Effects of fatigue on running form

NewsBot · Dec 29, 2020

Running into Fatigue
The Effects of Footwear on Kinematics, Kinetics, and Energetics
Sanno, Maximilian et al
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: December 23, 2020

Recent studies identified a redistribution of positive mechanical work from distal to proximal joints during prolonged runs, which might partly explain the reduced running economy observed with running-induced fatigue. Higher mechanical demand of plantar flexor muscle-tendon-units, e.g., through minimal footwear, can lead to an earlier onset of fatigue, which might affect the redistribution of lower extremity joint work during prolonged runs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a racing-flat and cushioned running shoe on the joint-specific contributions to lower extremity joint work during a prolonged fatiguing run.

Methods
On different days, eighteen runners performed two 10-km runs with near-maximal effort in a racing-flat and a cushioned shoe on an instrumented treadmill synchronized with a motion-capture-system. Joint kinetics and kinematics were calculated at 13 pre-determined distances throughout the run. The effects of shoes, distance, and their interaction were analyzed using a two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results
For both shoes, we found a redistribution of positive joint work from ankle (-6%) to knee (+3%) and hip (+3%) throughout the entire run. Negative ankle joint work was higher (p<0.01) with the racing-flat compared to the cushioned shoe. Initial differences in foot-strike patterns between shoes disappeared after 2 km of running distance.

Conclusion
Irrespective of the shoe design, alterations in the running mechanics occurred in the first 2 km of the run, which might be attributed to the existence of a habituation rather than fatigue effect. While we did not find a difference between shoes in the fatigue-related redistribution of joint work from distal to more proximal joints, more systematical studies are needed to explore the effects of specific footwear design features.
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NewsBot · Jan 12, 2021

Foot joint coupling variability differences between habitual rearfoot and forefoot runners prior to and following an exhaustive run
Rhiannon M.SeneliaKurt E.BeschornerbKristian M.O'ConnorcKevin G.KeenancJennifer E.Earl-BoehmcStephen C.Cobbc
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology; 8 January 2021, 102514

As joint coupling variability has been associated with running-related lower extremity injury, the purpose of this study was to identify how variability within the foot may be different between forefoot (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Identifying typical variability in uninjured runners may contribute to understanding of ideal coordination associated with running foot strike patterns.

Fifteen FFS and 15 RFS runners performed a maximal-effort 5 km treadmill run. A 7-segment foot model identified 6 functional articulations (rearfoot, medial and lateral midfoot and forefoot, and 1st metatarsophalangeal) for analysis. Beginning and end of the run motion capture data were analyzed. Vector coding was used to calculate 6 joint couples. Standard deviations of the coupling angles were used to identify variability within subphases of stance (loading, mid-stance, terminal, and pre-swing). Mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs compared differences between the foot strikes, pre and post run.

Increased variability was identified within medial foot coupling for FFS and within lateral foot coupling for RFS during loading and mid-stance. The exhaustive run increased variability during mid-stance for both groups.

Interpretation. Joint coupling variability profiles for FFS and RFS runners suggest different foot regions have varying coordination needs which should be considered when comparing the strike patterns.
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NewsBot · Mar 8, 2021

Changes in ankle work, foot work, and tibialis anterior activation throughout a long run
Eric C Honert et al
J Sport Health Sci. 2021 Mar 1;S2095-2546(21)00023-5

Background: The ankle and foot together contribute to over half of the positive and negative work performed by the lower limbs during running. Yet, little is known about how foot kinetics change throughout a run. The amount of negative foot work may decrease as tibialis anterior (TA) electromyography (EMG) changes throughout longer-duration runs. Therefore, we examined ankle and foot work as well as TA EMG changes throughout a changing-speed run.

Methods: Fourteen heel-striking subjects ran on a treadmill for 58 min. We collected ground reaction forces, motion capture, and EMG. Subjects ran at 110%, 100%, and 90% of their 10-km running speed and 2.8 m/s multiple times throughout the run. Foot work was evaluated using the distal rearfoot work, which provides a net estimate of all work contributors within the foot.

Results: Positive foot work increased and positive ankle work decreased throughout the run at all speeds. At the 110% 10-km running speed, negative foot work decreased and TA EMG frequency shifted lower throughout the run.

Discussion: The increase in positive foot work may be attributed to increased foot joint work performed by intrinsic foot muscles. Changes in negative foot work and TA EMG frequency may indicate that the TA plays a role in negative foot work in the early stance of a run.

Conclusion: This is the first study to examine how the kinetic contributions of the foot change throughout a run. Future studies should investigate how increases in foot work affect running performance.
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NewsBot · Mar 24, 2021

Change in Force-based Metrics during Outdoor Two- and Four-Mile Runs
Renner, Kristen; Queen, Robin
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: March 12, 2021

Changes in running gait may contribute to injury risk, but currently this research is restricted to lab settings due to limitations with currently available and used technology.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine if peak ground reaction force (GRF), loading rate (LR) and impulse metrics change across an outdoor run using force sensing insoles. We hypothesize that over the course of the run there would be a decline in limb symmetry for all measures and a decrease in LR and GRF values.

Methods
30 healthy participants (15 male, 15 female) were recruited for a 2 visit study during which a 2 or 4 mile run was completed on the first visit and the other run distance was completed on the second visit (order was randomized). Force data was collected at 100Hz for the duration of the run. Peak GRF, impulse, LR and limb symmetry indices (LSI) of these variables were calculated at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the run.

Results
GRF decreased over the course of the runs, but the GRF LSI remained unchanged. No changes in LR were detected over the 2 or 4mi run for either limb. The impulse LSI during the 2mi run did indicate decreased symmetry from 25% of the run to 50% of the run the LR LSI improved and there was no difference in GRF LSI or any of the LSI metrics during the 4mi run. Conclusion: We posit that the lack in change in LSI was due to the courses/distance not inducing fatigue in our population. Future studies should investigate the impact of outdoor fatigue protocols and various types of terrain on force metrics and potential injury risk factors.
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NewsBot · May 12, 2021

Continuous Analysis of Marathon Running Using Inertial Sensors: Hitting Two Walls?
Frédéric Meyer , Mathieu Falbriard, Benoit Mariani, Kamiar Aminian, Gregoire P. Millet
Int J Sports Med

Marathon running involves complex mechanisms that cannot be measured with objective metrics or laboratory equipment. The emergence of wearable sensors introduced new opportunities, allowing the continuous recording of relevant parameters. The present study aimed to assess the evolution of stride-by-stride spatio-temporal parameters, stiffness, and foot strike angle during a marathon and determine possible abrupt changes in running patterns. Twelve recreational runners were equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System watch, and two inertial measurement units clamped on each foot during a marathon race. Data were split into eight 5-km sections and only level parts were analyzed. We observed gradual increases in contact time and duty factor as well as decreases in flight time, swing time, stride length, speed, maximal vertical force and stiffness during the race. Surprisingly, the average foot strike angle decreased during the race, but each participant maintained a rearfoot strike until the end. Two abrupt changes were also detected around km 25 and km 35. These two breaks are possibly due to the alteration of the stretch-shortening cycle combined with physiological limits. This study highlights new measurable phenomena that can only be analyzed through continuous monitoring of runners over a long period of time.
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NewsBot · May 17, 2021

Neuromechanics of Middle-Distance Running Fatigue
A Key Role of the Plantar Flexors?
Willer, Jasmin et al
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: May 1, 2021

Identifying the neuromechanical changes during high-intensity running to fatigue may highlight the biomechanical limitations to performance and indicate mitigation/training strategies.

Purpose
To investigate the changes in lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation during a high-intensity run to fatigue (HIRF).

Methods
18 male and female competitive middle-distance runners performed a HIRF on an instrumented treadmill at a constant, but unsustainable middle-distance speed (~3 min) based on a preceding maximum oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) test. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were collected and compared between the start, 33%, 67%, and the end of the HIRF. Additionally, activation of eight lower limb muscles of each leg were measured with surface electromyography (sEMG).

Results
Time to exhaustion was 181 ± 42 s. By the end of the HIRF (i.e. vs the start): ground contact time increased (+4.0%); whilst flight time (-3.2%), peak vertical ground reaction force (-6.1%) and vertical impulse (-4.1%) decreased (All, P<0.05); and joint angles at initial contact became more (dorsi-)flexed (ankle +1.9°; knee +2.1°; hip +3.6°; All P<0.05). During stance, by the end of the HIRF: peak ankle plantar flexion moment decreased 0.4 N·m·kg-1 (-9.0%), whereas peak knee extension moment increased 0.24 N·m·kg-1 (+10.3%); similarly, positive ankle plantar flexion work decreased 0.19 J·kg-1 (-13.9%), whereas positive knee extension work increased 0.09 J·kg-1 (+33.3%; both P<0.05) with no change in positive hip extension work. Hip extensor sEMG amplitude increased during the late swing phase (+20.9-37.3%; P<0.05).

Conclusion
Running at a constant middle-distance pace led primarily to fatigue of the plantar flexors with a compensatory increase in positive work done at the knee. Improving fatigue resistance of the plantar flexors might be beneficial for middle-distance running performance
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NewsBot · May 20, 2021

Effects of running-induced fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in runners with different strike types
BehnoushHamzaviHamedEsmaeili
Gait & Posture; 19 May 2021

Highlights
•Fatigue has different effects on plantar loading in different strike type runners.
•Fatigue increased medial forefoot loading in forefoot runners.
•Fatigue increased rearfoot and big toe loading in rearfoot runners.
•Fatigue increased contact time in both groups.
•Fatigue exposes runners with different strike type to different RRI risk.
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Background
Running induced-fatigue is an important factor in running related injuries. Runners with different strike types have different running mechanics and suffer from different injury patterns. Underlying mechanism of this difference is not well understood.

Research question
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of running-induced fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in runners with different strike types.

Methods
30 rearfoot (age = 21.56 ± 2.28 years; height = 1.67 ± 0.08 m; mass = 61.43 ± 11.57 kg; BMI = 21.77 ± 2.9 kg.m-2) and 30 forefoot (age = 19.73 ± 1.68 years; height = 1.71 ± 0.08 m; mass = 65.7 ± 13.45; BMI = 22.53 ± 3.39 kg.m-2) strike male and female recreational runners were recruited to this study. Participants ran in 3.3 m/s barefoot along the plantar pressure measuring device (Footscan®, Rsscan International) before and after running-induced fatigue. Fatigue protocol was performed on a treadmill. Peak plantar pressure and peak plantar force (% body weight), contact time and medio-lateral force ratio were calculated while running. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to investigate the effect of running-induced fatigue on plantar pressure variables (p ≤ 0.05).

Results
After running-induced fatigue, in the rearfoot strike group, increases in loading of medial and lateral portions of the heel, first metatarsal and big toe was observed, and in lesser toes and in the forefoot push off phase, the medio-lateral force ratio decreased. While, in the forefoot strike group first to third metatarsals loading increased and fifth metatarsal loading decreased after fatigue, and medio-lateral force ratio in the foot flat and forefoot push off phase increased. In both groups contact time increased after fatigue.

Significance
Our data indicate that running-induced fatigue has different effects on plantar pressure distribution pattern in runners with different strike type. These different effects reflect different adaptation strategies in runners with different strike types, and could explain existence of different injury patterns in runners with different strike types.
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NewsBot · May 23, 2021

Exerted running results in altered impact mechanics and footstrike patterns following gait retraining
Erin E. Futrell,K. Douglas Gross,David R. MullineauxORCID Icon &Irene S. Davis
Journal of Sports Sciences: 17 Feb 2021

Exertion may alter running mechanics and increase injury risk. Effects of exertion following gait-retraining are unknown. Objectives: To determine how exertion effects load rates, footstrike, and cadence in runners following a transition to forefoot strike (FFS) or increased cadence (CAD) gait-retraining. Methods: 33 (9 M, 24 F) healthy rearfoot strike runners were randomized into CAD or FFS groups. All runners received strengthening exercises and gait-retraining. 3D kinetic and kinematic motion analysis with instrumented treadmill at self-selected speed was performed at baseline & 1-week post-intervention, including an exerted run. Exertion was ≥17 on Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion scale or voluntary termination of running. Results: Within group comparisons between fresh and exerted running: Cadence not affected in either group. Foot angle at contact became less plantarflexed in FFS (−2.2°, ±0.4) and was unchanged in CAD. Both groups increased vertical average load rate (FFS +16.9%, CAD +13.6%). CAD increased vertical stiffness (+8.6 kN/m). FFS reduced ankle excursion (1.8°). (p ≤ 0.05 for all values listed). Conclusion: Both FFS and CAD exhibited increased load rates with exertion. Variables that may have increased load rates were different for each group. CAD runners had increased vertical stiffness while FFS runners had reduced plantarflexion at contact and reduced ankle dorsiflexion excursion.
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NewsBot · Jun 7, 2021

DOES FATIGUE AFFECT THE KINEMATICS OF
ENDURANCE RUNNING?
Latorre-Román, et al
Source

The purpose of this study was to determine the footstrike pattern (FSP), inversion
(INV) and spatial-temporal variables in a large sample of recreational runners
during a long-distance competition, according to sex and changes in the
classification race. A total of 368 men and 67 women, who participated in the XVII
International Half Marathon of Cordoba (Spain) were analysed. It was recorded at
km 5 and km 15, where high-speed camcorder and 2D-photogrammetric
techniques were used to measure FSP, INV, contact time (CT) and flight time (FT).
The group that worsened their classification at km 15 increase RFS prevalence
and INV asymmetry. A Pearson analysis indicates that variation of the
classification in the race between the marks km 5 and km 15 is related with CT
(r=0.429, p<0.001) and FT (r=-0.360, p<0.001). RFS prevalence and spatialtemporal parameters showed different patterns depending on whether the runners
improved or worsened their ranking.
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NewsBot · Jun 9, 2021

A half marathon shifts the mediolateral force distribution at the tibiofemoral joint
Tony Lin-Wei Chen,Wing-Kai LamORCID Icon,Duo Wai-Chi Wong &Ming Zhang
European Journal of Sport Science: 02 Jun 2021

Runners’ gait patterns vary during a half marathon and influence the knee joint mechanics. Joint contact force is a better estimate of the net joint loadings than external joint moments and closely correlates to injury risks. This study explored the changes of lower limb joint kinematics, muscle activities, and knee joint loading in runners across the running mileages of a half marathon. Fourteen runners completed a half marathon on an instrumented treadmill where motion capture was conducted every 2 km (from 2 km to 20 km). A musculoskeletal model incorporating medial/lateral tibiofemoral compartments was used to process the movement data and report outcome variables at the selected distance checkpoints. Statistics showed no changes in joint angles, muscle co-contraction index, ground reaction force variables, and medial tibiofemoral contact force (p > 0.05). Knee adduction moment at 18 km was significantly lower than those at 2 km (p = 0.002, γ = 0.813) and 6 km (p = 0.001, γ = 0.663). Compared to that at 2 km, lateral tibiofemoral contact force was reduced at 18 km (p = 0.030, Hedges’ g = 0.690), 16 km (p < 0.001, Hedges’ g = 0.782), 14 km (p = 0.045, Hedges’ g = 0.859), and 10 km (p < 0.001, Hedges’ g = 0.771) respectively. Mechanical realignment of the lower limb may be the cause of the altered knee loadings and possibly led to reduced running economy in response to a prolonged run. The injury potential of the redistributed tibiofemoral forces warranted further studies.
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NewsBot · Jun 9, 2021

Effect of trunk muscles fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in novice runners
ZahraAskariHamedEsmaeili
Journal of Biomechanics; Volume 122, 9 June 2021, 110487

During running, trunk muscles act to sufficiently contribute to the energy generation and transmission of the body parts. Improper function of trunk muscles affects running mechanics adversely and could result in altered lower limb energetics. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of trunk muscles fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in novice runners. 46 novice heel-to-toe runners (26 female and 20 male) ran in 3.3 m/s before and after the trunk muscles fatigue along the plantar pressure measuring device. Then, participants performed trunk muscles fatigue protocol. Trunk muscles fatigue protocol consisted of four consecutive cycles of seven exercises (1) rotating trunk with a medicine ball in sitting position, 2) prone static torso extension with a medicine ball, 3) rotate lower torso with a medicine ball in supine position, 4) incline sit-ups with a weight plate, 5) lateral side binding with a weight plate, 6) rotating lumbar extension with weighted plate, and 7) standing trunk rotation with weighted pulley resistant. After trunk muscles fatigue, increases in loading of lesser toes (p = 0.001, ES = 0.379), fourth (p = 0.001, ES = 0.474) and fifth metatarsals (p = 0.004, ES = 0.173) and medial and lateral heel (p = 0.018,0.001, ES = 0.118,0.427) were observed. Also, foot progression angle (p = 0.001, ES = 392) and relative time of initial contact phase (p = 0.003, ES = 0.182) decreased. The trunk muscles fatigue could alter the plantar pressure distribution pattern. Novice runners should consider strengthening of the trunk region muscles to avoid trunk muscles strength reduction-related changes in running mechanics.
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NewsBot · Jan 28, 2022

Running biomechanics alterations during a 40 km mountain race
Stéphane Vermand et al
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022 Jan 27

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyse running biomechanics alterations according to different slopes (flat, uphill and downhill) and distance, during a 40km mountain trail running race.

Design: A repeated measures study at different points of a mountain trail running race.

Methods: Throughout the race, 8 runners were equipped with Runscribe® inertial units placed on each running shoe. Measurements included spatio-temporal parameters (contact time, step frequency, stride length, running speed), kinetic (impact peak and braking force) and kinematic data (foot pronation velocity and foot pronation excursion). For data analysis, the race was divided in two halves, from which three types of matching segments were extracted: 2 uphill sections (U1, U2), 2 downhill sections (D1, D2) and 2 flat sections (F1, F2).

Results: Intra-section comparisons revealed that during the second part of the race, running speed decreased in all sections. In uphill sections, stride length increased, step frequency and contact time variability decreased. On flat and downhill sections, contact time increased whereas step frequency and stride length decreased. Step frequency and contact time variability increased for both uphill and downhill sections. With regards to downhill sections only, impact peak, horizontal braking force and foot pronation velocity decreased. Foot strike pattern switched from a rearfoot to a midfoot-strike pattern. Contact time, horizontal breaking force pronation velocity and foot strike pattern variability increased.

Conclusions: Over a 40 km mountain trail running race, changes in running biomechanics are important data which should be taken into account by runners and coaches for training preparation, race strategy as well as for injury prevention.
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NewsBot · Jul 4, 2022

Concurrent Evolution of Biomechanical and Physiological Parameters With Running-Induced Acute Fatigue
Gäelle Prigent et al
Front Physiol. 2022 Feb 11;13

Understanding the influence of running-induced acute fatigue on the homeostasis of the body is essential to mitigate the adverse effects and optimize positive adaptations to training. Fatigue is a multifactorial phenomenon, which influences biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets. This work aimed to assess the evolution of these three facets with acute fatigue during a half-marathon. 13 recreational runners were equipped with one inertial measurement unit (IMU) on each foot, one combined global navigation satellite system-IMU-electrocardiogram sensor on the chest, and an Android smartphone equipped with an audio recording application. Spatio-temporal parameters for the running gait, along with the heart rate, its variability and complexity were computed using validated algorithms. Perceived fatigability was assessed using the rating-of-fatigue (ROF) scale at every 10 min of the race. The data was split into eight equal segments, corresponding to at least one ROF value per segment, and only level running parts were retained for analysis. During the race, contact time, duty factor, and trunk anteroposterior acceleration increased, and the foot strike angle and vertical stiffness decreased significantly. Heart rate showed a progressive increase, while the metrics for heart rate variability and complexity decreased during the race. The biomechanical parameters showed a significant alteration even with a small change in perceived fatigue, whereas the heart rate dynamics altered at higher changes. When divided into two groups, the slower runners presented a higher change in heart rate dynamics throughout the race than the faster runners; they both showed similar trends for the gait parameters. When tested for linear and non-linear correlations, heart rate had the highest association with biomechanical parameters, while the trunk anteroposterior acceleration had the lowest association with heart rate dynamics. These results indicate the ability of faster runners to better judge their physiological limits and hint toward a higher sensitivity of perceived fatigue to neuromuscular changes in the running gait. This study highlights measurable influences of acute fatigue, which can be studied only through concurrent measurement of biomechanical, physiological, and psychological facets of running in real-world conditions.
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NewsBot · Jul 25, 2022

The Effect of Fatigue on Running Mechanics in Older and Younger Runners
BrianneBorgiaJanet S.DufekJulia FreedmanSilvernailKara N.Radzak
Gait & Posture; 25 July 2022

Background
The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Throughout a run individuals become more fatigued, and the effectiveness of the musculoskeletal protective mechanism can diminish. Older adults are at an elevated risk for sustaining an overuse running related injury. This can be partially explained by changes in the musculoskeletal system and load attenuation.

Research question
The purpose was to compare post-fatigue running mechanics between older and younger runners.

Methods
Thirty runners (15 young, 15 older) between the ages of 18-65 participated in this study. All participants ran at least 15 miles/week. Running kinematics were captured using a 10-camera motion capture system while participants ran over a 10-m runway with force platforms collecting kinetic data under two conditions: C1: rested state at a controlled pace of 3.5 m/s (± 5%); C2: post-exertional protocol where pace was not controlled, rather it was monitored based on heartrate and RPE representative of somewhat-hard to hard intensity exercise. Prior to C2, participants underwent an exertional protocol that consisted of a maximal exercise test to induce fatigue and a required cool-down. A 2 (state of fatigue) x 2 (age) MANOVA was run to test for the effects of fatigue and age and their interactions. Results: No state of fatigue x age interaction was observed. A main effect of age for peak knee extension moment (Y > O; p = 0.01), maximum knee power (Y > O; p = 0.04), maximum hip power (O >Y; p =0.04), and peak vertical ground reaction force (Y > O; p = 0.007). Regardless of age, participants exhibited decreased knee ROM (p=0.007) and greater hip extension moment (p<0.001) in C2 compared to C1.

Conclusion
While different in knee and hip mechanics overall, the subtle differences observed demonstrate that older runners exhibit comparable gait adaptions post-fatigue to younger volume-matched runners.
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NewsBot · Aug 14, 2022

Complexity of Running and Its Relationship with Joint Kinematics during a Prolonged Run
Siddhartha Bikram Panday et al
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 5

We investigated the effect of prolonged running on joint kinematics and its association with stride complexity between novice and elite runners. Ten elite marathoners and eleven healthy individuals took part in a 20 min submaximal prolonged running experiment at their preferred running speed (PRS). A three-dimensional motion capture system was utilized to capture and calculate the alpha exponent, stride-to-stride fluctuations (SSFs), and stride-to-stride variability (SSV) of spatiotemporal parameters and joint kinematics. In the results, the elite athletes ran at a considerably higher PRS than the novice runners, yet no significant differences were found in respiratory exchange ratio with increasing time intervals. For the spatiotemporal parameters, we observed a significant increase in the step width and length variability in novice runners with increasing time-interval (p < 0.05). However, we did not observe any differences in the alpha exponent of spatiotemporal parameters. Significant differences in SSF of joint kinematics were observed, particularly in the sagittal plane for ankle, knee, and hip at heel strike (p < 0.05). While in mid-stance, time-interval differences were observed in novices who ran with a lower knee flexion angle (p < 0.05). During toe-off, significantly higher SSV was observed, particularly in the hip and ankle for novices (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis of joint SSV revealed a distinct negative relationship with the alpha exponent of step-length and step-width for elite runners, while, for novices, a positive relation was observed only for the alpha exponent of step-width. In conclusion, our study shows that increased step-width variability seen in novices could be a compensatory mechanism to maintain performance and mitigate the loss of stability. On the other hand, elite runners showed a training-induced effective modulation of lower-limb kinematics to improve their running performance.
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NewsBot · Oct 12, 2022

Effects of Level Running-induced Fatigue on Running Kinematics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Marit A.Zandbergen et al
Gait & Posture 12 October 2022

Background
Runners have a high risk of acquiring a running-related injury. Understanding the mechanisms of impact force attenuation into the body when a runner fatigues might give insight into the role of running kinematics on the aetiology of overuse injuries.

Research questions
How do running kinematics change due to running-induced fatigue? And what is the influence of experience level on changes in running kinematics due to fatigue?

Methods
Three electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. This resulted in 33 articles and 19 kinematic quantities being included in this review. A quality assessment was performed on all included articles and meta-analyses were performed for 18 kinematic quantities.

Results and significance
Main findings included an increase in peak acceleration at the tibia and a decrease in leg stiffness after a fatiguing protocol. Additionally, level running-induced fatigue increased knee flexion at initial contact and maximum knee flexion during swing. An increase in vertical centre of mass displacement was found in novice but not in experienced runners with fatigue. Overall, runners changed their gait pattern due to fatigue by moving to a smoother gait pattern (i.e. more knee flexion at initial contact and during swing, decreased leg stiffness). However, these changes were not sufficient to prevent an increase in peak accelerations at the tibia after a fatigue protocol. Large inter-individual differences in responses to fatigue were reported. Hence, it is recommended to investigate changes in running kinematics as a result of fatigue on a subject-specific level since group-level analysis might mask individual responses.
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NewsBot · Feb 27, 2023

A Pilot Study of Plantar Mechanics Distributions and Fatigue Profiles after Running on a Treadmill: Using a Support Vector Machine Algorithm
Qian Liu, et al
Source

The treadmill is widely used in running fatigue experiments, and the variation of plantar mechanical parameters caused by fatigue and gender, as well as the prediction of fatigue curves by a machine learning algorithm, play an important role in providing different training programs. This experiment aimed to compare changes in peak pressure (PP), peak force (PF), plantar impulse (PI), and gender differences of novice runners after they were fatigued by running. A support vector machine (SVM) was used to predict the fatigue curve according to the changes in PP, PF, and PI before and after fatigue. 15 healthy males and 15 healthy females completed two runs at a speed of 3.3 m/s ± 5% on a footscan pressure plate before and after fatigue. After fatigue, PP, PF, and PI decreased at hallux (T1) and second-fifth toes (T2–5), while heel medial (HM) and heel lateral (HL) increased. In addition, PP and PI also increased at the first metatarsal (M1). PP, PF, and PI at T1 and T2–5 were significantly higher in females than in males, and metatarsal 3–5 (M3–5) were significantly lower in females than in males. The SVM classification algorithm results showed the accuracy was above average level using the T1 PP/HL PF (train accuracy: 65%; test accuracy: 75%), T1 PF/HL PF (train accuracy: 67.5%; test accuracy: 65%), and HL PF/T1 PI (train accuracy: 67.5%; test accuracy: 70%). These values could provide information about running and gender-related injuries, such as metatarsal stress fractures and hallux valgus. Application of the SVM to the identification of plantar mechanical features before and after fatigue. The features of the plantar zones after fatigue can be identified and the learned algorithm of plantar zone combinations with above-average accuracy (T1 PP/HL PF, T1 PF/HL PF, and HL PF/T1 PI) can be used to predict running fatigue and supervise training. It provided an important idea for the detection of fatigue after running.
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NewsBot · Mar 16, 2023

Effects of Running-induced Fatigue on the Trunk-pelvis-hip
Coordination Variability During Treadmill Running at
Different Speeds
Mehdi Khaleghi Tazji et al
J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fatigue on the coordination variability between the
trunk, pelvis, and hips during treadmill running. Methods: The kinematics data were recorded during ten successive treadmill
steps running at the preferred speed and at 80% and 120% of the preferred speed. The angle segment data obtained
during the running cycles were normalized to 100 data points, and they were split into ten periods. The coordination
variability was calculated using the continuous relative phase (CRP) and variability (VCRP) methods for the trunk, pelvic
and hip segments before and after the fatigue protocol. Results: The repeated measures analysis of variance showed
significant differences in the trunk-pelvic and trunk-hip CRPs and in the CRP variability during the last 30% of the treadmill
running cycles after fatigue (p≤0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed in the pelvic-hip CRP and the CRP
variability in 40% of the initial treadmill running cycles after fatigue (p≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this
study, fatigue reduces coordination and increases variability. The central nervous system probably exerts more control on
the distal segments for maintaining moving patterns in fatigue conditions.
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NewsBot · Mar 16, 2023

No Effect of EVA and TPU Custom Foot Orthoses on Mechanical Asymmetries during Acute Intense Fatigue
Ken Van Alsenoy et al
Symmetry 2023, 15(3), 705

This study examined the impact of custom foot orthoses made of ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA) and expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials, both compared to a control condition (CON; shoes only), on mechanical asymmetries during repeated treadmill sprints. Eighteen well-trained male runners executed eight, 5-s sprints (rest: 25 s) on an instrumented motorized treadmill in three footwear conditions (EVA, TPU, and CON). We evaluated the group mean asymmetry scores using the ‘symmetry angle’ (SA) formula, which assigns a score of 0% for perfect symmetry and a score of 100% for perfect asymmetry. There was no condition (all p ≥ 0.053) or time (p ≥ 0.074) main effects, nor were there any significant time × condition interactions on SA scores for any variables (p ≥ 0.640). Mean vertical, horizontal, and total forces presented mean SA values (pooled values for the three conditions) of 2.6 ± 1.9%, 2.9 ± 1.6%, and 2.4 ± 1.8%, respectively. Mean SA scores were ~1–3% for contact time (1.5 ± 0.5%), flight time (3.0 ± 0.3%), step frequency (1.1 ± 0.5%), step length (1.9 ± 0.7%), vertical stiffness (2.1 ± 0.9%), and leg stiffness (2.4 ± 1.1%). Mean SA scores were ~2–6.5% for duration of braking (4.1 ± 1.6%) and propulsive (2.4 ± 1.0%) phases, and peak braking (6.2 ± 2.9%) and propulsive (2.1 ± 1.4%) forces. In well-trained runners facing intense fatigue, wearing custom foot orthoses did not modify the observed low-to-moderate natural stride mechanical asymmetries.
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NewsBot · Sep 17, 2023

Adolescent and young adult hip and knee strength profiles relate to running gait biomechanics
Alexandra F. DeJong Lempke et al
Physical Therapy in Sport; 16 September 2023

Compare and assess relationships between strength and running biomechanics among healthy adolescents and young adult males and females.

Design
Retrospective cohort.

Setting
Clinic.

Participants
802 healthy participants (570 F, 232 M; 16.6 ± 2.3 years).

Main outcome measures
Mass-normalized knee flexor and extensor strength, hip adductor and abductor strength, hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q), and abductor-to-adductor (Abd:Add) ratios obtained using hand-held dynamometry. Mass-normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), %stance, cadence, and stride length were obtained using an instrumented treadmill. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to compare strength and biomechanics across ages and sexes. Linear regressions were used to assess the relationships between strength and biomechanics, accounting for speed, age, and sex. Independent t-tests were used to compare strength between strength ratio profiles.

Results
Strength and running biomechanics significantly differed between sexes (p-range: <0.001–0.05) and age groups (p-range: <0.001–0.02). Strength and strength ratios were significantly associated with increased cadence (p-range:0.001–0.04) and stride lengths (p-range:0.004–0.03), and decreased vGRF (p < 0.001). Lower H:Q ratios had significantly lower strength measures (p < 0.001). Higher Abd:Add ratios had significantly increased abductor strength (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Strength and running biomechanics differed by sexes and ages. Hip and knee strength and strength ratios were related to select spatiotemporal and kinetic biomechanical features.
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NewsBot · Oct 25, 2023

A Data-Driven Approach for Fatigue Detection during Running Using Pedobarographic Measurements
Zixiang Gao et al
Appl Bionics Biomech. 2023 Sep 26

Background: Detecting fatigue at the early stages of a run could aid training programs in making adjustments, thereby reducing the heightened risk of injuries from overuse. The study aimed to investigate the effects of running fatigue on plantar force distribution in the dominant and nondominant feet of amateur runners.

Methods: Thirty amateur runners were recruited for this study. Bilateral time-series plantar forces were employed to facilitate automatic fatigue gait recognition using convolutional neural network (CNN) and CNN-based long short-term memory network (ConvLSTM) models. Plantar force data collection was conducted both before and after a running-induced fatigue protocol using a FootScan force plate. The Keras library in Python 3.8.8 was used to train and tune deep learning models.

Results: The results demonstrated that more mid-forefoot and heel force occurs during bilateral plantar and less midfoot fore force occurs in the dominant limb after fatigue (p < 0.001). The time of peak forces was significantly shortened at the midfoot and sum region of the nondominant foot, while it was delayed at the hallux region of the dominant foot (p < 0.001). In addition, the ConvLSTM model showed higher performance (Accuracy = 0.867, Sensitivity = 0.874, and Specificity = 0.859) in detecting fatigue gait than CNN (Accuracy = 0.800, Sensitivity = 0.874, and Specificity = 0.718).

Conclusions: The findings of this study could offer empirical data for evaluating risk factors linked to overuse injuries in a single limb, as well as facilitate early detection of fatigued gait.
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NewsBot · Feb 12, 2024

The Influence of General and Local Muscle Fatigue on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Walaaeldin Aly Hazzaa et al
Sports (Basel). 2023 Dec 6;11(12):241

Fatigue has the potential to alter how impact forces are absorbed during running, heightening the risk of injury. Conflicting findings exist regarding alterations in both kinematics and plantar pressure. Thus, this systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the impact of general and localized muscle fatigue on kinematics and plantar pressure distribution during running. Initial searches were executed on 30 November 2021 and updated on 29 April 2023, encompassing PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science without imposing any restrictions on publication dates or employing additional filters. Our PECOS criteria included cross-sectional studies on healthy adults during their treadmill running to mainly evaluate local muscle fatigue, plantar pressure distribution, biomechanics of running (kinematics, kinetics, and EMG results), and temporospatial parameters. The literature search identified 6626 records, with 4626 studies removed for titles and abstract screening. Two hundred and one articles were selected for full-text screening, and 20 studies were included in qualitative data synthesis. The pooled analysis showed a non-significant decrease in maximum pressure under the right forefoot's metatarsus, which was more than the left rearfoot after local muscle fatigue at a velocity of 15 km/h (p-values = 0.48 and 0.62). The results were homogeneous and showed that local muscle fatigue did not significantly affect the right forefoot's stride frequency and length (p-values = 0.75 and 0.38). Strength training for the foot muscles, mainly focusing on the dorsiflexors, is recommended to prevent running-related injuries. Utilizing a standardized knee and ankle joint muscle fatigue assessment protocol is advised. Future experiments should focus on various shoes for running and varying foot strike patterns for injury prevention
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Effects of fatigue on running form

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Effects of fatigue on the plantar fascia

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Effects of fatigue on running form

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Effects of fatigue on the plantar fascia

Effects of Diuretics on Foot Edema in Patients with Cancer

Side effects of gel nail polish

Effects of the Short Foot Exercise

Effects of Limitation of Movement of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint

Effects of flat-flexible shoes on lower limb joint kinetics and kinematics in gait

It’s Gotta Be the Shoes! Performance Enhancement Effects of Novel Brand Advertising

Share This Page

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