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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    19 April 1770 – Captain James Cook, still holding the rank of lieutenant, sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.

    James Cook

    Captain James Cook FRS (7 November [O.S. 27 October] 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, cartographer and naval officer famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to New Zealand and Australia in particular. He made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.

    Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He served during the Seven Years' War and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the St. Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec, which brought him to the attention of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. This acclaim came at a crucial moment for the direction of British overseas exploration, and it led to his commission in 1768 as commander of HMS Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.

    In these voyages, Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously charted by Western explorers. He surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.

    During his third voyage in the Pacific, Cook encountered the Hawaiian islands in 1779. He was killed while attempting to take hostage Kalaniʻōpuʻu, chief of the island of Hawaii. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge that influenced his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. He remains controversial as an enabler of British colonialism and for his occasionally violent encounters with indigenous peoples.

     
  2. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    20 April 1908 – Opening day of competition in the New South Wales Rugby League.

    New South Wales Rugby League

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    The New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) is the governing body of rugby league in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory and is a member of the Australian Rugby League Commission. It was formed in Sydney on 8 August 1907[1] and was known as the New South Wales Rugby Football League (NSWRFL) until 1984. From 1908 to 1994, the NSWRL ran Sydney's, then New South Wales', and eventually Australia's top-level rugby league club competition. The organisation is responsible for administering the New South Wales rugby league team.

    1. ^ ARL (2007). "Australian Rugby Football League Annual Report 2007" (PDF). Australian Rugby League. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
     
  3. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    21 April 1952 – Secretary's Day (now Administrative Professionals' Day) is first celebrated.

    Administrative Professionals' Day

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  4. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    21 April 1952 – Secretary's Day (now Administrative Professionals' Day) is first celebrated.

    Administrative Professionals' Day

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  5. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    21 April 1952 – Secretary's Day (now Administrative Professionals' Day) is first celebrated.

    Administrative Professionals' Day

    • From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.
     
  6. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    22 April 1998Disney's Animal Kingdom opened at Walt Disney World.

    Disney's Animal Kingdom

    Disney's Animal Kingdom Theme Park is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Experiences division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230 ha).[5][6][7] The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed around natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney.[8]

    Disney's Animal Kingdom distinguishes itself from other Walt Disney World theme parks by featuring hundreds of live animal exhibits alongside traditional theme park elements. Special designs and provisions were incorporated throughout the park to protect the animals' welfare. The park is located on the western edge of the resort and is isolated from the other theme parks and properties to minimize external disruptions to the animals; as a result, the park does not feature nighttime fireworks shows that would otherwise disturb the animals. In efforts to be more eco-friendly, the park uses biodegradable paper straws and prohibits plastic straws, lids, and balloons. Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, indicating they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research.[9]

    In 2019, Disney's Animal Kingdom hosted 13.888 million guests, ranking it as the third-most-visited theme park in North America and the sixth-most-visited theme park in the world.[10] It is the most-visited zoo in the world.[11] The park is the second-most-visited at Walt Disney World Resort, behind Magic Kingdom.[12] The park's icon is the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall (44 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) artificial baobab tree.

    1. ^ "Disney's Animal Kingdom". wdwinfo.com. Werner Technologies, LLC. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
    2. ^ Slater, Laurel. "Meet the Women Behind the Magic Leading and Protecting Walt Disney World Theme Parks".
    3. ^ "Dr. Mark Penning, Vice President: Animals, Science and Environment".
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference 2021 Report was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Eades, Mark (August 30, 2017). "A former Disney Imagineer's guide to Disney's Animal Kingdom". OC Register. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
    6. ^ Snibbe, Kurt (June 11, 2016). "A close-up look at Shanghai Disneyland: the newest Disney Park". Orange County Register. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
    7. ^ Niles, Robert (May 26, 2013). "Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World". Retrieved March 22, 2016.
    8. ^ "Environmentality: Disney and the Environment". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on May 23, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference aza_list was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (July 16, 2020). "TEA/AECOM 2019 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). teaconnect.org. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
    11. ^ "Most visited zoo". Guinness World Records.
    12. ^ Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (July 16, 2020). "TEA/AECOM 2019 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). teaconnect.org. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
     
  7. skeptic__me

    skeptic__me Member

    April 22 2016 Paris Agreement on climate change signed in New York binding 195 nations to an increase in the global average temperature to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C
     
  8. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    23 April 2005 – The first ever YouTube video, titled "Me at the zoo", was published by user "jawed".

    Me at the zoo

    "Me at the zoo" is the first video uploaded to YouTube, on April 23, 2005,[1] 8:31:52 p.m. PDT, or April 24, 2005, at 03:31:52 UTC. The 19-second video features YouTube's co-founder Jawed Karim, who was 25 years old at the time, in front of two elephants at the San Diego Zoo in California, noting their long trunks.[2][3] Using Karim's camera,[4] it was recorded by his high school friend, Yakov Lapitsky, a University of Delaware Ph.D. student at the time, who was in San Diego to deliver his research to the American Chemical Society.[4] As of March 2024, it has gained more than 313 million views.

    1. ^ Asmelash, Leah (April 23, 2020). "The first ever YouTube video was uploaded 15 years ago today. Here it is". CNN. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
    2. ^ Hoby, Hermione; Tom Lamont (April 11, 2011). "How YouTube made superstars out of everyday people". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
    3. ^ Heffernan, Virginia (September 6, 2009). "Uploading the Avant-Garde". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
    4. ^ a b Miller, Beth (September 2015). "YouTube's First Upload". University of Delaware messenger. Vol. 23, no. 2. www1.udel.edu/. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
     
  9. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    24 April 1993 – An IRA bomb devastates the Bishopsgate area of London.

    1993 Bishopsgate bombing

    The Bishopsgate bombing occurred on 24 April 1993, when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated a powerful truck bomb on Bishopsgate, a major thoroughfare in London's financial district, the City of London. Telephoned warnings were sent about an hour beforehand, but a news photographer was killed in the blast and 44 people were injured, with fatalities minimised due to it occurring on a Saturday. The blast destroyed the nearby St Ethelburga's church and wrecked Liverpool Street station and the NatWest Tower.[2][3]

    As a result of the bombing, which happened just over a year after the bombing of the nearby Baltic Exchange, a "ring of steel" was implemented to protect the City, and many firms introduced disaster recovery plans in case of further attacks or similar disasters. £350 million (equivalent to £590 million in 2019) was spent on repairing damage. In 1994 detectives believed they knew the identities of the IRA bombers, but lacked sufficient evidence to arrest them.[4]

    1. ^ "Bishopsgate bomb: Photos issued on 25th anniversary". BBC News. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
    2. ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 24 | 1993: IRA bomb devastates City of London". BBC News. 24 April 1993. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
    3. ^ "Bomb disposal hero breaks silence on anniversary of Bishopsgate blast | London Evening Standard". Standard.co.uk. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
    4. ^ Kirby, Terry (5 April 1994). "Police 'know who planted Bishopsgate bomb': Men seen on video may be in Irish Republic. Terry Kirby reports". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
     
  10. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    25 April 1898Spanish–American War: The United States declares war on Spain.

    Spanish–American War

    The Spanish–American War[b] (April 21 – December 10, 1898) began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the United States emerging predominant in the Caribbean region,[15] and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. It also led to United States involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine–American War.

    The 19th century represented a clear decline for the Spanish Empire, while the United States went from becoming a newly founded country to becoming a rising power. Spain's descent had begun in previous centuries, and accelerated during the Napoleonic invasion, which in turn triggered the independence of a large part of the American colonies.[16] Later political instability, including declarations of independence, revolutions, and civil wars, cost the country socially and economically. The U.S., on the other hand, expanded economically throughout that century by purchasing territories such as Louisiana and Alaska, militarily by actions such as the Mexican–American War, and by receiving large numbers of European immigrants. That process was interrupted only for a few years by the American Civil War and Reconstruction era.[17]

    The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish colonial rule. The United States backed these revolts upon entering the Spanish–American War. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. But in the late 1890s, American public opinion swayed in support of the rebellion because of reports of concentration camps set up to control the populace.[18][19] Yellow journalism exaggerated the atrocities to further increase public fervor and to sell more newspapers and magazines.[20]

    The business community had just recovered from a deep depression and feared that a war would reverse the gains. Accordingly, most business interests lobbied vigorously against going to war.[21] President William McKinley ignored the exaggerated news reporting and sought a peaceful settlement.[22] Though not seeking a war, McKinley made preparations in readiness for one. He unsuccessfully sought accommodation with Spain on the issue of independence for Cuba.[23] However, after the U.S. Navy armored cruiser Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, political pressures pushed McKinley into a war that he had wished to avoid.[24]

    As far as Spain was concerned, there was a nationalist agitation, in which the written press had a key influence, causing the Spanish government to not give in and abandon Cuba as it had abandoned Spanish Florida when faced with a troublesome colonial situation there, transferring it to the U.S. in 1821 in exchange for payment of Spanish debts.[25] If the Spanish government had transferred Cuba it would have been seen as a betrayal by a part of Spanish society and there would probably have been a new revolution.[26] So, the government preferred to wage a war lost beforehand in order to preserve the Restoration regime, thereby opting for a "controlled demolition" rather than risking a revolution.[27]

    On April 20, 1898, McKinley signed a joint Congressional resolution demanding Spanish withdrawal and authorizing the President to use military force to help Cuba gain independence.[28] In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 21. On the same day, the United States Navy began a blockade of Cuba.[29] Both sides declared war; neither had allies.

    The war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. American war advocates correctly anticipated that the United States' naval power would prove decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further devastated by yellow fever.[30][31] The invaders obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units, and fierce fighting for positions such as El Caney and San Juan Hill.[32] Madrid sued for peace after two Spanish squadrons were sunk in the battles of Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay, and a third, more modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.[33]

    The war ended with the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United States. The treaty ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain to the United States and granted the United States temporary control of Cuba. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($700 million today) to Spain by the U.S. to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[34]

    The Spanish–American War brought an end to almost four centuries of Spanish presence in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific. The defeat and loss of the Spanish Empire's last remnants was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of '98.[33] The United States meanwhile not only became a major power, but also gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which provoked rancorous debate over the wisdom of expansionism.[35]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Louis A. Pérez (1998), The war of 1898: the United States and Cuba in history and historiography, UNC Press Books, ISBN 978-0807847428, archived from the original on April 24, 2016, retrieved October 31, 2015
    2. ^ Benjamin R. Beede (1994), The War of 1898, and US interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0824056247, archived from the original on May 27, 2016, retrieved October 31, 2015
    3. ^ Virginia Marie Bouvier (2001), Whose America?: the war of 1898 and the battles to define the nation, Praeger, ISBN 978-0275967949, archived from the original on May 14, 2016, retrieved October 31, 2015
    4. ^ Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996, p. 21–22.
    5. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 256.
    6. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 308.
    7. ^ Karnow 1990, p. 115
    8. ^ Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996, p. 20.
    9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Clodfelter 2017, p. 255.
    10. ^ a b "America's Wars: Factsheet." Archived July 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine US Department of Veteran Affairs. Office of Public Affairs. Washington DC. Published April 2017.
    11. ^ Marsh, Alan. "POWs in American History: A Synoposis" Archived August 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. National Park Service. 1998.
    12. ^ See: USS Merrimac (1894).
    13. ^ a b c d Keenan 2001, p. 70.
    14. ^ Tucker 2009, p. 105.
    15. ^ "Milestones: 1866–1898 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
    16. ^ Lynch, John. "Spanish American Independence" in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press 1992, p. 218.
    17. ^ Thomas B. Alexander, «Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877», Journal of Southern History (1961), 27#3, pp. 305–329 JSTOR 2205211.
    18. ^ "Concentration camps existed long before Auschwitz". Archived from the original on September 17, 2020.
    19. ^ "February, 1896: Reconcentration Policy". PBS. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020.
    20. ^ W. Joseph Campbell, Yellow journalism: Puncturing the myths, defining the legacies (2001).
    21. ^ Pratt, Julius W. (May 1934). "American Business and the Spanish-American War". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 14 (2): 163–201. doi:10.1215/00182168-14.2.163. JSTOR 2506353.
    22. ^ David Nasaw (2013). The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 171. ISBN 978-0547524726. Archived from the original on March 9, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
    23. ^ Quince, C. (2017). "5. Sliding Towards War". Resistance to the Spanish-American and Philippine Wars: Anti-Imperialism and the Role of the Press, 1895–1902. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-6974-8. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
    24. ^ Quince 2017, pp. 136-140 (Chapter 11. A Shift in Public Opinion).
    25. ^ "The Spanish Colonization of Florida". historymiami.org. Archived from the original on January 3, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Dardé was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Suárez was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    28. ^ Cite error: The named reference stat33.738 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    29. ^ Cite error: The named reference trask57 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    30. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    31. ^ Pérez 1998, p. 89 states: "In the larger view, the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat. During three years of relentless war, the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines, bridges, and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications, making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces. [The] Cubans had, moreover, inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities, there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger."
    32. ^ "Military Book Reviews". StrategyPage.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
    33. ^ a b Dyal, Carpenter & Thomas 1996, pp. 108–09.
    34. ^ Benjamin R. Beede (2013). The War of 1898 and US Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 289. ISBN 978-1136746901. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
    35. ^ Herring, George C. (October 28, 2008). "The War of 1898, the New Empire, and the Dawn of the American Century, 1893–1901". From Colony to Superpower: US Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford University Press. pp. 299–336. ISBN 9780199743773. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2021 – via Google Books.
     
  11. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    26 April 1964Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.

    Tanzania

    Tanzania,[c] officially the United Republic of Tanzania,[d] is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; the Indian Ocean to the east; Mozambique and Malawi to the south; Zambia to the southwest; and Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the 2022 national census, Tanzania has a population of nearly 62 million,[11] making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator.[12]

    Many important hominid fossils have been found in Tanzania, such as 6-million-year-old Pliocene hominid fossils. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included Southern Cushitic speakers who moved south from present-day Ethiopia;[13] Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of Lake Turkana about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago;[13] and the Southern Nilotes, including the Datoog, who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.[13]: page 18  These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas.[13][14] In the late 19th century, the mainland came under German rule as German East Africa, and this was followed by British rule after World War I when it was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.[15] Tanganyika joined the British Commonwealth and Tanzania remains a member of the Commonwealth as a unified republic.[16]

    Today the country is a presidential constitutional republic with the federal capital located in Dodoma;[17] the former capital, Dar es Salaam, retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre.[15][18][19] Tanzania is a de facto one-party state with the democratic socialist Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power. The country has not experienced major internal strife since independence and is seen as one of the safest and most politically stable on the continent.[20][unreliable source?] Tanzania's population comprises about 120 ethnic,[21] linguistic, and religious groups. Christianity is the largest religion in Tanzania, with substantial Muslim and Animist minorities.[22] Over 100 languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa;[23] the country does not have a de jure official language,[24][25] although the national language is Swahili.[26] English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education,[23][27] while Arabic is spoken in Zanzibar.

    Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa and the highest single free-standing mountain above sea level in the world, is located. Three of Africa's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the south lies Lake Malawi. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area. The Kalambo Falls, located on the Kalambo River at the Zambian border, is the second-highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa.[28] Tanzania is one of the most visited tourist destinations for safaris.[29]

    1. ^ a b "Tanzania". Ethnologue. SIL International.
    2. ^ "Religions in Tanzania | PEW-GRF". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
    3. ^ "Tanzania (United Republic of) 1977 (rev. 2005)". Constitute Project. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
    4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference BFF was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ "Population Size in Tanzania". Tanzania Sensa. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
    6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Tanzania)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
    7. ^ "Gini Index coefficient". CIA Factbook. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
    8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24". United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
    9. ^ "Tanzania | Define Tanzania at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
    10. ^ "Tanzania". Oxford Dictionaries Online. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
    11. ^ Matokeo ya Mwanzo ya Sensa ya Watu na Makazi (Report). Government of Tanzania. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
    12. ^ "Population, total - Africa | Data".
    13. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Genetics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Ehret, Christopher (2001). An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-8139-2057-3.
    15. ^ a b "Tanzania". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 September 2021.
    16. ^ "United Republic of Tanzania | The Commonwealth". thecommonwealth.org. 15 August 2013.
    17. ^ Mosha, Aloysius C. "The planning of the new capital of Tanzania: Dodoma, an unfulfilled dream" (PDF). University of Botswana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
    18. ^ "The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile". Tanzania.go.tz. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
    19. ^ "Dar es Salaam Port". Tanzaniaports.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
    20. ^ "TIC | Peace and Political Stability".
    21. ^ African Studies Center University of Pennsylvania. "Tanzania – Ethnic Groups". East Africa Living Encyclopedia.
    22. ^ Religion in Tanzania Archived 4 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center
    23. ^ a b Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J. (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1967. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
    24. ^ Godfrey Mugoti (12 June 2009). Africa (a-z). Godfrey books. p. 152. ISBN 9781435728905.
    25. ^ "Tanzania Country Information – All about Tanzania". expogr.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
    26. ^ "Tanzania Profile". Tanzania.go.tz. Tanzanian Government. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
    27. ^ "Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan". AFK Insider. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
    28. ^ "Kalambo Falls". Encyclopædia Britannica.
    29. ^ "Why millions chose Africa as their safari destination". 12 January 2016.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  12. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    27 April 1981Xerox PARC introduces the computer mouse.

    Computer mouse

    A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which can also function as a button when pressed inwards)
    A typical wireless computer mouse

    A computer mouse (plural mice, also mouses)[nb 1] is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the pointer (called a cursor) on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer.

    The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by Doug Engelbart in 1968 as part of the Mother of All Demos.[1] Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use optical movement detection with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

    In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels, which enable additional control and dimensional input.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Computer Mouse: Complete History". 2021-01-04.
     
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    28 April 1952 – The Treaty of San Francisco comes into effect, restoring Japanese sovereignty and ending its state of war with most of the Allies of World War II.

    Treaty of San Francisco

    The Treaty of San Francisco (サンフランシスコ講和条約, San-Furanshisuko kōwa-Jōyaku), also called the Treaty of Peace with Japan (日本国との平和条約, Nihon-koku to no Heiwa-Jōyaku), re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers on behalf of the United Nations by ending the legal state of war and providing for redress for hostile actions up to and including World War II. It was signed by 49 nations on 8 September 1951, in San Francisco, California, at the War Memorial Opera House.[2] Italy and China were not invited, the latter due to disagreements on whether the Republic of China or the People's Republic of China represented the Chinese people. Korea was also not invited due to a similar disagreement on whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people.[3]

    The treaty came into force on 28 April 1952. It ended Japan's role as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II, ended the Allied post-war occupation of Japan, and returned full sovereignty to it. This treaty relied heavily on the Charter of the United Nations[4] and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[5] to enunciate the Allies' goals. In Article 11, Japan accepted the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan.[6]

    The 1951 treaty, along with the Security Treaty signed that same day, marks the beginning of the San Francisco System, which defines Japan's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena and characterizes Japan's post-war history.[7][better source needed]

    1. ^ Article 27
    2. ^ "Document 735 Editorial Note". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Asia and the Pacific. Vol. VI, PART 1.
    3. ^ "San Francisco Peace Conference".
    4. ^ Preamble and Article 5
    5. ^ Preamble
    6. ^ "Treaty of Peace with Japan (with two declarations). Signed at San Francisco, on 8 September 1951" (PDF).
    7. ^ John W. Dower
     
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    29 April 1945 – World War II: The German army in Italy surrenders to the Allies.

    Operation Sunrise (World War II)

    SS General Karl Wolff's Proxy of Surrender for northern Italy, 2 May 1945

    Operation Sunrise (sometimes called the Berne incident) was a series of World War II secret negotiations from February to May 1945 between representatives of Nazi Germany and the United States to arrange a local surrender of German forces in northern Italy.[1] Most of the meetings took place in the vicinity of Bern, Switzerland, and the lead negotiators were Waffen-SS General Karl Wolff and American OSS agent Allen Dulles. The meetings provoked Soviet suspicion that the Americans were seeking to sign a separate peace with the Germans and led to heated correspondence between Joseph Stalin and Franklin Roosevelt, an early episode of the emerging Cold War.[2]

    1. ^ Donahue, Stephen (2015). "Dulles, Allen Welsh". In Zabecki, David T. (ed.). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 287. ISBN 9781135812423.
    2. ^ Delgadillo, Charles Edward (2013). "Dulles, Allen". In van Dijk, Ruud; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. p. 271. ISBN 978-1135923112.
     
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    30 April 1939 – The 1939-40 New York World's Fair opens.

    1939 New York World's Fair

    The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair was a world's fair held at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. It was the second-most expensive American world's fair of all time, exceeded only by St. Louis's Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. Many countries around the world participated in it, and over 44 million people attended its exhibits in two seasons.[2] It was the first exposition to be based on the future, with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day", and it allowed all visitors to take a look at "the world of tomorrow".

    When World War II began four months into the 1939 World's Fair, many exhibits were affected, especially those on display in the pavilions of countries under Axis occupation. After the close of the fair in 1940, many exhibits were demolished or removed, though some buildings were retained for the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, held at the same site.

    1. ^ "1939 New York World's Fair". www.1939nyworldsfair.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
    2. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, p. 58, Random House, New York, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
     
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    1 May 1994 – Three-time Formula One world champion Ayrton Senna is killed in an accident whilst leading the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola.

    Death of Ayrton Senna

    On 1 May 1994, Brazilian Formula One driver Ayrton Senna was killed after his car crashed into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Imola Circuit in Italy. The previous day, Austrian driver Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. Several other collisions took place that weekend, including a serious one involving Rubens Barrichello. Ratzenberger and Senna's crashes were the first fatal accidents to occur during a Formula One race meeting since that of Riccardo Paletti at the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix, and were also the last until that of Jules Bianchi at the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix. This became a turning point in the safety of Formula One, prompting the implementation of new safety measures in both Formula One and the circuit, as well as the Grand Prix Drivers' Association to be reestablished. The Supreme Court of Cassation of Italy ruled that mechanical failure was the cause of the crash.

     
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    3 May 1947 – New post-war Japanese constitution goes into effect.

    Constitution of Japan

    The Constitution of Japan (Shinjitai: 日本国憲法, Kyūjitai: 日本國憲󠄁法, Hepburn: Nihon-koku kenpō) is the constitution of Japan and the supreme law in the state. It was written primarily by American civilian officials working under the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II. The current Japanese constitution was promulgated as an amendment of the Meiji Constitution of 1890 on 3 November 1946 when it came into effect on 3 May 1947.[4]

    The constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government and guarantees certain fundamental human rights. In contrast to the Meiji Constitution, which invested the Emperor of Japan with supreme political power, under the new constitution the Emperor was reduced to "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" and exercises only a ceremonial role acting under the sovereignty of the people for constitutional monarchy.[5]

    The constitution, also known as the MacArthur Constitution,[6][7] "Post-war Constitution" (戦後憲法, Sengo-Kenpō), or the "Peace Constitution" (平和憲法, Heiwa-Kenpō),[8] was drafted under the supervision of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, during the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II.[9] Japanese scholars reviewed and modified it before adoption.[10] It changed Japan's previous system of semi-constitutional monarchy and stratocracy with a parliamentary monarchy. The Constitution is best known for Article 9, by which Japan renounces its right to wage war and maintain military forces.[11] Despite this, Japan retains de facto military capabilities in the form of the Self-Defense Forces and also hosts a substantial American military presence.

    The Japanese constitution is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. It has not had any amendments to its text in more than 70 years. At roughly 5,000 words, it is a relatively short constitution; the average national constitution has about 21,000 words.[3][12]

    1. ^ a b Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 November 1995). "THE WORLD;Japan's State Symbols: Now You See Them ..." The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
    2. ^ Kakinohana, Hōjun (23 September 2013). "個人の尊厳は憲法の基 ― 天皇の元首化は時代に逆行 ―". Japan Institute of Constitutional Law (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
    3. ^ a b "The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution". Nippon.com. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
    4. ^ Goes into Effect, New Japanese Constitution. "May 3, 1947, New Japanese Constitution goes into effect". www.history.com. History.com Editors. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
    5. ^ Takemae 2002, pp. 270–271.
    6. ^ Kawai, Kazuo (1958). "The Divinity of the Japanese Emperor". Political Science. 10 (2): 3–14. doi:10.1177/003231875801000201.
    7. ^ "The American Occupation of Japan, 1945-1952 | Asia for Educators | Columbia University".
    8. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 11.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference constitution-us-authors was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Moritsugu, Ken (18 August 2016). "Biden's remark on Japan Constitution raises eyebrows". AP NEWS. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
    11. ^ Kapur 2018, p. 9.
    12. ^ Ito, Masami, "Constitution again faces calls for revision to meet reality Archived 8 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine", Japan Times, 1 May 2012, p. 3.
     
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    4 May 1959 – The 1st Annual Grammy Awards are held.

    1st Annual Grammy Awards

    The 1st Annual Grammy Awards were held on May 4, 1959. They recognized musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. Two separate ceremonies were held simultaneously on the same day; the first hotel in Beverly Hills, California, and the second in the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City.[1] Ella Fitzgerald, Count Basie, Domenico Modugno, Ross Bagdasarian, and Henry Mancini, each won 2 awards.[2][3]

    1. ^ "Grammy Awards 1959 (May)". Grammy. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
    2. ^ Dornbrook, Don (24 May 1959). "And Now the Grammy Awards". The Milwaukee Journal. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
    3. ^ "1958 Grammy Winners". Grammy.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
     
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    5 May 2010Mass protests in Greece erupt in response to austerity measures imposed by the government as a result of the Greek government-debt crisis.

    Anti-austerity movement in Greece

    The anti-austerity movement in Greece involved a series of demonstrations and general strikes that took place across the country. The events, which began on 5 May 2010, were provoked by plans to cut public spending and raise taxes as austerity measures in exchange for a €110 billion bail-out, aimed at solving the Greek government-debt crisis. Three people were killed on 5 May in one of the largest demonstrations in Greece since 1973.

    On 25 May 2011 (2011-05-25), anti-austerity activists organised by the Direct Democracy Now! movement, known as the Indignant Citizens Movement (Greek: Κίνημα Αγανακτισμένων Πολιτών, Kínima Aganaktisménon-Politón), started demonstrating in major cities across Greece. This second wave of demonstrations proved different from the years before[6][7] in that they were not partisan[8] and began through peaceful means.[9] Some of the events later turned violent, particularly in the capital city of Athens.[10][11][12][13] Inspired by the anti-austerity protests in Spain, these demonstrations were organised entirely using social networking sites, which earned it the nickname "May of Facebook".[14] The demonstrations and square sit-ins were officially ended when municipal police removed demonstrators from Thessaloniki's White Tower square on 7 August 2011.[citation needed]

    On 29 June 2011, violent clashes occurred between the riot police and activists as the Greek parliament voted to accept the EU's austerity requirements. Incidents of police brutality were reported by international media such as the BBC, The Guardian, CNN iReport and The New York Times, as well as by academic research[15] and organisations Amnesty International.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The Athens Prosecutor agreed to an investigation into accusations of excessive use of tear gas, as well as the alleged use of other expired and carcinogenic chemical substances. As of 2011, the investigation was under way.[23]

    1. ^ "Outraged Greek youth follow Spanish example". euronews.eu. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. First the Arab world, then Madrid, now Athens. Outraged Greek youth has taken its lead from the Arab spring and Spanish protests over unemployment.
    2. ^ "Greece crisis: Revolution in the offing?". BBC. 19 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Inspired by the Arab uprisings, they have dug in to oppose further spending cuts in exchange for a second bail-out by the EU and IMF.
    3. ^ Νέα ένταση και κυκλοφοριακό χάος (in Greek). 29 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
    4. ^ Επεισόδια στο Σύνταγμα 12 Φεβρουαρίου 2012 (in Greek). Retrieved 12 February 2012.
    5. ^ "Μάριος Λώλος: Το χτύπημα ήταν δολοφονικό". Retrieved 22 June 2012.
    6. ^ Dalakoglou Dimitris (2012). "The Movement and the "Movement" of Syntagma Square". Cultural Anthropology. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
    7. ^ Εκπομπή: Ο δρόμος (για την πλατεία) είχε την δική του ιστορία (in Greek). koutipandoras.gr. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
    8. ^ "Στα χνάρια των Ισπανών αγανακτισμένων (On the footsteps of the Spanish 'indignados')" (in Greek). skai.gr. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
    9. ^ Αγανακτισμένοι στο Σύνταγμα (in Greek). skai.gr. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
    10. ^ "Violent anti-cut riots in Greece spark coalition talks". Metro. UK. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    11. ^ "Greece Anxiety Increases: US Stocks Ends Lower on Wednesday Trading « USA Market News". Usamarketnews.com. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    12. ^ "Greek PM George Papandreou to unveil new cabinet". BBC. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    13. ^ "Greek riot police, protesters clash during strike – World news – Europe". NBC News. 23 February 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    14. ^ "Ο Μάης του Facebook και με ομπρέλες". ethnos.gr. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
    15. ^ "Beyond Spontaneity". academia.edu. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
    16. ^ "Greece passes key austerity vote". BBC. 29 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
    17. ^ Siddique, Haroon; Batty, David (29 June 2011). "Greece austerity vote and demonstrations – Wednesday 29 June 2011". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
    18. ^ Smith, Helena (1 July 2011). "Greek police face investigation after protest violence". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    19. ^ "TEAR GAS FIRED AS GREEK POLICE CLASH WITH ATHENS PROTESTERS". Amnesty International. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    20. ^ "GREECE URGED NOT TO USE EXCESSIVE FORCE DURING PROTESTS". Amnesty International. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
    21. ^ "Back when peaceful demonstrations in Greece were massive and meaningful..." CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    22. ^ Donadio, Rachel; Sayare, Scott (29 June 2011). "Violent Clashes in the Streets of Athens". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
    23. ^ Παρέμβαση της Εισαγγελίας Πρωτοδικών για τα χημικά στα επεισόδια (in Greek). skai.gr. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
     
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    6 May 1954Roger Bannister becomes the first person to run the mile in under four minutes.

    Four-minute mile

    Blue plaque recording the first sub-four-minute mile, run by Roger Bannister on 6 May 1954 at Oxford University's Iffley Road Track

    A four-minute mile is the completion of a mile run (1.6 km) in four minutes or less. It was first achieved in 1954 by Roger Bannister, at age 25, in 3:59.4.[1] As of June 2022, the "four-minute barrier" has been broken by 1,755 athletes,[2] and is now a standard of professional middle distance runners in several cultures. In the decades since, the mile record has been lowered by 16 seconds, and currently stands at 3:43.13, by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco, at age 24, in 1999.[3][4] Running a mile in four minutes translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).[5]

    1. ^ "Sports: Bannister stuns world with 4-minute mile". Sptimes.com. 17 December 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
    2. ^ The Sub-4 Alphabetic Register (1,755 athletes as at 6 June 2022), National Union of Track Statisticians, June 30, 2022
    3. ^ "Most Popular". CNN. 8 May 2000. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.
    4. ^ YouTube video: Hicham El Guerrouj sets a world record in the mile in 1999
    5. ^ "Finding the Next Roger Bannister". Cameron Poetzscher's Sports Blog. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
     
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    7 May 1976Honda Accord officially launched.

    Honda Accord

    The Honda Accord (Japanese: ホンダ・アコード, Hepburn: Honda Akōdo, /əˈkɔːrd/), also known as the Honda Inspire (Japanese: ホンダ・インスパイア, Hepburn: Honda Insupaia) in Japan and China for certain generations, is a series of automobiles manufactured by Honda since 1976, best known for its four-door sedan variant, which has been one of the best-selling cars in the United States since 1989. The Accord nameplate has been applied to a variety of vehicles worldwide, including coupes, station wagons, hatchbacks and a Honda Crosstour crossover.

    Since its initiation, Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord, and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially. It debuted in 1976, as a compact hatchback, though this style only lasted through 1989, as the lineup was expanded to include a sedan, coupe, and wagon. By the sixth-generation Accord at the end of the 1990s, it evolved into an intermediate vehicle, with one basic platform but with different bodies and proportions to increase its competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets. For the eighth-generation Accord released for the North American market in 2007, Honda had again chosen to move the model further upscale and increase its size.[1] This pushed the Accord sedan from the upper limit of what the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines as a mid-size car to just above the lower limit of a full-size car,[2] with the coupe still rated as a mid-size car. In 2012, the ninth-generation Accord sedan, with smaller exterior dimensions, was once again classified as a mid-size car at 119 cubic feet (3.4 m3), falling just shy of the "Large Car" classification. However, the tenth-generation Accord sedan, with similar exterior dimensions, returned to full-size car status with its combined interior space of 123 cubic feet (3.5 m3); the coupe was discontinued in 2017.

    In 1982, the Accord became the first car from a Japanese manufacturer to be produced in the United States when production commenced in Marysville, Ohio at Honda's Marysville Auto Plant. The Accord has achieved considerable success, especially in the United States, where it was the best-selling Japanese car for sixteen years (1982–97), topping its class in sales in 1991 and 2001, with around ten million vehicles sold.[3] Numerous road tests, past and present, rate the Accord as one of the world's most reliable vehicles.[4] The Accord has been on the Car and Driver 10Best list a record 38 times.[5]

    In 1989, the Accord was the first vehicle sold under an import brand to become the best-selling car in the United States.[6] As of 2020, the Accord has sold more than 18 million units.[7]

    1. ^ "2008 Honda Accord Review". JB car pages. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
    2. ^ "2008 Honda Accord - Introduction". American Honda Motor Company (Press release). 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
    3. ^ "2008 Honda Accord vs. 2007 Toyota Camry – Head to Head". Motor Trend. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
    4. ^ "The 100 most reliable cars of the last decade (in order)". Gizmag.com. 21 May 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
    5. ^ Siler, Steve. "2016 Honda Accord Sedan". Car and Driver. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
    6. ^ "Honda Accord Beats Ford Taurus as Top Selling Car of 1989 in U.S." Deseret News. 26 January 1990. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
    7. ^ "History's 10 Best Selling Cars of All Time".
     
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    8 May 1912Paramount Pictures is founded.

    Paramount Pictures

    Paramount Pictures Corporation, doing business as Paramount Pictures (also known simply as Paramount) is an American film and television production and distribution company and the namesake subsidiary of Paramount Global (Previously known as ViacomCBS). It is the sixth-oldest film studio in the world, the second-oldest film studio in the United States (behind Universal Pictures), and the sole member of the "Big Five" film studios located within the city limits of Los Angeles.[1]

    In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor put 24 actors and actresses under contract and honored each with a star on the logo.[2] In 1967, the number of stars was reduced to 22 and their hidden meaning was dropped. In 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only.[3] The company's headquarters and studios are located at 5555 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood, California.[4]

    Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA).[5]

    1. ^ Bingen, Steven (2016). Paramount: City of Dreams. Guilford, Connecticut: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 9781630762018. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
    2. ^ "Star System". ocgirl 玩樂筆記 -. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
    3. ^ Fingas, Jon (January 19, 2014). "Paramount now releases movies only in digital form". Engadget. Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
    4. ^ "Directions". The Studios at Paramount. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
    5. ^ "Motion Picture Association of America – Who We Are – Our Story". MPAA. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
     
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    9 May 1949Rainier III becomes Prince of Monaco.

    Rainier III, Prince of Monaco

    Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi;[1] 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years.

    Rainier was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, the only son of Hereditary Princess Charlotte and Prince Pierre. During his reign, he was responsible for the transformation of Monaco's economy, shifting from its traditional casino gambling base to its current status as a tax haven and cultural destination. The Prince also coordinated the substantial reforms of Monaco's constitution, which limited the powers of sovereign rule.

    Rainier married American film star Grace Kelly in 1956, which generated global media attention. They had three children: Caroline, Albert and Stéphanie. Rainier died in April 2005 from complications relating to a lung infection as a result of frequent smoking; he was succeeded by his son, Albert II.

     
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    10 May 1940 – World War II: Invasion of Iceland by the United Kingdom.

    Invasion of Iceland

    The British invasion of Iceland (codenamed Operation Fork) by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy and Royal Marines occurred on 10 May 1940, during World War II. The invasion took place because the British government feared that Iceland would be used militarily by Nazi Germany, which had overrun Denmark a month earlier. Although Iceland was independently governed, it was in a personal union with Denmark, which was largely responsible for its foreign relations. The Government of Iceland issued a protest, charging that its neutrality had been "flagrantly violated" and "its independence infringed".[1]

    At the start of the World War II, the UK imposed strict export controls on Icelandic goods, preventing profitable shipments to Germany, as part of its naval blockade. The UK offered assistance to Iceland, seeking co-operation "as a belligerent and an ally", but the Icelandic government refused and reaffirmed its neutrality. The German diplomatic presence in Iceland, along with the island's strategic importance, alarmed the UK government.[2]

    After failing to persuade the Icelandic government to join the Allies, the UK invaded, on the morning of 10 May 1940. The initial force of 746 Royal Marines commanded by Colonel Robert Sturges disembarked at the capital Reykjavík. Meeting no resistance, the troops moved quickly to disable communication networks, secure strategic locations, and arrest German citizens. Requisitioning local transport, the troops moved to nearby Hvalfjörður, Kaldaðarnes, Sandskeið, and Akranes to secure potential landing areas against the possibility of a German counterattack.

    1. ^ Walling, Michael G. (20 October 2012). Forgotten Sacrifice: The Arctic Convoys of World War II. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4728-1110-3. OCLC 1026826446.
    2. ^ Stone, Bill (1998). "Iceland in the Second World War". Stone & Stone. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
     
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    11 May 1998 – India conducts three underground atomic tests in Pokhran.

    Pokhran-II

    The Pokhran-II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998.[3] It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India; the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in May 1974.[4]

    The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons with yields up to 200 kilotons.[1] The then-Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades".[5] Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test.[1]

    Pokhran-II consisted of five detonations, the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs.[3] The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998, under the assigned code name Operation Shakti, with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs.[3] On 13 May 1998, two additional fission devices were detonated,[6] and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India as a full-fledged nuclear state.[6] The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major countries including Japan and the United States.

    Many names have been assigned to these tests; originally these were collectively called Operation Shakti–98, and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti-I through to Shakti-V. More recently, the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran-II, and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran-I.[7]

    1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Ganguly, Sumit (1999). "India's Pathway to Pokhran II: The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi's Nuclear Weapons Program". International Security. 23 (4): 148–177. doi:10.1162/isec.23.4.148. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2539297. S2CID 57565560.
    3. ^ a b c CNN India Bureau (17 May 1998). "India releases pictures of nuclear tests". CNN India Bureau. CNN India Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2015. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
    4. ^ "Official press release by India". meadev.gov.in/. Ministry of External Affairs, 1998. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
    5. ^ "We have an adequate scientific database for designing ... a credible nuclear deterrent". Frontline. 16. 2–15 January 1999. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019.
    6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Nuclear politics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Why May 11 be celebrated as National Technology Day? Things you should know". Times of India. 11 May 2020.
     
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    12 May 1949Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts its blockade of Berlin.

    Berlin Blockade

    The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche Mark from West Berlin.

    The Western Allies organised the Berlin Airlift (German: Berliner Luftbrücke, lit. "Berlin Air Bridge") from 26 June 1948 to 30 September 1949 to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the size of the city and the population.[1][2] American and British air forces flew over Berlin more than 250,000 times, dropping necessities such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies daily. By the spring of 1949, that number was often met twofold, with the peak daily delivery totalling 12,941 tons.[3] Among these was the work of the later concurrent Operation Little Vittles in which candy-dropping aircraft dubbed "raisin bombers" generated much goodwill among German children.[4]

    Having initially concluded there was no way the airlift could work, the Soviets found its continued success an increasing embarrassment. On 12 May 1949, the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin, due to economic issues in East Berlin, although for a time the Americans and British continued to supply the city by air as they were worried that the Soviets would resume the blockade and were only trying to disrupt western supply lines. The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 after fifteen months. The US Air Force had delivered 1,783,573 tons (76.4% of total) and the RAF 541,937 tons (23.3% of total),[nb 1] totalling 2,334,374 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin. In addition Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African air crews assisted the RAF during the blockade.[5]: 338  The French also conducted flights, but only to provide supplies for their military garrison.[6]

    American C-47 and C-54 transport airplanes, together, flew over 92,000,000 miles (148,000,000 km) in the process, almost the distance from Earth to the Sun.[7] British transports, including Handley Page Haltons and Short Sunderlands, flew as well. At the height of the airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds.[8]

    Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation.[9] A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40 Britons and 31 Americans,[8] mostly due to non-flying accidents.

    The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe. It played a major role in aligning West Berlin with the United States and Britain as the major protecting powers,[10] and in drawing West Germany into the NATO orbit several years later in 1955.

    1. ^ Journey Across Berlin (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1957. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
    2. ^ Air Force Story, The Cold War, 1948–1950 (1953). Universal Newsreel. 1953. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
    3. ^ The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. p. 828.
    4. ^ Smoler, Fredric (April/May 2003). "Where Berlin and America Meet Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine" American Heritage. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
    5. ^ "5 – National Security". South Africa: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1997. ISBN 0-8444-0796-8.
    6. ^ Jacques Bariéty (1994). "La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin". Histoire, économie et société; Volume 13; numéro 1. pp. 29–44. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
    7. ^ Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success Archived 16 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Major Gregory C. Tine, Army Logistician
    8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference turner27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Tunner 1964, p. 218
    10. ^ Daum, Andreas W. (2000). "America's Berlin, 1945‒2000: Between Myths and Visions". In Trommler, Frank (ed.). Berlin: The New Capital in the East (PDF). The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University. pp. 49–73. Retrieved 2 March 2021.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).

     
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    13 May 1971 – Over 900 unarmed Bengali Hindus are murdered in the Demra massacre.

    Demra massacre

    Demra massacre (Bengali: ডেমরা গণহত্যা) in Bangladesh was the massacre of unarmed Hindu residents of the villages under Demra Union in present-day Faridpur Upazila in Pabna District by the Pakistan Army aided by local collaborators on 13 May 1971. It is estimated that 800–900 people were killed in a single day.[1][2] Rape and plunder were also carried out, and mosques, temples, schools and houses were set on fire.[1]

    1. ^ a b Md. Habibullah (2012). "Faridpur Upazila". In Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference tds07112010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    14 May 1973Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.

    Skylab

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    Skylab was the United States' first space station, launched by NASA,[3] occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three trios of astronaut crews: Skylab 2, Skylab 3, and Skylab 4. Operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation and hundreds of experiments. Skylab's orbit eventually decayed and it disintegrated in the atmosphere on July 11, 1979, scattering debris across the Indian Ocean and Western Australia.

    1. ^ "EP-107 Skylab: A Guidebook". NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    2. ^ Belew (1977), p. 18
    3. ^ Belew (1977), p. 15
     
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    15 May 1648The Treaty of Westphalia is signed.

    Peace of Westphalia

    The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə] ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties.[1]

    The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all delegations were present at the same time. Two treaties were signed to end the war in the Empire: the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück.[2][3] These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs (rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France (though Catholic, strongly anti-Habsburg under King Louis XIV).

    Several scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations,[4] collectively known as Westphalian sovereignty. However, some historians have argued against this, suggesting that such views emerged during the nineteenth and twentieth century in relation to concerns about sovereignty during that time.[5]

    1. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7.
    2. ^ "APW Einführung". www.pax-westphalica.de. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
    3. ^ "Peace of Westphalia | Definition, Map, Results, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
    4. ^ Patton, Steven (2019). "The Peace of Westphalia and it Affects on International Relations, Diplomacy and Foreign Policy". The Histories. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
    5. ^ Osiander, Andreas (2001). "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth". International Organization. 55 (2): 251–287. doi:10.1162/00208180151140577. JSTOR 3078632. S2CID 145407931. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
     
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    16 May 1920 – In Rome, Pope Benedict XV canonizes Joan of Arc.

    Canonization of Joan of Arc

    Joan of Arc (1412–1431) was formally canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church on 16 May 1920 by Pope Benedict XV in his bull Divina disponente,[4] which concluded the canonization process that the Sacred Congregation of Rites instigated after a petition of 1869 of the French Catholic hierarchy. Although pro-English clergy had Joan burnt at the stake for heresy in 1431, she was rehabilitated in 1456 after a posthumous retrial. Subsequently, she became a folk saint among French Catholics and soldiers inspired by her story of being commanded by God to fight for France against England. Many French regimes encouraged her cult, and the Third Republic was sympathetic to the canonization petition prior to the 1905 separation of church and state.

    1. ^ See Régine Pernoud's Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January".
    2. ^ "Chemainus Theatre Festival > The 2008 Season > Saint Joan > Joan of Arc Historical Timeline". Chemainustheatrefestival.ca. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
    3. ^ "Church of England Holy Days".
    4. ^ Pope Benedict XV, Divina Disponente (Latin), 16 May 1920, https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xv/la/bulls/documents/hf_ben-xv_bulls_19200516_divina-disponente.html.
     
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    17 May 1984Prince Charles calls a proposed addition to the National Gallery, London, a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend", sparking controversies on the proper role of the Royal Family and the course of modern architecture.

    Charles, Prince of Wales

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  33. Admin2

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    17 May 1984Prince Charles calls a proposed addition to the National Gallery, London, a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend", sparking controversies on the proper role of the Royal Family and the course of modern architecture.

    Charles, Prince of Wales

    Redirect to:

     
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    18 May 1863American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins.

    Siege of Vicksburg

    The siege of Vicksburg (May 18 – July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Mississippi, led by Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton, into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading to the successful siege and Confederate surrender.

    Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; therefore, capturing it completed the second part of the Northern strategy, the Anaconda Plan. When two major assaults against the Confederate fortifications, on May 19 and 22, were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. After holding out for more than 40 days, with their supplies nearly gone, the garrison surrendered on July 4. The Vicksburg campaign's successful ending significantly degraded the Confederacy's ability to maintain its war effort. This action, combined with the surrender of the downriver Port Hudson to Major General Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9, yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, which held it for the rest of the conflict.

    The Confederate surrender on July 4, 1863, is sometimes considered, combined with General Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg by Major General George Meade the previous day, the war's turning point. It cut off the Trans-Mississippi Department (containing the states of Arkansas, Texas and part of Louisiana) from the rest of the Confederate States, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two for the rest of the war. Lincoln called Vicksburg "the key to the war".[4]

    1. ^ See: Rawley, pp. 145–169.
    2. ^ Kennedy, p. 172.
    3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference K173 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ "History & Culture – Vicksburg National Military Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
     
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    19 May 1991Croatians vote for independence in a referendum.

    1991 Croatian independence referendum

    Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991, following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia. With 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum, with 93 percent in favor of independence. Subsequently, Croatia declared independence and the dissolution of its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991, but it introduced a three-month moratorium on the decision when urged to do so by the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe through the Brioni Agreement. The war in Croatia escalated during the moratorium, and on 8 October 1991, the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. In 1992, the countries of the European Economic Community granted Croatia diplomatic recognition and Croatia was admitted to the United Nations.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Referendum-1991-result was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    20 May 1940The Holocaust: The first prisoners arrive at a new concentration camp at Auschwitz.

    Auschwitz concentration camp

    Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz, pronounced [kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ ˈʔaʊʃvɪts] ; also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939)[3] during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers; Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labour camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben; and dozens of subcamps.[4] The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish question.

    After Germany initiated World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp.[5] The initial transport of political detainees to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish.[6] In May 1940, German criminals brought to the camp as functionaries established the camp's reputation for sadism. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for the most trivial of reasons. The first gassings—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941.

    Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Romani, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 others.[7] Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during medical experiments.

    At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. After the Holocaust ended, only 789 Schutzstaffel personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial.[8] Several were executed, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss. The Allies' failure to act on early reports of mass murder by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial.

    As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops entered the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

    1. ^ "The unloading ramps and selections". Auschwitz-Birkenau State. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019.
    2. ^ a b Piper 2000b, p. 230.
    3. ^ "Auschwitz". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2021. Auschwitz is the German name for the Polish city Oświęcim. Oświęcim is located in Poland, approximately 40 miles (about 64 km) west of Kraków. Germany annexed this area of Poland in 1939.
    4. ^ "Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz". Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019.
    5. ^ Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 166.
    6. ^ Auschwitz-Birkenau, Former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp - Memorial and Museum. "Poles in Auschwitz". auschwitz.org. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2021. The first transport of political prisoners to Auschwitz consisted almost exclusively of Poles. It was for them that the camp was founded, and the majority of prisoners were Polish for the first two years. They died of starvation, brutal mistreatment, beating, and sickness, and were executed and killed in the gas chambers.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Piperfigures was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Lasik 2000b, p. 116, n. 19.
     
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    21 May 1966 – The Ulster Volunteer Force declares war on the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland.

    Ulster Volunteer Force

    The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group based in Northern Ireland. Formed in 1965,[10] it first emerged in 1966. Its first leader was Gusty Spence, a former British Army soldier from Northern Ireland. The group undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during The Troubles. It declared a ceasefire in 1994 and officially ended its campaign in 2007, although some of its members have continued to engage in violence and criminal activities. The group is a proscribed organisation and is on the terrorist organisation list of the United Kingdom.[11]

    The UVF's declared goals were to combat Irish republicanism – particularly the Irish Republican Army (IRA) – and to maintain Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom. It was responsible for more than 500 deaths. The vast majority (more than two-thirds)[12][13] of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, who were often killed at random.[14] During the conflict, its deadliest attack in Northern Ireland was the 1971 McGurk's Bar bombing, which killed fifteen civilians. The group also carried out attacks in the Republic of Ireland from 1969 onward. The biggest of these was the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings, which killed 34 civilians, making it the deadliest terrorist attack of the conflict. The no-warning car bombings had been carried out by units from the Belfast and Mid-Ulster brigades.

    The Mid-Ulster Brigade was also responsible for the 1975 Miami Showband killings, in which three members of the popular Irish cabaret band were shot dead at a bogus military checkpoint by gunmen in British Army uniforms. Two UVF men were accidentally blown up in this attack. The UVF's last major attack was the 1994 Loughinisland massacre, in which its members shot dead six Catholic civilians in a rural pub. Until recent years,[15] it was noted for secrecy and a policy of limited, selective membership.[16][17][18][19][20] The other main loyalist paramilitary group during the conflict was the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), which had a much larger membership.

    Since the ceasefire, the UVF has been involved in rioting, drug dealing, organised crime, loan-sharking and prostitution.[21][22][23] Some members have also been found responsible for orchestrating a series of racist attacks.[24]

    1. ^ Haagerup, N.J. (1983–1984). "Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on the situation in Northern Ireland" (PDF). European Parliament. European Communities. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
    2. ^ McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (30 June 2016). "UVF - The Endgame". Poolbeg Press Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020 – via Google Books.
    3. ^ McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (30 June 2016). "UVF - the Endgame". Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
    4. ^ Aaron Edwards - UVF: Behind the Mask pp. 206, 207
    5. ^ 21:00 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfGe4WO8yok Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    6. ^ [1] Archived 2 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, BBC
    7. ^ "Stevens Inquiry: Key people". 17 April 2003.
    8. ^ "UK agents 'worked with NI paramilitary killers'". BBC News. 28 May 2015.
    9. ^ "Pat Finucane murder: 'Shocking state collusion', says PM". BBC News. 12 December 2012.
    10. ^ Billy Hutchinson and Gareth Mulvenna, My Life in Loyalism (2020), p. 11
    11. ^ "Terrorism Act 2000". Schedule 2, Act No. 11 of 2000. "Terrorism Act 2000". Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
    12. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
    13. ^ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2014. (choose "religion summary" + "status" + "organisation")
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference random was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ "Inside the UVF: Money, murders and mayhem - the loyalist gang's secrets unveiled" Archived 14 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Belfast Telegraph. 13 October 2014.
    16. ^ Taylor, Peter (1999). Loyalists: War and Peace in Northern Ireland. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p.34 ISBN 0-7475-4519-7
    17. ^ Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, Poolbeg, 1997, p. 107
    18. ^ Wood, Ian S., Crimes of Loyalty, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, pp. 6 & 191 ISBN 978-0748624270
    19. ^ Bruce, Steve. The Edge of the Union: The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 4, ISBN 978-0198279761
    20. ^ Boulton, David, U.V.F. 1966–73: An Anatomy of Loyalist Rebellion, Gill & MacMillan, 1973, p. 3 ISBN 978-0717106660
    21. ^ "Police to investigate 'UVF gangsterism'". BBC News. 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
    22. ^ "UVF mural on Shankill Road being investigated by police". BBC News. 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
    23. ^ 'UVF behind all the drug dealing in East Belfast, says PSNI'. Sunday Life, 25 March 2023, retrieved 26 March 2023
    24. ^ "UVF 'behind racist attacks in south and east Belfast'" Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Belfast Telegraph. 3 April 2014.
     
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    22 May 826HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage.

    HMS Beagle

    HMS Beagle was a Cherokee-class 10-gun brig-sloop of the Royal Navy, one of more than 100 ships of this class. The vessel, constructed at a cost of £7,803, was launched on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames. Later reports say the ship took part in celebrations of the coronation of King George IV of the United Kingdom, passing under the old London Bridge, and was the first rigged man-of-war afloat upriver of the bridge.[2][3] There was no immediate need for Beagle, so she "lay in ordinary", moored afloat but without masts or rigging. She was then adapted as a survey barque and took part in three survey expeditions.

    The second voyage of HMS Beagle is notable for carrying the recently graduated naturalist Charles Darwin around the world. While the survey work was carried out, Darwin travelled and researched geology, natural history and ethnology onshore. He gained fame by publishing his diary journal, best known as The Voyage of the Beagle, and his findings played a pivotal role in the formation of his scientific theories on evolution and natural selection.[4][5]

    1. ^ FitzRoy 1839, pp. 17–18.
    2. ^ Taylor 2008, pp. 22–24, 36.
    3. ^ Stokes 1846, p. 3.
    4. ^ "HMS 'Beagle' (1820–70)". Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
    5. ^ Howitt, William (1865). "Voyages of Captains Wickham, Fitzroy, and Stokes, in the Beagle, round the Australian Coasts, from 1837 to 1843". The History of Discovery in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand: From the Earliest Date to the Present Day. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. p. 332.
     
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    23 May 1911 – The New York Public Library is dedicated.

    New York Public Library

    The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second-largest public library in the United States behind the Library of Congress and the fourth-largest public library in the world.[5] It is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing.[6]

    The library has branches in the boroughs of the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island and affiliations with academic and professional libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The city's other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are not served by the New York Public Library system, but rather by their respective borough library systems: the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Public Library. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four research libraries, which are also open to the general public.

    The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, was developed in the 19th century, founded from an amalgamation of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age.

    The "New York Public Library" name may also refer to its Main Branch, which is easily recognizable by its lion statues named Patience and Fortitude that sit either side of the entrance. The branch was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965,[7] listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966,[8] and designated a New York City Landmark in 1967.[9]

    1. ^ "About The New York Public Library". Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
    2. ^ "New York Public Library General Fact Sheet" (PDF). Nypl.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
    3. ^ a b "New York Public Library Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Nypl.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
    4. ^ "President and Leadership". Nypl.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
    5. ^ Burke, Pat (July 2, 2015). "CTO Takes the New York Public Library Digital". CIO Insight. Quinstreet Enterprise. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
    6. ^ The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. Financial Statements and Supplemental Schedules, June 2016, p. 8.
    7. ^ "New York Public Library". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 16, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2007.
    8. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on October 2, 2007.
    9. ^ "New York Public Library" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 11, 1967. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
     
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    24 May 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.

    Fifth Crusade

    The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.

    After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem. An initial campaign in late 1217 in Syria was inconclusive, and Andrew departed. A German army led by cleric Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I of Holland, then joined the Crusade in Acre, with a goal of first conquering Egypt, viewed as the key to Jerusalem. There, cardinal Pelagius Galvani arrived as papal legate and de facto leader of the Crusade, supported by John of Brienne and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who had taken the cross in 1215, did not participate as promised.

    Following the successful siege of Damietta in 1218–1219, the Crusaders occupied the port for two years. Al-Kamil, now sultan of Egypt, offered attractive peace terms, including the restoration of Jerusalem to Christian rule. The sultan was rebuked by Pelagius several times, and the Crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221. En route, they attacked a stronghold of al-Kamil at the battle of Mansurah, but they were defeated, forced to surrender. The terms of surrender included the retreat from Damietta—leaving Egypt altogether—and an eight-year truce. The Fifth Crusade ended in September 1221, a Crusader defeat that failed to achieve its goals.

     

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