Functional ankle instability

NewsBot · Jul 1, 2026

Immediate effects of ankle brace design on mediolateral postural control and perceived support in young adults with functional ankle instability
Yunqi Tang et al
Source

Highlights
•
Figure-eight bracing improved selected mediolateral outcomes.
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Brace effects were task- and direction-specific.
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Semi-rigid bracing raised perceived-stability ratings but reduced comfort.
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Perceived support did not consistently reflect objective performance.
Abstract
Objective
To compare the immediate effects of three ankle brace designs—a single-strap ankle brace (SPAB), a figure-eight elastic ankle brace (FEAB), and a semi-rigid ankle brace (SRAB)—on static balance, landing-related postural stability, perceived stability, and comfort in young adults with functional ankle instability (FAI).
Design
Randomised crossover laboratory study.
Setting
Biomechanics laboratory.
Participants
Twenty-two young adults with clinically defined FAI (21 unilateral, one bilateral).
Main outcome measures
Centre-of-pressure sway during single-leg quiet stance, dynamic postural stability indices during single-leg landing, and 100-mm visual analogue scales of perceived stability and comfort. Mediolateral sway velocity (Sway V-ML) and mediolateral stability index (MLSI) were prespecified as primary outcomes.
Results
FEAB reduced Sway V-ML versus unbraced (7.61%, p = 0.013, Cohen's d_av = 0.37) and total sway velocity versus unbraced, SPAB, and SRAB (5.69%–9.25%, all p ≤ 0.037). FEAB also reduced MLSI versus unbraced (10.61%, p < 0.001, d_av = 0.53) and SRAB (8.17%, p = 0.033, d_av = 0.38). Sway-area variables, DPSI, APSI, and VSI showed no significant differences. All braces increased perceived stability, whereas SRAB was least comfortable.
Conclusion
FEAB showed modest, direction-specific short-term benefits in mediolateral postural control without reducing comfort, supporting task-specific brace selection in FAI rehabilitation.
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NewsBot · Jul 1, 2026

Blood flow restriction for chronic ankle instability: A meta-analysis of clinical and patient-reported outcomes
Caitlin Lightle et al
PM R. 2026 Jun 20. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.70172.

Objective: Blood flow restriction (BFR) has demonstrated beneficial effects by enabling muscle growth and strength with lighter weights, thereby reducing joint stress. BFR training has been studied in various joints such as after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, but its application in chronic ankle instability (CAI) remains underexplored. This systematic review aims to fill this gap by investigating the effects of BFR training on balance, ankle strength, and patient-reported outcomes in individuals with CAI.

Literature survey: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus for randomized controlled trials published in English from 2000 onward. Studies were included if they examined BFR interventions in individuals with CAI. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale.

Methodology: Two independent reviewers screened studies and extracted data. A random-effects meta-analysis synthesized outcomes related to balance, ankle strength, and self-reported instability.

Synthesis: Nine trials met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in balance (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.33-2.72), patient-reported outcomes (SMD = 0.04-2.84), and ankle strength (foot abduction SMD = 0.01-1.13; adduction SMD = 1.12-1.92). Substantial heterogeneity was observed, and most studies reported short-term effects.

Conclusions: BFR training may improve balance, ankle strength, and perceived stability in individuals with CAI. These findings support its potential as a rehabilitation adjunct, but high-quality trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and guide clinical implementation.
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NewsBot · Jul 1, 2026

Delayed reaction time and altered spatial activation of Fibularis longus in chronic ankle instability: A high-density surface electromyography study
Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas et al
Source

Highlights
•
CAI delays fibularis longus activation during sudden ankle inversion.
•
HD-sEMG revealed no regional delay but a global neuromuscular impairment.
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Anterior shift of activation barycenter was observed in CAI group.
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Longer reaction times correlated with ankle edema and IFAI score.
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Findings support spatial-temporal neuromuscular rehab strategies in CAI.
Abstract
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterized by recurrent episodes of sprain and delayed activation of the fibularis longus, which compromises dynamic ankle stabilization. However, whether delays in muscle reaction time occur uniformly across its neuromuscular compartments or follow a region-specific pattern remains unclear. This study aimed to compare global reaction time and determine whether this temporal response differed between the anterior and posterior regions, while also characterizing the spatial distribution of fibularis longus activation during sudden ankle inversion in individuals with CAI and healthy controls. Fifteen individuals with CAI and fifteen healthy controls (No-CAI) were recruited. Participants performed a sudden 30° ankle inversion task on a custom-built platform, during which high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) was used to assess regional reaction time and spatial activation of the fibularis longus through the displacement of the activation barycenter. No significant interaction was observed between region and group (p = 0.7826). However, the CAI group displayed a significantly longer reaction time (MD = −41.49 ms; 95% CI = −50.15 to −32.83; p = 0.0001) and a significant anterior shift of the barycenter during destabilization (MD = −0.80 mm; 95% CI = −1.46 to −0.13; p = 0.0209) compared to controls. These findings suggest that CAI is characterized by a global delay in fibularis longus activation and a task-dependent spatial redistribution. The anterior shift in activation may reflect a compensatory strategy to maintain eversion torque in mechanically disadvantageous positions. These insights may inform neuromuscular rehabilitation strategies targeting both temporal and spatial aspects of muscle activation.
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NewsBot · Jul 6, 2026

Task-specific effects of visual reliance on visuomotor reactive performance in individuals with chronic ankle instability
Jiwon Kim et al
Source

Highlights
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In high demand tasks, visual reliance relates to slower reactions in ankle instability.
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In low demand task, visual reliance relates to longer jumps in ankle instability.
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Effects of visual reliance depend on the level of visuomotor demands.
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High visuomotor demands may limit compensatory visual reliance strategies.
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate task-specific relationships between visual reliance during postural control and visuomotor reactive performance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI).
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting
Laboratory.
Participants
Twenty-five participants with CAI.
Main outcome measures
Relationships between anteroposterior and mediolateral visual reliance during eyes-open and eyes-closed single-leg standing and visuomotor reactive performance from a reactive balance test (RBT) and a reactive single-leg hop-to-stabilization (RSH) were examined.
Results
During the RBT, increased anteroposterior visual reliance was associated with slower visuomotor reaction time (r = 0.45, p = 0.02). In the RSH, greater mediolateral visual reliance was related to increased sagittal plane knee and hip displacement (knee: r = 0.414, p = 0.04; hip: r = 0.496, p = 0.01), longer jump distance (r = 0.44, p = 0.03), and higher center of pressure velocity (r = 0.45, p = 0.02).
Conclusions
In CAI, visual reliance exhibits task specific effects contingent on visuomotor demands. While it serves as an effective compensatory strategy to enhance performance in less demanding tasks, it leads to systemic overload under high visuomotor demands. Therefore, rehabilitation should incorporate task specific visuomotor challenges to facilitate functional recovery.
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NewsBot · Jul 9, 2026

Chronic Pain Severity Modifies Gait Biomechanics and Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
Hyunwook Lee et al
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2026 Jul 9.

Purpose: To investigate differences in neuromechanics during walking between individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) reporting high and low chronic pain, and healthy controls, with a focus on stance-phase joint kinematics and muscle activation patterns.

Methods: Sixty physically active participants were classified into three groups: CAI with high pain (n=20), CAI with low pain (n=20), and controls (n=20). Pain severity was determined using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score pain subscale. Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and surface electromyography activation of six lower extremity muscles were recorded during overground walking at self-selected speed. Functional data analysis was used to identify stance-phase differences between groups.

Results: Relative to controls, both CAI groups exhibited reduced activation of the peroneus longus and gluteal muscles across multiple stance subphases, with more widespread reductions in the high pain group-particularly diminished tibialis anterior (0-15%), gluteus medius (15-45%), and gluteus maximus (0-20%, 30-50%). Compared with the low pain group, the high pain group demonstrated greater ankle dorsiflexion during midstance (20-45%), greater knee flexion in early stance (5-15%) and preswing (85-95%), and greater hip flexion throughout early stance (0-20%). Increased hip adduction occurred in midstance (30-50%).

Conclusions: Individuals with CAI who report greater pain severity demonstrate distinct, time-specific gait deviations and greater neuromuscular inhibition, which may extend beyond the effects of instability alone. These findings highlight the potential role of pain in influencing gait adaptations in chronic ankle instability and underscore the importance of considering pain in the evaluation and rehabilitation of these individuals.
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NewsBot · Jul 10, 2026

Immediate effects of ankle brace design on mediolateral postural control and perceived support in young adults with functional ankle instability
Yunqi Tang et al
Phys Ther Sport. 2026 Jul:80:101947.

Objective: To compare the immediate effects of three ankle brace designs-a single-strap ankle brace (SPAB), a figure-eight elastic ankle brace (FEAB), and a semi-rigid ankle brace (SRAB)-on static balance, landing-related postural stability, perceived stability, and comfort in young adults with functional ankle instability (FAI).

Design: Randomised crossover laboratory study.

Setting: Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants: Twenty-two young adults with clinically defined FAI (21 unilateral, one bilateral).

Main outcome measures: Centre-of-pressure sway during single-leg quiet stance, dynamic postural stability indices during single-leg landing, and 100-mm visual analogue scales of perceived stability and comfort. Mediolateral sway velocity (Sway V-ML) and mediolateral stability index (MLSI) were prespecified as primary outcomes.

Results: FEAB reduced Sway V-ML versus unbraced (7.61%, p = 0.013, Cohen's d_av = 0.37) and total sway velocity versus unbraced, SPAB, and SRAB (5.69%-9.25%, all p ≤ 0.037). FEAB also reduced MLSI versus unbraced (10.61%, p < 0.001, d_av = 0.53) and SRAB (8.17%, p = 0.033, d_av = 0.38). Sway-area variables, DPSI, APSI, and VSI showed no significant differences. All braces increased perceived stability, whereas SRAB was least comfortable.

Conclusion: FEAB showed modest, direction-specific short-term benefits in mediolateral postural control without reducing comfort, supporting task-specific brace selection in FAI rehabilitation.
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NewsBot · Jul 12, 2026

Combining Anterior Talofibular Ligament Ultrasonography With Anterior Drawer Displacement Refines Stratification of Chronic Ankle Instability
Takumi Kobayashi et al
J Orthop Res. 2026 Jul;44(7):e70248.

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is commonly defined using symptom-based criteria, but these do not explicitly incorporate structural instability after lateral ankle sprain. Whether ATFL findings and anterior displacement reflect symptoms and function remains unclear. This study examined the relationships among ATFL ultrasonography findings, anterior ankle displacement, perceived ankle instability, and self-reported function. This cross-sectional study included 187 participants classified as healthy, coper, or CAI using International Ankle Consortium criteria and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). ATFL ultrasonographic classification and instrumented anterior displacement were assessed by blinded examiners. Self-reported function was assessed using the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) in a subsample. Five groups defined by symptom classification and ATFL ultrasonographic classification were compared. Median anterior ankle displacement was 5.25, 5.63, 7.49, 6.14, and 9.02 mm in the healthy-ATFL normal, coper-ATFL normal, coper-ATFL abnormal, CAI-ATFL normal, and CAI-ATFL abnormal groups, respectively. Displacement was greater in the coper-ATFL abnormal and CAI-ATFL abnormal groups than in the healthy-ATFL normal and coper-ATFL normal groups (all p ≤ 0.004). The CAI-ATFL abnormal group also showed greater displacement than the CAI-ATFL normal group (p = 0.012). CAIT scores did not differ between CAI subgroups. In the FAAM subsample, the CAI-ATFL abnormal group had lower scores than several comparison groups. Section Specialty Area: Section IV: Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics. Investigation performed: Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation. ATFL ultrasonography stratified anterior ankle displacement within symptom-defined coper and CAI groups, whereas symptom-defined classification and self-reported function did not consistently reflect structural and mechanical findings. Structural assessment may refine phenotypic stratification in CAI research.
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NewsBot · Jul 19, 2026

Research progress of Internal Brace suture tape augmentation technique in treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability
Debiao Chen et al
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2026 Jul 15;40(7):1136-1141.

Objective: To systematically review the research progress of Internal Brace suture tape augmentation technique in the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI), and to provide reference for clinical practice.

Methods: The related literatures of Internal Brace suture tape augmentation technique in the treatment of CLAI were extensively reviewed at home and abroad, and the effectiveness was evaluated.

Results: Biomechanical studies showed that the Internal Brace suture tape augmentation technique significantly improved the immediate stability of ankle ligaments after repair. Clinical studies have shown that this technique alone or in combination with Broström procedures can achieve good results in the treatment of CLAI, especially in patients with poor ligament stump quality, systemic ligament laxity, revision surgery, and high exercise needs.

Conclusion: Internal Brace suture tape augmentation technique is helpful for patients with CLAI to obtain immediate stability, accelerate rehabilitation, and early return to exercise, especially for patients with poor prognostic factors. More high-quality clinical studies are needed for further verification in the future
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NewsBot · Jul 22, 2026

Return-to-Sport Outcomes After Suture Button Fixation for Syndesmotic Injury in Elite Athletes With Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability: A Prospective Case Series
Cheng Wang et al
Orthop J Sports Med. 2026 Jul 20;14(7):23259671261463133.

Background: Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) with concomitant syndesmotic injury presents a complex challenge for elite athletes. The arthroscopic modified Broström procedure (AMBP) is the gold-standard surgical treatment for CLAI, and suture button fixation (SBF) is an effective method for dynamically stabilizing the syndesmosis.

Purpose: To evaluate functional outcomes and return-to-sport (RTS) metrics and identify prognostic factors after combined AMBP and SBF in this specific population.

Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: A total of 70 elite athletes with CLAI and a confirmed syndesmotic injury who underwent AMBP and SBF between January 2021 and June 2023 were prospectively enrolled. Outcomes included the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Karlsson-Peterson score, mean time to RTS, RTS rate, ankle range of motion (ROM), and complication rates. Weightbearing computed tomography was analyzed to measure anatomical parameters, including anterior, posterior, and maximum tibiofibular distances (ATFD, PTFD, maxTFD), angle of fibular rotation (AFR), and syndesmotic area (SA). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified factors associated with improvement in FAOS (Δ-FAOS).

Results: A total of 68 patients (68 ankles [97.1%]), with a minimum 2-year follow-up, were included in our analysis. The mean time to unrestricted RTS was 53.2 ± 14.7 days, with a 98.5% (67/68) successful RTS rate. All FAOS subscales and the Karlsson-Peterson score demonstrated significant improvements from baselines (P < .001). Ankle ROM was restored to symmetry in all patients. One patient (1.5%) experienced transient superficial wound irritation. Univariate analysis indicated that Δ-FAOS was associated with sex, reduction in body mass index (BMI) (ΔBMI), duration of symptoms before surgery, and preoperative PTFD, maxTFD, AFR, and SA. Multivariate analysis confirmed that a greater reduction in BMI (P = .032; β = 1.8; [95% CI, 1.1-3.1]) and a smaller preoperative SA (P = .018; β = -0.7 [95% CI, 0.5-0.9]) were independent predictors of greater Δ-FAOS.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the combined AMBP and SBF procedure may facilitate rapid, successful RTS, with satisfactory patient-reported outcomes and a low complication rate among elite athletes. Preoperative SA and postoperative weight management (ΔBMI) may be significant prognostic factors for optimal clinical outcome.
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NewsBot · Jul 25, 2026

Sensory-Mapping During the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test Across Chronic Ankle Instability, Copers, and Healthy Controls
Hugo Bogaerts et al
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

Context: Lateral ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries, and in specific sporting populations, up to 70% of cases may progress to chronic ankle instability (CAI). This study explored qualitative sensations during the Weight-Bearing Lunge Test (WBLT), a reliable and valid dorsiflexion range of motion assessment, to identify differences among CAI patients, individuals who have recovered from ankle sprains (copers), and healthy controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 147 active adults classified as controls (n = 55), copers (n = 52), and CAI (n = 40) performed the WBLT. Two blinded raters independently collected and coded participant-reported sensations by type (eg, pain, stretching) and localization (eg, Achilles tendon, talus). Sensations were aggregated at the participant level and were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’s Exact Tests with Bonferroni correction and effect size estimation. Results: Stretching was the most common sensation across all groups (77.6%), typically localized to the posterior (61.9%) and anterior (51.7%) aspects of the leg and ankle. CAI participants reported pain more frequently than controls (42.5% vs 12.7%, P = .003) as well as sensations on the lateral side of the leg and ankle more often (25% vs 3.6%, P = .001). No other categories differed significantly between groups after adjustment. Conclusions: CAI participants have distinct WBLT sensation profiles, underscoring the importance of qualitative assessment during the WBLT for tailoring rehabilitation strategies in this population.
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NewsBot · Jul 27, 2026

Reduced ankle muscle activity under cognitive loads in individuals with chronic ankle instability: A cross-sectional study
Supitra Namhong et al
Source

Highlights
•
Postural control should be assessed under cognitively demanding conditions rather than single-task conditions.
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Muscle activation patterns, in addition to postural stability outcomes, should be monitored during dual-task performance.
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Cognitive demands altered ankle muscle activity during static and dynamic postural control in individuals with CAI.
Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the influence of cognitive demands on postural stability and ankle muscle activity during static and dynamic postural control in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI).
Participants
21 individuals with CAI (age = 21.7 ± 1.5 years)
Main outcome measures
Postural stability was assessed using time-to-boundary (TTB) measures and normalized reach distances from the modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). Ankle muscle activity was evaluated using integrated electromyography (iEMG) from tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus muscles (SL).
Results
No significant differences in postural stability were observed between single- and dual-task conditions. However, ankle muscle activity significantly decreased under dual-task conditions. Specifically, MG (P = 0.002) and SL (P = 0.009) activity decreased during eyes-open static postural control. During dynamic postural control, TA activity decreased in posteromedial (P = 0.010) and posterolateral (P = 0.007) reaches, while PL decreased in posterolateral reach (P = 0.038). Concurrent cognitive performance did not differ significantly across postural tasks.
Conclusion
Cognitive loading reduced ankle muscle activity without impairing postural stability, suggesting that cognitive loading influences neuromuscular responses during postural control in individuals with CAI. These findings highlight the importance of considering cognitive demands during postural control assessment.
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NewsBot · Aug 4, 2026

From Compensation to Decompensation: The Threshold Effect of Recurrence Frequency on Shock Absorption and Movement Strategies in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability during Single-Leg Drop Landing
Zilong Wang, et al
Physical Therapy in Sport 3 August 2026, 101972

Highlights
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CAI patients were stratified by sprain recurrence to assess landing biomechanics.
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High-frequency CAI (≥5/year) displayed greater loading rates during drop landings.
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The high-CAI group showed excessive unstable ankle inversion at initial contact.
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Proximal hip compensations failed to attenuate vertical impacts in high-CAI.
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Frequent sprains trigger a shift from protective compensation to decompensation.
Abstract
Objectives
To compare lower limb biomechanics during single-leg drop landings between individuals with low (2–4/year) and high (≥5/year) chronic ankle instability (CAI) recurrence frequencies.
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting
Biomechanics laboratory.
Participants
Sixty males with unilateral CAI, stratified into High-CAI (n=30) and Low-CAI (n=30) groups.
Main Outcome Measures
Peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), time to peak vGRF, vertical loading rate (LR), leg stiffness, and lower extremity kinematics.
Results
High-CAI participants demonstrated greater peak vGRF, shorter time to peak vGRF, higher LR, and greater hip flexion, hip abduction, and ankle inversion at initial contact than the Low-CAI group (all p ≤ 0.048; ηp2 = 0.066-0.275). Group × side interactions occurred for knee flexion, ankle inversion, and LR (p = 0.005-0.033; = 0.076-0.128). Simple-effects analyses showed the unstable side of the Low-CAI group exhibited less knee flexion than its stable side, whereas the unstable side of the High-CAI group exhibited greater ankle inversion and LR than both the unstable side of the Low-CAI group and its stable side (all p ≤ 0.040; d = 0.350-1.221).
Conclusions
High-frequency CAI recurrence (≥5 times/year) induces a maladaptive landing strategy with altered proximal compensations and impaired shock absorption. Frequency-based stratification is essential for optimizing management.
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NewsBot · Aug 15, 2026 at 4:59 AM

Peroneal Reaction-Time Demonstrates a Greater Influence Than Peroneal Muscle Strength on Lateral Ankle Ligament Strain in People With Chronic Ankle Instability
Xinmeng Zhang et al
Sports Health. 2026 Aug 14:19417381261471377.

Background: Lateral ankle sprains often damage the anterior talofibular (ATFL) and calcaneofibular (CFL) ligaments. Delayed peroneal muscle reaction time (reaction-time) and reduced peroneal muscle strength (strength) may increase the risk of recurrent sprains. Relationships between neuromuscular impairments and ligament strains remain unclear due to challenges in directly measuring ligament strains under dynamic conditions.

Hypothesis: Reaction-time and strength are correlated significantly with ATFL and CFL strains in people with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI).

Study design: Cross-sectional study.

Level of evidence: Level 3.

Methods: Participants with CAI (n = 35) and without CAI (n = 35) were recruited. Reaction-time was assessed using a trapdoor test, while strength was measured through a standardized isometric strength test. ATFL and CFL strains were calculated using a 3-dimensional rigid-body foot model during a drop-landing task. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlations and multiple regressions.

Results: Compared with people without CAI, those with CAI exhibited longer reaction-time (P < 0.001) and weaker strength (P = 0.02). Reaction-time correlated with ATFL strain in both CAI (r = 0.589; P < 0.001) and non-CAI (r = 0.423; P = 0.01) participants, and with CFL strain only in CAI participants (r = 0.358; P = 0.04). Strength correlated with ATFL strain in both groups (CAI: r = -0.462, P = 0.005; non-CAI: r = -0.358, P = 0.04), but showed no correlation with CFL strain in either group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that reaction-time and strength were significant predictors of ATFL strain, with reaction-time having a greater impact (β = 0.565; P < 0.001) than strength (β = 0.431; P = 0.001). In non-CAI participants, reaction-time and strength had similar predictive contributions (β = 0.600 and β = 0.552, respectively; all P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Both reaction-time and strength were associated with ATFL strain in people with and without CAI. Reaction-time appeared associated more closely with ATFL strain than strength.

Clinical relevance: These findings highlight the importance of targeting neuromuscular reaction time and peroneal strength in rehabilitation programs aimed at reducing lateral ankle ligament strain and risk of recurrent sprains, with particular emphasis on improving rapid neuromuscular activation.
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Functional ankle instability

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Short foot exercise for functional ankle instability

Functional relevance of the small muscles crossing the ankle joint

Comparison of Functional Ankle Motion Measures

Functional lesser toe deformity.

Low-Lying FHL Muscle Belly in Functional Hallux Limitus

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome Caused by Functional Venous Outflow Obstruction

The functional importance of human foot muscles for bipedal locomotion

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Functional ankle instability

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Short foot exercise for functional ankle instability

Functional relevance of the small muscles crossing the ankle joint

Comparison of Functional Ankle Motion Measures

Functional lesser toe deformity.

Low-Lying FHL Muscle Belly in Functional Hallux Limitus

Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome Caused by Functional Venous Outflow Obstruction

The functional importance of human foot muscles for bipedal locomotion

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