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Intersectionality, vulnerability and foot health inequity

Discussion in 'General Issues and Discussion Forum' started by NewsBot, Oct 30, 2023.

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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    Intersectionality, vulnerability and foot health inequity
    J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 Oct 26;16(1):73. doi: 10.1186/s13047-023-00647-7.
    Joana Almeida, Jonathan Brocklehurst, Adrienne Sharples
     
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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    Intersectionality

    An intersectional analysis considers a collection of factors that affect a social individual in combination, rather than considering each factor in isolation, as illustrated here using a Venn diagram.

    Intersectionality is a sociological analytical framework for understanding how groups' and individuals' social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege. Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, height, age, weight[1] and physical appearance.[2] These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing.[3][4] However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the practical uses of intersectionality.[5]

    Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, which largely focused on the experiences of women who were white, middle-class and cisgender,[6] to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups. Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities.[7]

    The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989.[8]: 385  She describes how interlocking systems of power affect those who are most marginalized in society.[8] Activists and academics use the framework to promote social and political egalitarianism.[7] Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation. In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated.[9] Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color.

    Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors,[10] and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories.[11] Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals. As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression. An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality and provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research.[12] An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology.[5] In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information: in this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. race and sex) and known together, and not extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately.[13]

    1. ^ Deckha, M. (November 2008). "Intersectionality and posthumanist visions of equality". Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society. XXIII (2).
    2. ^ Tucker, Abigail (November 2012). "How Much is Being Attractive Worth?". Smithsonian. ISSN 0037-7333. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    3. ^ Holley, Lynn C.; Mendoza, Natasha S.; Del-Colle, Melissa M.; Bernard, Marquita Lynette (2 April 2016). "Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: Experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 28 (2): 93–116. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1155520. S2CID 147454725.
    4. ^ Zinn, Maxine Baca; Dill, Bonnie Thornton (1996). "Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism". Feminist Studies. 22 (2): 321–331. doi:10.2307/3178416. JSTOR 3178416. ProQuest 233181156 Gale A18800342.
    5. ^ a b Bauer, Greta R.; Churchill, Siobhan M.; Mahendran, Mayuri; Walwyn, Chantel; Lizotte, Daniel; Villa-Rueda, Alma Angelica (June 2021). "Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods". SSM - Population Health. 14: 100798. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798. PMC 8095182. PMID 33997247.
    6. ^ bell hooks (2015). Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82148-4. OCLC 886381091.
    7. ^ a b "What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?". International Women's Development Agency. 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019.
    8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Cooper 2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Crenshaw, Kimberlé (October 2016). The urgency of intersectionality. TEDWomen 2016.
    10. ^ Downing, Lisa (November 2018). "The body politic: Gender, the right wing and 'identity category violations'" (PDF). French Cultural Studies. 29 (4): 367–377. doi:10.1177/0957155818791075. S2CID 165115259.
    11. ^ Tomlinson, Barbara (Summer 2013). "To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 38 (4): 993–1017. doi:10.1086/669571. S2CID 144641071.
    12. ^ Guan, Alice; Thomas, Marilyn; Vittinghoff, Eric; Bowleg, Lisa; Mangurian, Christina; Wesson, Paul (December 2021). "An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review". SSM - Population Health. 16: 100977. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100977. PMC 8626832. PMID 34869821.
    13. ^ Varley, T. F., & Kaminski, P. (2022). Untangling Synergistic Effects of Intersecting Social Identities with Partial Information Decomposition. Entropy, 24(10), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/e24101387
     

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