.; Frigeri, Alessandro (2009). "Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 36 (2): n/a. Bibcode:2009GeoRL..36.2203P. doi:10.1029/2008GL036379. S2CID 17530607. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
    60. ^ Wall, Mike (March 25, 2011). "Q & A with Mars Life-Seeker Chris Carr". Space.com.
    61. ^ Dartnell, L. R.; Desorgher; Ward; Coates (January 30, 2007). "Modelling the surface and subsurface Martian radiation environment: Implications for astrobiology". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (2): L02207. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.2207D. doi:10.1029/2006GL027494. S2CID 59046908. The damaging effect of ionising radiation on cellular structure is one of the prime limiting factors on the survival of life in potential astrobiological habitats.
    62. ^ Dartnell, L. R.; Desorgher, L.; Ward, J. M.; Coates, A. J. (2007). "Martian sub-surface ionising radiation: biosignatures and geology" (PDF). Biogeosciences. 4 (4): 545–558. Bibcode:2007BGeo....4..545D. doi:10.5194/bg-4-545-2007. This ionising radiation field is deleterious to the survival of dormant cells or spores and the persistence of molecular biomarkers in the subsurface, and so its characterisation. ... Even at a depth of 2 meters beneath the surface, any microbes would likely be dormant, cryopreserved by the current freezing conditions, and so metabolically inactive and unable to repair cellular degradation as it occurs.
    63. ^ de Morais, A. (2012). "A Possible Biochemical Model for Mars" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Retrieved June 5, 2013. The extensive volcanism at that time much possibly created subsurface cracks and caves within different strata, and the liquid water could have been stored in these subterraneous places, forming large aquifers with deposits of saline liquid water, minerals organic molecules, and geothermal heat – ingredients for life as we know on Earth.
    64. ^ Didymus, JohnThomas (January 21, 2013). "Scientists find evidence Mars subsurface could hold life". Digital Journal – Science. There can be no life on the surface of Mars, because it is bathed in radiation and it's completely frozen. Life in the subsurface would be protected from that. – Prof. Parnell.
    65. ^ Steigerwald, Bill (January 15, 2009). "Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet". NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2013. If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it likely resides far below the surface, where it's still warm enough for liquid water to exist
    66. ^ Cite error: The named reference SCI-20180725 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    67. ^ Halton, Mary (July 25, 2018). "Liquid water 'lake' revealed on Mars". BBC News. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
    68. ^ Grima, Cyril; Mouginot, Jeremie; Kofman, Wlodek; Herique, A.; Beck, P. (January 2022). "The Basal Detectability of an Ice-Covered Mars by MARSIS" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 49 (2). Bibcode:2022GeoRL..4996518G. doi:10.1029/2021GL096518. S2CID 246327935.
    69. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (January 25, 2022). "Mars' suspected underground lake could be just volcanic rock, new study finds". Space.com. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
    70. ^ NASA Mars Exploration Program Overview Archived December 9, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
    71. ^ Lauro, Sebastian Emanuel; et al. (September 28, 2020). "Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data". Nature Astronomy. 5: 63–70. arXiv:2010.00870. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5...63L. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6. S2CID 222125007. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
    72. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (September 28, 2020). "Water on Mars: discovery of three buried lakes intrigues scientists". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02751-1. PMID 32989309. S2CID 222155190. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
    73. ^ Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana; Good, Andrew (March 16, 2021). "New Study Challenges Long-Held Theory of Fate of Mars' Water". NASA. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
    74. ^ Mack, Eric (March 16, 2021). "Mars hides an ancient ocean beneath its surface". CNET. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
    75. ^ Scheller, E. L.; et al. (March 16, 2021). "Long-term drying of Mars by sequestration of ocean-scale volumes of water in the crust". Science. 372 (6537): 56–62. Bibcode:2021Sci...372...56S. doi:10.1126/science.abc7717. PMC 8370096. PMID 33727251.
    76. ^ Chang, Kenneth (March 19, 2021). "The Water on Mars Vanished. This Might Be Where It Went". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
     
  39. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    7 December 1842 – First concert of the New York Philharmonic, founded by Ureli Corelli Hill.

    New York Philharmonic

    The New York Philharmonic, officially the Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc.,[1] globally known as New York Philharmonic Orchestra (NYPO)[2][3] or New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra,[4] is a symphony orchestra based in New York City. It is one of the leading American orchestras popularly called the "Big Five".[5] The Philharmonic's home is David Geffen Hall, at New York's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.[6]

    Founded in 1842, the orchestra is one of the oldest musical institutions in the United States and the oldest of the "Big Five" orchestras. Its 14,000th concert was given in December 2004.[7]

    1. ^ "Company Overview of Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
    2. ^ "New York Philharmonic Orchestra, The". discog.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
    3. ^ "New York Philharmonic Orchestra (Symphony Orchestra)". bach-cantatas.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
    4. ^ "New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra". Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2013 – via yahoo.com.
    5. ^ Michael Walsh (April 25, 1983). "Which U.S. Orchestras are Best?". Time. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
    6. ^ Smith, Jennifer (September 24, 2015). "Lincoln Center Concert Hall Renamed for David Geffen". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
    7. ^ "New York Philharmonic: A Distinguished History". Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
     
  40. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 December 2019 – First confirmed case of COVID-19 in China

    Coronavirus disease 2019

    Redirect to:

     

Share This Page