Welcome to the Podiatry Arena forums

You are currently viewing our podiatry forum as a guest which gives you limited access to view all podiatry discussions and access our other features. By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members, upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, access other special features. Registered users do not get displayed the advertisements in posted messages. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our global Podiatry community today!

  1. Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
    Dismiss Notice
Dismiss Notice
Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
Dismiss Notice
Have you liked us on Facebook to get our updates? Please do. Click here for our Facebook page.
Dismiss Notice
Do you get the weekly newsletter that Podiatry Arena sends out to update everybody? If not, click here to organise this.

This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    7 January 1999 – The Senate trial in the impeachment of U.S. President Bill Clinton begins.

    Impeachment of Bill Clinton

    Bill Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States, was impeached by the United States House of Representatives of the 105th United States Congress on December 19, 1998, for "high crimes and misdemeanors". The House adopted two articles of impeachment against Clinton, with the specific charges against Clinton being lying under oath and obstruction of justice. Two other articles had been considered but were rejected by the House vote.

    Clinton's impeachment came after a formal House inquiry, which had been launched on October 8, 1998. The charges for which Clinton was impeached stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. During pre-trial discovery in the lawsuit, Clinton gave testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The catalyst for the president's impeachment was the Starr Report, a September 1998 report prepared by Ken Starr, Independent Counsel, for the House Judiciary Committee. The Starr Report included details outlining a sexual relationship between Clinton and Lewinsky[1] Clinton was the second American president to be impeached, the first being Andrew Johnson, who was impeached in 1868.[a]

    The approved articles of impeachment would be submitted to the United States Senate on January 7, 1999. A trial in the Senate then began, with Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding. On February 12, Clinton was acquitted on both counts as neither received the necessary two-thirds majority vote of the senators present for conviction and removal from office—in this instance 67 votes were needed. On Article One, 45 senators voted to convict while 55 voted for acquittal. On Article Two, 50 senators voted to convict while 50 voted for acquittal.[3] Clinton remained in office for the remainder of his second term.[4]

    1. ^ Glass, Andrew (October 8, 2017). "House votes to impeach Clinton, Oct. 8, 1998". Politico. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
    2. ^ "House begins impeachment of Nixon". history.com. A&E Television Networks. February 26, 2019 [Published November 24, 2009]. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
    3. ^ Baker, Peter (February 13, 1999). "The Senate Acquits President Clinton". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Co. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
    4. ^ Riley, Russell L. (October 4, 2016). "Bill Clinton: Domestic Affairs". millercenter.org. Charlottesville, Virginia: The Miller Center, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2019.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  2. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 January 2010 – Gunmen from an offshoot the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda attack a bus carrying the Togo national football team on its way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, killing three.

    Togo national football team attack

    A terrorist attack occurred on 8 January 2010 as the Togo national football team traveled through the Angolan province of Cabinda on the way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament, two days before it began in Angola.[2] A little-known offshoot of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), a group promoting independence for the province of Cabinda, known as the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda – Military Position (FLEC-PM), claimed responsibility for the attack.[3] Bus driver Mário Adjoua, the team's assistant manager Améleté Abalo, and media officer Stanislas Ocloo were killed, with several others injured.[4] Secretary General of the FLEC-PM Rodrigues Mingas, currently exiled in France, claimed the attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy.[3] Authorities reported two suspects were detained in connection with the attacks.[5]

    1. ^ "Togo withdraw from Africa Cup of Nations". BBC Sport. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
    2. ^ "Assistant coach among dead in attack on Togo team". CNN. 9 January 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
    3. ^ a b Sturcke, James (11 January 2010). "Togo footballers were attacked by mistake, Angolan rebels say". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
    4. ^ "Rss Liste des blessés lors de l'attaque contre le bus des Eperviers". Ajst.info. Retrieved 20 June 2010.[permanent dead link]
    5. ^ Aleisha Tissen (11 January 2010). "Two held over attack on team". The Citizen. Retrieved 11 January 2010.[permanent dead link]
     
  3. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    9 January 2015 – The perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris two days earlier are both killed after a hostage situation; a second hostage situation, related to the Charlie Hebdo shooting, occurs at a Jewish market in Vincennes.

    Charlie Hebdo shooting

    On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 a.m. in Paris, France, the employees of the French satirical weekly magazine Charlie Hebdo were targeted in a shooting attack by two French-born Algerian Muslim brothers, Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi. Armed with rifles and other weapons, the duo murdered 12 people and injured 11 others; they identified themselves as members of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, which claimed responsibility for the attack. They fled after the shooting, triggering a manhunt, and were killed by the GIGN on 9 January. The Kouachi brothers' attack was followed by several related Islamist terrorist attacks across the Île-de-France between 7 and 9 January 2015, including the Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege, in which a French-born Malian Muslim took hostages and murdered four people (all Jews) before being killed by French commandos.

    In response to the shooting, France raised its Vigipirate terror alert and deployed soldiers in Île-de-France and Picardy. A major manhunt led to the discovery of the suspects, who exchanged fire with police. The brothers took hostages at a signage company in Dammartin-en-Goële on 9 January and were shot dead when they emerged from the building firing.

    On 11 January, about two million people, including more than 40 world leaders, met in Paris for a rally of national unity, and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across France. The phrase Je suis Charlie became a common slogan of support at rallies and on social media. The staff of Charlie Hebdo continued with the publication, and the following issue print ran 7.95 million copies in six languages, compared to its typical print run of 60,000 in French only.

    Charlie Hebdo is a publication that has always courted controversy with satirical attacks on political and religious leaders. It published cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 2012, forcing France to temporarily close embassies and schools in more than 20 countries amid fears of reprisals. Its offices were firebombed in November 2011 after publishing a previous caricature of Muhammad on its cover.

    On 16 December 2020, 14 people who were accomplices to both the Charlie Hebdo and Jewish supermarket attackers were convicted.[5] However, three of these accomplices were still not yet captured and were tried in absentia.[5]

    1. ^ "En images: à 11 h 30, des hommes armés ouvrent le feu rue Nicolas-Appert". Le Monde. 7 January 2015.
    2. ^ Woolf, Christopher (15 January 2015). "Where did the Paris attackers get their guns?". PRI The World. Minneapolis, US: Public Radio International. Retrieved 16 January 2015. The weapons seen in various images of the attackers include Zastava M70 assault rifle; vz. 61 submachine gun; several Russian-designed Tokarev TT pistols and a grenade or rocket launcher – probably the Yugoslav M80 Zolja.
    3. ^ Withnall, Adam; Lichfield, John (7 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
    4. ^ "Al Qaeda claims French attack, derides Paris rally". Reuters. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
    5. ^ a b Salaün, Tangi (16 December 2020). "French court finds accomplices to Charlie Hebdo attackers guilty". Reuters. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
     
  4. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    10 January 1966Tashkent Declaration, a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

    Tashkent Declaration

    The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Peace was achieved on 23 September through interventions by the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which pushed the two warring countries towards a ceasefire in an attempt to avoid any escalation that could draw in other powers.[1][2]

    1. ^ "The 1965 war". BBC News website. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference RB was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  5. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    11 January 1972East Pakistan renames itself Bangladesh.

    Bangladesh

    Bangladesh[a] (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ, romanizedBāṅlādeś, pronounced [ˈbaŋlaˌdeʃ] ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,[b] is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and is among the most densely populated countries with a population of nearly 170 million in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar[c] to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the mountainous Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. Khulna, Rajshahi and Sylhet are other major cities. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali.[citation needed]

    Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947 as part of majority-Muslim Pakistan, which it gained independence from in 1971.[28] The country has a Bengali Muslim majority. Ancient Bengal was known as Gangaridai and was a bastion of pre-Islamic kingdoms. Muslim conquests after 1204 heralded the sultanate and Mughal periods, during which an independent Bengal Sultanate and a wealthy Mughal Bengal transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. After 1757, Bengal's administrative jurisdiction reached its greatest extent under the Bengal Presidency of the British Empire. The creation of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. In 1940, the first Prime Minister of Bengal, A. K. Fazlul Huq, supported the Lahore Resolution. Before the partition of Bengal, a Bengali sovereign state was first proposed by premier H. S. Suhrawardy. A referendum and the announcement of the Radcliffe Line established the present-day territorial boundary.

    In 1947, East Bengal became the most populous province in the Dominion of Pakistan. It was renamed as East Pakistan, with Dhaka becoming the country's legislative capital. The Bengali Language Movement in 1952; the East Bengali legislative election, 1954; the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état; the six point movement of 1966; and the 1970 Pakistani general election resulted in the rise of Bengali nationalism and pro-democracy movements. The refusal of the Pakistani military junta to transfer power to the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The Mukti Bahini, aided by India, waged a successful armed revolution. The conflict saw the Bangladesh genocide and the massacre of pro-independence Bengali civilians, including intellectuals. The new state of Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia in 1972.[29] Islam was declared the state religion in 1988.[30][31][32] In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.[33]

    A middle power in the Indo-Pacific,[34] Bangladesh is home to the sixth-most spoken language in the world, the third-largest Muslim-majority population in the world, and the second-largest economy in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest military in the region and is the largest contributor of personnel to UN peacekeeping operations.[35] Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. Bengalis make up 99% of the total population.[36] The country consists of eight divisions, 64 districts and 495 subdistricts, as well as the world's largest mangrove forest. It hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world due to the Rohingya genocide.[37]

    Bangladesh faces many challenges, particularly corruption, political instability, overpopulation and effects of climate change. Bangladesh has been a leader within the Climate Vulnerable Forum. It hosts the headquarters of BIMSTEC. It is a founding member of the SAARC, as well as a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Nations.[citation needed]

    1. ^ "National Symbols→National march". Bangladesh Tourism Board. Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2015. In 13 January 1972, the ministry of Bangladesh has adopted this song as a national marching song on its first meeting after the country's independence.
    2. ^ "'Joy Bangla' to be national slogan: HC". Daily Prothom Alo. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
    3. ^ "HC orders govt to announce 'Joy Bangla' as national slogan in three months". bdnews24.com. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
    4. ^ "The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
    5. ^ "বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭" [Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd (in Bengali). Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
    6. ^ Mintu Deshwara, Pinaki Roy (21 February 2021). "The last of the Kharia speakers". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2 January 2024. After our death, nobody will speak this language [Kharia]. I tried to teach the language to the younger people but they do not show interest and laugh at me when I speak in Kharia.
    7. ^ Jengcham, Subhas (2012). "Bonaz". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
    8. ^ "Telugu people's permanent rehabilitation demanded". New Age. Dhaka. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
    9. ^ Shahabuddin, Mohammad (24 October 2021). ঢাকাইয়া সোব্বাসি ও তাদের ভাষা [Dhakaiya Sobbasi and their language]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). Retrieved 28 September 2022.
    10. ^ "Vote for 'stranded Pakistanis'". BBC News. 6 May 2003. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
    11. ^ "Bangladesh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
    12. ^ "Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected". The Daily Star. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
    13. ^ "Census data confirm decline of Bangladesh's religious minorities". www.asianews.it.
    14. ^ The Constitution of the People‌‌‍'s Republic of Bangladesh ( ACT NO. OF 1972 ). (n.d.). In Bangladesh. Retrieved June 13, 2023, from http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-367/section-24549.html Archived 17 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
    15. ^ "Population of minority religions decrease further in Bangladesh". The Business Standard. 27 July 2022.
    16. ^ "Census 2022: Bangladesh population now 165 million". 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
    17. ^ "A Perilous Moment for Bangladesh's Democracy". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
    18. ^ a b c "Bangladesh". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 13 November 2021. (Archived 2021 edition)
    19. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2022: Post Enumeration Check (PEC) Adjusted Population" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 18 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
    20. ^ "Report: 68% Bangladeshis live in villages". Dhaka Tribune. 28 November 2023.
    21. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
    22. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
    23. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". International Monetary Fund - IMF. IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
    24. ^ "Download World Economic Outlook database: April 2023". IMF. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
    25. ^ "KEY FINDINGS HIES 2022" (PDF) (Press release). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
    26. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
    27. ^ "Bangladesh". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4.
    28. ^ Frank E. Eyetsemitan; James T. Gire (2003). Aging and Adult Development in the Developing World: Applying Western Theories and Concepts. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-89789-925-3.
    29. ^ Lailufar Yasmin. "Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh". Institute for Global Change. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    30. ^ "Bangladesh profile – Timeline". BBC News. 26 February 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    31. ^ Alam, Shah (1991). "The State-Religion Amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Critique". Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 24 (2): 209–225. JSTOR 43110030. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    32. ^ "Writ challenging Islam as state religion rejected". The Daily Star. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    33. ^ "Bangladesh" (PDF). U.S. State Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
    34. ^ "A rising Bangladesh starts to exert its regional power". The Interpreter. Lowyinstitute.org. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    35. ^ "Contribution of Uniformed Personnel to UN by Country and Personnel Type" (PDF). United Nations. 4 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
    36. ^ Roy, Pinaki; Deshwara, Mintu (9 August 2022). "Ethnic population in 2022 census: Real picture not reflected". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
    37. ^ Mahmud, Faisal. "Four years on, Rohingya stuck in Bangladesh camps yearn for home". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  6. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    12 January 1970Biafra capitulates, ending the Nigerian Civil War.

    Nigerian Civil War

    The Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970), also known as the Biafran War, was a civil war fought between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra, a secessionist state which had declared its independence from Nigeria in 1967. Nigeria was led by General Yakubu Gowon, while Biafra was led by Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu.[15] Biafra represented the nationalist aspirations of the Igbo ethnic group, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the federal government dominated by the interests of the Muslim Hausa-Fulanis of Northern Nigeria.[16] The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded the United Kingdom's formal decolonisation of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup, and anti-Igbo pogroms in Northern Nigeria.[17]

    Within a year, Nigerian government troops surrounded Biafra, and captured coastal oil facilities and the city of Port Harcourt. A blockade was imposed as a deliberate policy during the ensuing stalemate which led to the mass starvation of Biafran civilians.[18] During the 2+12 years of the war, there were about 100,000 overall military casualties, while between 500,000 and 2 million Biafran civilians died of starvation.[19]

    Alongside the concurrent Vietnam War, the Nigerian Civil War was one of the first wars in human history to be televised to a global audience.[20] In mid-1968, images of malnourished and starving Biafran children saturated the mass media of Western countries. The plight of the starving Biafrans became a cause célèbre in foreign countries, enabling a significant rise in the funding and prominence of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Biafra received international humanitarian aid from civilians during the Biafran airlift, an event which inspired the formation of Doctors Without Borders following the end of the war. The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the main supporters of the Nigerian government, while France, Israel (after 1968) and some other countries supported Biafra.[21] The United States' official position was one of neutrality, considering Nigeria as "a responsibility of Britain",[22] but some interpret the refusal to recognise Biafra as favouring the Nigerian government.[23][24]

    The war exposed flaws in pan-Africanism early in the era of African independence from colonialism, by providing evidence that the peoples of Africa are too diverse to find common unity, and it also revealed early weaknesses of the Organization of African Unity.[25] The war also resulted in the political marginalization of the Igbo people, as Nigeria has not had another Igbo president since the end of the war, leading some Igbo people to believe they are being unfairly punished for the war.[26] Igbo nationalism has emerged since the end of the war, as well as various neo-Biafran secessionist groups such as the Indigenous People of Biafra and Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra.[27] All the Post-Biafra groups were aimed at agitating for memories and interest of all easterners.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ a b c d Jowett, Philip S.; Ruggeri, Raffaele (2016). Modern African wars. 5: The Nigerian-Biafran war 1967-70 / Philip S. Jowett ; illustrated by Raffaele Ruggeri. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472816115.
    2. ^ a b S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Starve a rebellious nation to death". tvpworld.com.
    3. ^ Lionel, Ekene (15 April 2018). "Lynn Garrison: Biafran War Pilot Speaks on His Exploits – Military Africa".
    4. ^ Nkwocha, 2010: 156
    5. ^ a b c Karl DeRouen & U. K. Heo (2007). Civil wars of the world: Major conflicts since World War II. Tomo I. Santa Bárbara: ABC CLIO, p. 569. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
    6. ^ a b c Phillips, Charles, & Alan Axelrod (2005). "Nigerian-Biafran War". Encyclopedia of Wars. Tomo II. New York: Facts On File, Inc., ISBN 978-0-8160-2853-5.
    7. ^ Onyema Nkwocha (2010). The Republic of Biafra: Once Upon a Time in Nigeria: My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War – A Struggle for Survival (1967–1970). Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4520-6867-1.
    8. ^ West Africa. Londres: Afrimedia International, 1969, p. 1565. "Malnutrition affects adults less than children, half of whom have now died, reports Debrel, who also describes the reorganisation of the Biafran army after the 1968 defeats, making it a 'political' army of 110,000 men; its automatic weapons, ..."
    9. ^ Stan Chu Ilo (2006). The Face of Africa: Looking Beyond the Shadows. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4208-9705-0.
    10. ^ Paul R. Bartrop (2012). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO, p. 107. ISBN 978-0-313-38679-4.
    11. ^ Bridgette Kasuka (2012). Prominent African Leaders Since Independence. Bankole Kamara Taylor, p. 331. ISBN 978-1-4700-4358-2.
    12. ^ Stevenson 2014, p. 314: "The mass killing during the Nigeria-Biafra War was the result of a 'deliberately imposed economic blockade on the inhabitants of Nigeria's southeastern region by the country's federal government' that led to an induced 'famine in which over two million people died of starvation and related diseases.'"
    13. ^ Godfrey Mwakikagile (2001). Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria. Huntington: Nova Publishers, p. 176. ISBN 978-1-56072-967-9.
    14. ^ DeRouen & Heo, 2007: 570
    15. ^ "Nigeria – Independent Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
    16. ^ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). "A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 62 (4): 868–894. doi:10.1017/S0010417520000316. S2CID 224852757.
    17. ^ Plotnicov, Leonard (1971). "An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 9 (2): 297–305. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00024976. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159448. S2CID 154565379.
    18. ^ Campbell, Colin (29 March 1987). "Starvation Was The Policy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
    19. ^ "ICE Case Studies: The Biafran War". American University: ICE Case Studies. American University. 1997. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
    20. ^ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). A history of the Republic of Biafra : law, crime, and the Nigerian Civil War. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108887748.
    21. ^ Chinua, Achebe (2012). There was a country: a personal history of Biafra. pearson.
    22. ^ Luepke, Anna-Katharina (2018). The 'Other Side' of the Nigeria-Biafra War: A Transnational History (PDF) (PhD). Bangor University. p. 2. Retrieved 10 January 2023. p. 2: The United States, on the other hand, professed neutrality considering Nigeria, in the words of an American diplomat, as 'a responsibility of Britain'.
    23. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968". Office of the Historian, US State Department. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
    24. ^ Luepke, Anna-Katharina (2018). The 'Other Side' of the Nigeria-Biafra War: A Transnational History (PDF) (PhD). Bangor University. p. 104. Retrieved 10 January 2023. p. 104: Despite remaining officially neutral and declaring an arms embargo on both sides, the United States leaned more towards federal Nigeria. A report prepared for president Nixon in January 1969 sees U.S. options as limited, arguing that 'our role is important but it alone will not ensure a solution' and 'to the degree that we have leverage, we have it only with the Feds'. The U.S. thus followed a policy described in the report in the following terms: 'support the Feds diplomatically, endorse "One Nigeria" with Ibo protection but refuse to sell arms'.
    25. ^ Ayittey, George B. N. (November 2010). "The United States of Africa: A Revisit". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 632 (1): 86–102. doi:10.1177/0002716210378988. S2CID 145436388.
    26. ^ Ugwueze, Michael I. (3 April 2021). "Biafra War Documentaries: Explaining Continual Resurgence of Secessionist Agitations in the South-East, Nigeria". Civil Wars. 23 (2): 207–233. doi:10.1080/13698249.2021.1903781. S2CID 233593634.
    27. ^ Onuoha, G. (2014). "The politics of 'hope' and 'despair': Generational dimensions to Igbo nationalism in post-civil war Nigeria". African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie. 18 (1): 2–26. doi:10.4314/asr.v18i1 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 1027-4332.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
     
  7. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    13 January 1993 – The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is signed.

    Chemical Weapons Convention

    The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands. The treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and also prohibits large-scale development, production, stockpiling, or transfer of chemical weapons or their precursors, except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.

    As of August 2022, 193 states have become parties to the CWC and accept its obligations. Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty.[1][5] Most recently, the State of Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018. In September 2013, Syria acceded to the convention as part of an agreement for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.[6][7]

    As of February 2021, 98.39% of the world's declared chemical weapons stockpiles had been destroyed.[8] The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and production of chemical weapons based on the intelligence of other state parties.

    Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have numerous large-scale industrial uses (such as phosgene) are highly regulated; however, certain notable exceptions exist. Chlorine gas is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon. Certain state powers (e.g. the Assad regime of Syria) continue to regularly manufacture and implement such chemicals in combat munitions.[9] Although these chemicals are not specifically listed as controlled by the CWC, the use of any toxic chemical as a weapon (when used to produce fatalities solely or mainly through its toxic action) is in-and-of itself forbidden by the treaty. Other chemicals, such as white phosphorus,[10] are highly toxic but are legal under the CWC when they are used by military forces for reasons other than their toxicity.[11]

    1. ^ a b c d e f g "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction". United Nations Treaty Collection. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
    2. ^ Chemical Weapons Convention, Article 21.
    3. ^ Chemical Weapons Convention, Article 23.
    4. ^ Chemical Weapons Convention, Article 24.
    5. ^ "Angola Joins the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons". OPCW. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
    6. ^ "Resolution 2118 (2013)" (doc). United Nations documents. United Nations. 27 September 2013. p. 1. Retrieved 28 April 2017. Noting that on 14 September 2013, the Syrian Arab Republic deposited with the Secretary-General its instrument of accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Convention) and declared that it shall comply with its stipulations and observe them faithfully and sincerely, applying the Convention provisionally pending its entry into force for the Syrian Arab Republic
    7. ^ "U.S. sanctions Syrian officials for chemical weapons attacks". Reuters. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
    8. ^ "OPCW by the Numbers". Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
    9. ^ "Third report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism". 24 August 2016.
    10. ^ "'White phosphorus not used as chemical weapon in Syria'". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
    11. ^ Paul Reynolds (16 November 2005). "White phosphorus: weapon on the edge". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
     
  8. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    14 January 1950 – The first prototype of the MiG-17 makes its maiden flight.

    Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17

    The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-17; NATO reporting name: Fresco)[1] is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the Soviet Union from 1952 and was operated by air forces internationally. The MiG-17 was license-built in China as the Shenyang J-5 and Poland as the PZL-Mielec Lim-6. The MiG-17 is still being used by the North Korean air force in the present day and has seen combat in the Middle East and Asia.

    The MiG-17 was an advanced modification of the MiG-15 aircraft produced by the Soviet Union during the Korean War. Production of the MiG-17 was too late for use in that conflict and was first used in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958. While the MiG-17 was designed to shoot down slower American bombers, it showed surprising success when used by North Vietnamese pilots to combat American fighters and fighter-bombers during the Vietnam War, nearly a decade after its initial design. This was due to the MiG-17 being more agile and maneuverable than the American F-4 Phantom and F-105 Thunderchief, which were focused on speed and long range combat, as well as the fact that MiG-17 was armed with guns, which initial models of the F-4 Phantom lacked.[2]

    1. ^ Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles." Non-U.S. Military Aircraft and Missile Designations, revised 18 January 2008. Retrieved: 30 March 2009.
    2. ^ Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles: 5.1 "Type" Numbers (1947-1955)." Non-U.S. Military Aircraft and Missile Designations, revised 18 January 2008. Retrieved: 30 March 2009.
     
  9. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    15 January 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya.

    Muammar Gaddafi

    Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi[pron 1] (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his killing in 2011 by rebel forces. He first served as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the Brotherly Leader of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.

    Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin Arab family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. Having taken power, Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council. Ruling by decree, he deported Libya's Italian population and ejected its Western military bases. Strengthening ties to Arab nationalist governments—particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt—he unsuccessfully advocated pan-Arab political union. An Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and promoted Islamic socialism. He nationalized the oil industry and used the increasing state revenues to bolster the military, fund foreign revolutionaries, and implement social programs emphasizing housebuilding, healthcare and education projects. In 1973, he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of Basic People's Congresses, presented as a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year in The Green Book.

    In 1977 Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new socialist state called a Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772 left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. A particularly hostile relationship developed with Israel, the United States and the United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations–imposed economic sanctions. From 1999, Gaddafi shunned pan-Arabism, and encouraged pan-Africanism and rapprochement with Western nations; he was Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. Amid the 2011 Arab Spring, protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya. The situation descended into civil war, in which NATO intervened militarily on the side of the anti-Gaddafist National Transitional Council (NTC). Gaddafi's government was overthrown; he retreated to Sirte only to be captured, tortured and killed by NTC militants.

    A highly divisive figure, Gaddafi dominated Libya's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive cult of personality. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his anti-imperialist stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, as well as for significant development to the country following the discovery of oil reserves. Conversely, many Libyans strongly opposed Gaddafi's social and economic reforms; he was posthumously accused of various human rights violations. He was condemned by many as a dictator whose authoritarian administration systematically violated human rights and financed global terrorism in the region and abroad.

    1. ^ "Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died". BBC News. 31 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference INDtncofficialgov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Staff (23 August 2011). "Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19". Libya Live Blog. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference taipeitimmes20110826 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session". United Nations. 16 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
    6. ^ "How are you supposed to spell Muammar Gaddafi/Khadafy/Qadhafi?". The Straight Dope. 1986. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2006.
    7. ^ Gibson, Charles (22 September 2009). "How Many Different Ways Can You Spell 'Gaddafi'". ABC News. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
    8. ^ "Saif Gaddafi on How to Spell His Last Name". The Daily Beast. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
    9. ^ Fisher, Max (24 August 2011). "Rebel Discovers Qaddafi Passport, Real Spelling of Leader's Name". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
    10. ^ Anil Kandangath (25 February 2011). "How Do You Spell Gaddafi's Name?". Doublespeak Blog. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011.
    11. ^ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
    12. ^ Pereira, Christophe (2008). "Libya". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. 3. Brill. pp. 52–58.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
    Cite error: There are <ref group=pron> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=pron}} template (see the help page).

     
  10. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    16 January 1991 – Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq, beginning the Gulf War.

    Gulf War

    The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the aerial bombing campaign against Iraq on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led liberation of Kuwait on 28 February 1991.

    On 2 August 1990, Iraq, governed by dictator Saddam Hussein, launched an invasion of neighboring Kuwait and fully occupied the country within two days. Initially, Iraq ran the occupied territory under a puppet government known as the "Republic of Kuwait" before proceeding with an outright annexation in which Kuwaiti sovereign territory was split, with the "Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District" being carved out of the country's northern portion and the "Kuwait Governorate" covering the rest. Varying speculations have been made regarding intents behind the Iraqi invasion, most notably including Iraq's inability to repay a US$14 billion debt the country had borrowed from Kuwait to finance its prior war with Iran. Kuwait's demands for repayment were coupled with its surge in petroleum production levels, which kept revenues down for Iraq and further weakened its economic prospects; throughout much of the 1980s, Kuwait's oil production was above its mandatory quota under OPEC, which kept international oil prices down. Iraq interpreted the Kuwaiti refusal to decrease oil production as an act of aggression towards the Iraqi economy, leading up to the hostilities.

    The invasion of Kuwait was immediately met with international condemnation, including Resolution 660 by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and economic sanctions were unanimously imposed on Iraq in its Resolution 661. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and American president George H. W. Bush deployed troops and equipment into Saudi Arabia and openly urged other countries to send their own forces. An array of countries joined the American-led coalition, forming the largest military alliance since World War II. The bulk of the coalition's military power was from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and Egypt as the largest lead-up contributors, in that order; Saudi Arabia and the Kuwaiti government-in-exile paid out around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost to mobilize the coalition against Iraq.

    UNSC Resolution 678 adopted on 29 November 1990 offered Iraq one final chance until 15 January 1991 to implement Resolution 660 and withdraw from Kuwait; it further empowered states after the deadline to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait. Initial efforts to dislodge the Iraqis from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991, which continued for five weeks. As the Iraqi military struggled against the coalition attacks, Iraq began to fire missiles at Israel. The coalition did not include Israel, however the Iraqi leadership expected the missile barrage to provoke an independent Israeli military response, which would prompt the coalition's Muslim-majority countries to withdraw (see Arab–Israeli conflict). The provocation was unsuccessful; Israel did not retaliate and Iraq continued to remain at odds with most Muslim-majority countries. Iraqi missile barrages against coalition targets in Saudi Arabia were also largely unsuccessful, and on 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a major ground assault into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. The offensive was a decisive victory for the coalition, who liberated Kuwait and promptly began to advance past the Iraq–Kuwait border into Iraqi territory. A hundred hours after the beginning of the ground campaign, the coalition ceased its advance into Iraq and declared a ceasefire. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas straddling the Iraq–Saudi Arabia border.

    The conflict marked the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the American network CNN. It has also earned the nickname Video Game War, after the daily broadcast of images from cameras onboard American bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The Gulf War has gained notoriety for including three of the largest tank battles in American military history.

    1. ^ "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
    2. ^ Persian Gulf War, the Sandhurst-trained Prince
      Khaled bin Sultan al-Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf
      www.casi.org.uk/discuss Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    3. ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander, with US General Norman Schwarzkopf, of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    4. ^ Knights, Michael (2005). Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power. United States Naval Institute. p. 20]. ISBN 978-1-59114-444-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    5. ^ a b "Persian Gulf War". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
    6. ^ 18 M1 Abrams, 11 M60, 2 AMX-30
    7. ^ CheckPoint, Ludovic Monnerat. "Guerre du Golfe: le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna".
    8. ^ Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: Certain Victory. Brassey's, 1994, p. 279.
    9. ^ Halberstadt 1991. p. 35
    10. ^ Atkinson, Rick. Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. pp. 332–3
    11. ^ Captain Todd A. Buchs, B. Co. Commander, Knights in the Desert. Publisher/Editor Unknown. p. 111.
    12. ^ Malory, Marcia. "Tanks During the First Gulf War – Tank History". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
    13. ^ M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956–92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby
    14. ^ "TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
    15. ^ NSIAD-92-94, "Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams". Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine US General Accounting Office, 10 January 1992. Quote: "According to information provided by the Army's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones
    16. ^ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 (Air War) Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Acig.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2011
    17. ^ a b c d e Bourque (2001), p. 455.
    18. ^ "Appendix – Iraqi Death Toll | The Gulf War | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
    19. ^ Tucker-Jones, Anthony (31 May 2014). The Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm 1990–1991. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3730-0. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
    20. ^ "Human Rights Watch". Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
    21. ^ "Appendix A: Chronology - February 1991". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
    22. ^ "Iraq air force wants Iran to give back its planes". Reuters. 10 August 2007.
    23. ^ "The Use of Terror during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait". The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from the original on 24 January 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
    24. ^ "Kuwait: missing people: a step in the right direction". Red Cross. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
    25. ^ "The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict". Project on Defense Alternatives. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
     
  11. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    17 January 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session.

    United Nations Security Council

    The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN)[2] and is charged with ensuring international peace and security,[3] recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly,[4] and approving any changes to the UN Charter.[5] Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping operations, enacting international sanctions, and authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN body with authority to issue resolutions that are binding on member states.

    Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created after World War II to address the failings of the League of Nations in maintaining world peace. It held its first session on 17 January 1946 but was largely paralyzed in the following decades by the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (and their allies). Nevertheless, it authorized military interventions in the Korean War and the Congo Crisis and peacekeeping missions in Cyprus, West New Guinea, and the Sinai Peninsula. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, UN peacekeeping efforts increased dramatically in scale, with the Security Council authorizing major military and peacekeeping missions in Kuwait, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

    The Security Council consists of fifteen members, of which five are permanent:[6] China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These were the great powers that were the victors of World War II (or their successor states). Permanent members can veto (block) any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states to the United Nations or nominees for the office of Secretary-General. This veto right does not carry over into any General Assembly or emergency special sessions of the General Assembly[citation needed] matters or votes. The other ten members are elected on a regional basis for a term of two years. The body's presidency rotates monthly among its members.

    Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, which consist of military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. As of November 2021, there have been 12 peacekeeping missions with over 87,000 personnel from 121 countries, with a total annual budget of approximately $6.3 billion.[7]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Security Council Presidency | United Nations Security Council". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
    2. ^ "Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations". Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    3. ^ "Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations". Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    4. ^ "Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations". Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    5. ^ "Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations". Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    6. ^ "Article 23 (1) of the Charter of the United Nations". www.un.org. United Nations. 26 June 1945. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
    7. ^ "Data for November 2021" (PDF). United Nations Peacekeeping. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
     
  12. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    18 January 2002Sierra Leone Civil War is declared over.

    Sierra Leone Civil War

    The Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002), or the Sierra Leonean Civil War, was a civil war in Sierra Leone that began on 23 March 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), with support from the special forces of Liberian dictator Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), intervened in Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow the Joseph Momoh government. The resulting civil war lasted 11 years, enveloping the country. It left over 50,000 dead.[15]

    During the first year of the war, the RUF took control of large swathes of territory in eastern and southern Sierra Leone, which were rich in alluvial diamonds. The government's ineffective response to the RUF and the disruption in government diamond production precipitated a military coup d'état in April 1992, organized by the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC).[17] By the end of 1993, the Sierra Leone Army (SLA) had succeeded in pushing the RUF rebels back to the Liberian border, but the RUF recovered and fighting continued. In March 1995, Executive Outcomes (EO), a South Africa-based private military company, was hired to repel the RUF. Sierra Leone installed an elected civilian government in March 1996, and the retreating RUF signed the Abidjan Peace Accord. Under UN pressure, the government terminated its contract with EO before the accord could be implemented, and hostilities recommenced.[18][19]

    In May 1997, a group of disgruntled SLA officers staged a coup and established the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) as the new government of Sierra Leone.[20] The RUF joined with the AFRC to capture the capital city, Freetown, with little resistance. The new government, led by Johnny Paul Koroma, declared the war over. A wave of looting, rape, and murder followed the announcement.[1] Reflecting international dismay at the overturning of the civilian government, Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) forces intervened and retook Freetown on behalf of the government, but they found the outlying regions more difficult to pacify.

    In January 1999, world leaders intervened diplomatically to promote negotiations between the RUF and the government.[21] The Lome Peace Accord, signed on 27 March 1999, was the result. Lome gave Foday Sankoh, the commander of the RUF, the vice presidency and control of Sierra Leone's diamond mines in return for a cessation of the fighting and the deployment of a UN peacekeeping force (United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, UNAMSIL) to monitor the disarmament process. RUF compliance with the disarmament process was inconsistent and sluggish, and by May 2000, the rebels were advancing again upon Freetown.[22]

    As the UN mission began to fail, the United Kingdom declared its intention to intervene in the former colony and Commonwealth member in an attempt to support the severely weak government of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. With help from a renewed UN mandate and Guinean air support, the British Operation Palliser finally defeated the RUF, retaking control of Freetown. On 18 January 2002, President Kabbah declared the Sierra Leone Civil War over.

    1. ^ a b Gberie, p. 102
    2. ^ Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (3 September 1999) Sierra Leone: The Tamaboros and their role in the Sierra Leonian conflict. UNHCR. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
    3. ^ "Торговля оружием и будущее Белоруссии – Владимир Сегенюк – NewsLand". newsland.com.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference bd was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference bd1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference bd2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference bd3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ "UN Peace Keeping Missions: Sierra Leone (2001 – Dec 2005)". pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Pakistan Army. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
    9. ^ "Africa | Peacekeepers feared killed". BBC News. 23 May 2000. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
    10. ^ "UK | Britain's role in Sierra Leone". BBC News. 10 September 2000. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
    11. ^ Doyle, Mark. "Farewell to the general". Retrieved 17 July 2015.
    12. ^ "Liberia: Former Rebel Commander Benjamin Yeaten Still A Fugitive From Justice". African Orbit. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
    13. ^ "UNAMSIL: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone – Background". Un.org. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
    14. ^ Iron, Richard (February 2019). Rapid Intervention and Conflict Resolution: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone 2000– 2002. Australian Army Research Centre. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
    15. ^ a b c Gberie, p. 6
    16. ^ Kaldor, Mary; Vincent, James (2006). Evaluation of UNDP assistance to conflict-affected countries: Case Study: Sierra Leone (PDF). New York City: United Nations Development Programme. p. 4. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
    17. ^ Gberie, p. 103
    18. ^ Keen, p. 111
    19. ^ Abdullah, p. 118
    20. ^ Abdullah, p. 180
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gberie161 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ Abdullah, pp. 214–217
     
  13. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    19 January 1983Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie is arrested in Bolivia.

    Klaus Barbie

    Nikolaus Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was a German officer of the SS and SD who worked in Vichy France during World War II. He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners—primarily Jews and members of the French Resistance—as the head of the Gestapo in Lyon. After the war, United States intelligence services employed him for his anti-communist efforts and aided his escape to Bolivia, where he advised the dictatorial regime on how to repress opposition through torture. In 1983, the United States apologised to France for the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps helping him escape to Bolivia,[2] aiding Barbie's escape from an outstanding arrest warrant.[3]

    In 1972, it was discovered he was in Bolivia. While in Bolivia, the West German Intelligence Service recruited him. Barbie is suspected of having had a role in the Bolivian coup d'état orchestrated by Luis García Meza in 1980. After the fall of the dictatorship, Barbie lost the protection of the government in La Paz. In 1983, he was arrested and extradited to France, where he was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life in prison. Although he had been sentenced to death in absentia twice earlier, in 1947 and 1954, capital punishment had been abolished in France in 1981. Barbie died of cancer in prison in 1991, at age 77.

    1. ^ "Klaus Barbie The Butcher of Lyon". Holocaust Research Project. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
    2. ^ Bönisch & Wiegrefe 2011.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference criminaltospy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  14. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    20 January 2017Donald Trump is inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States of America, becoming the oldest person to assume the office.

    Donald Trump

    Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

    Trump received a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968, and his father named him president of his real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late twentieth century, he successfully launched side ventures that required little capital, mostly by licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiff or defendant in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.

    Trump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the first U.S. president with no prior military or government experience. A special counsel investigation established that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election to favor Trump's campaign. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist and many as misogynistic.

    As president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for migrants detained at the U.S. border. He weakened environmental protections, rolling back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization.

    Trump refused to concede after losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud, and attempted to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count.

    Trump is the only American president to have been impeached twice. After he tried to pressure Ukraine in 2019 to investigate Biden, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. He was acquitted by the Senate in February 2020. The House impeached him again in January 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.[1][2]

    Since leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is a candidate in the 2024 Republican presidential primaries. In 2023, a civil trial jury found that Trump sexually abused E. Jean Carroll. In 2024, a New York state court found Trump liable for financial fraud. Trump is appealing both judgments. He was also indicted in New York on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, in Florida on 40 felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents, in Washington, D.C., on four felony counts of conspiracy and obstruction for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, and in Georgia on 13 charges of racketeering and other alleged felonies committed in an effort to overturn the state's 2020 election results. Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference scri_22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  15. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    20 January 2017Donald Trump is inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States of America, becoming the oldest person to assume the office.

    Donald Trump

    Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

    Trump received a Bachelor of Science in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968, and his father named him president of his real estate business in 1971. Trump renamed it the Trump Organization and reoriented the company toward building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. After a series of business failures in the late twentieth century, he successfully launched side ventures that required little capital, mostly by licensing the Trump name. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. He and his businesses have been plaintiff or defendant in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six business bankruptcies.

    Trump won the 2016 presidential election as the Republican Party nominee against Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote.[a] During the campaign, his political positions were described as populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. He was the first U.S. president with no prior military or government experience. A special counsel investigation established that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election to favor Trump's campaign. Trump promoted conspiracy theories and made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist and many as misogynistic.

    As president, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding toward building a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for migrants detained at the U.S. border. He weakened environmental protections, rolling back more than 100 environmental policies and regulations. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials, used political pressure to interfere with testing efforts, and spread misinformation about unproven treatments. Trump initiated a trade war with China and withdrew the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un three times but made no progress on denuclearization.

    Trump refused to concede after losing the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud, and attempted to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, he urged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count.

    Trump is the only American president to have been impeached twice. After he tried to pressure Ukraine in 2019 to investigate Biden, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. He was acquitted by the Senate in February 2020. The House impeached him again in January 2021 for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.[1][2]

    Since leaving office, Trump has continued to dominate the Republican Party and is a candidate in the 2024 Republican presidential primaries. In 2023, a civil trial jury found that Trump sexually abused E. Jean Carroll. In 2024, a New York state court found Trump liable for financial fraud. Trump is appealing both judgments. He was also indicted in New York on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, in Florida on 40 felony counts related to his mishandling of classified documents, in Washington, D.C., on four felony counts of conspiracy and obstruction for efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, and in Georgia on 13 charges of racketeering and other alleged felonies committed in an effort to overturn the state's 2020 election results. Trump pleaded not guilty to all charges.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference scri_22 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  16. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
  17. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    22 January 1984 – The Apple Macintosh, the first consumer computer to popularize the computer mouse and the graphical user interface, is introduced during a Super Bowl XVIII television commercial.

    Macintosh

    Redirect to:

     
  18. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    23 January 2003 – A very weak signal from Pioneer 10 is detected for the last time, but no usable data can be extracted.

    Pioneer 10

    Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is a NASA space probe launched in 1972 that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter.[5] Pioneer 10 became the first of five planetary probes and 11 artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California. The space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc.

    Pioneer 10 was assembled around a hexagonal bus with a 2.74-meter (9 ft 0 in) diameter parabolic dish high-gain antenna, and the spacecraft was spin stabilized around the axis of the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch.

    It was launched on March 3, 1972, at 01:49:00 UTC (March 2 local time), by an Atlas-Centaur rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt. Photography of Jupiter began on November 6, 1973, at a range of 25 million kilometers (16 million miles), and about 500 images were transmitted. The closest approach to the planet was on December 3, 1973, at a range of 132,252 kilometers (82,178 mi). During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter, the solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the Solar System and heliosphere.[5]

    Radio communications were lost with Pioneer 10 on January 23, 2003, because of the loss of electric power for its radio transmitter, with the probe at a distance of 12 billion km (80 AU; 7.5 billion mi) from Earth.

    1. ^ a b "Pioneer 10". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
    2. ^ "A Summary of the Pioneer 10 Maneuver Strategy" (PDF). October 1972.
    3. ^ "Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration". September 20, 2018.
    4. ^ "The Pioneer Missions". NASA. March 26, 2007.
    5. ^ a b Fimmel, R. O.; W. Swindell; E. Burgess (1974). SP-349/396 PIONEER ODYSSEY. NASA-Ames Research Center. SP-349/396. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
     
  19. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    24 January 2011 – At least 35 die and 180 are injured in a bombing at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport.

    Domodedovo International Airport bombing

    The Domodedovo International Airport bombing was a suicide bombing in the international arrival hall of Moscow's Domodedovo International, in Domodedovsky District, Moscow Oblast, on 24 January 2011.

    The bombing killed 37 people[2] and injured 173 others, including 86 who had to be hospitalised.[4] Of the casualties, 31 died at the scene, three later in hospitals, one en route to a hospital,[5] one on 2 February after having been put in a coma, and another on 24 February after being hospitalised in grave condition.[2]

    Russia's Federal Investigative Committee later identified the suicide bomber as a 20-year-old from the North Caucasus, and said that the attack was aimed "first and foremost" at foreign citizens.[6]

    1. ^ Ferris-Rotman, Amie (24 January 2011). "Suicide bomber kills 31 at Russia's biggest airport". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
    2. ^ a b c Число жертв теракта в Домодедово возросло до 37 (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
    3. ^ "Запутанный чеченский след". Газета.ru. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
    4. ^ Steve Rosenberg (24 January 2011). "Moscow bombing: Carnage at Russia's Domodedovo airport". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
    5. ^ На месте взрыва в Домодедово погиб 31 человек, сообщил Минздрав (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 24 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
    6. ^ "Russia 'identifies' Domodedovo airport bomber suspect". BBC News. 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
     
  20. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    25 January 1945 – World War II: The Battle of the Bulge ends.

    Battle of the Bulge

    Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like salient during 16–25 December 1944.
      Front line, 16 December
      Front line, 20 December
      Front line, 25 December
      Allied movements
      German movements

    The Battle of the Bulge, also known as the Ardennes Offensive, was a major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region between Belgium and Luxembourg. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to individually encircle and destroy the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers' favor.

    The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere, and poor aerial reconnaissance due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around Elsenborn Ridge, and in the south, around Bastogne, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion, and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of Dinant, being stopped by the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on 24 December 1944.[16] Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south, ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack.

    The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and armored fighting vehicles, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft.[17] Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were killed, missing, wounded in action, or captured. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German Luftwaffe personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the concluding stages of the engagement) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the Siegfried Line.

    Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed.[18] The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II[19][20][21] and the third-deadliest campaign in American history. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat, Nazi forces could only retreat for the remainder of the war.

    1. ^ Jones 2019, p. 53.
    2. ^ a b Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, appendices E, F.
    3. ^ Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, p. 480.
    4. ^ MacDonald 1984, p. 618.
    5. ^ Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014). Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45. Oxford University Press. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-19-933516-9. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
    6. ^ a b Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001, p. 632.
    7. ^ a b Parker 1991, p. 339.
    8. ^ Ellis & Warhurst 2009, p. 195.
    9. ^ Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, p. 470.
    10. ^ "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    11. ^ "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945". Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
    12. ^ "DMSi ACSDB report". apps.dtic.mil/. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
    13. ^ Pogue 1954, p. 396.
    14. ^ Bergström 2014, p. 426, including 20 Tiger II tanks, 194 Panther tanks, 158 Panzer IV tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers.
    15. ^ Schrijvers 2005, p. 339.
    16. ^ Axelrod 2007, p. 73; Cole 1964, pp. 565–567; Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge 1995, p. 55.
    17. ^ Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994, p. 18.
    18. ^ Cirillo 1995, p. 53; MacDonald 1998, p. 618; Miles 2004.
    19. ^ McCullough, David (2005). American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge (Videotape).
    20. ^ Ambrose1997, p. 52.
    21. ^ Miller 2002, p. 358.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  21. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 January 1992Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting United States cities with nuclear weapons.

    Boris Yeltsin

    Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin[a] (Russian: Борис Николаевич Ельцин, IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] ; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a political independent, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with liberalism.

    Yeltsin was born in Butka, Ural Oblast. He grew up in Kazan and Berezniki. After studying at the Ural State Technical University, he worked in construction. After joining the Communist Party, he rose through its ranks, and in 1976 he became First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee. Yeltsin was initially a supporter of the perestroika reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He later criticized the reforms as being too moderate, and called for a transition to a multi-party representative democracy. In 1987 he was the first person to resign from the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which established his popularity as an anti-establishment figure. In 1990, he was elected chair of the Russian Supreme Soviet and in 1991 was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), becoming the first popularly-elected head of state in Russian history. Yeltsin allied with various non-Russian nationalist leaders, and was instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in December of that year. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the RSFSR became the Russian Federation, an independent state. Through that transition, Yeltsin remained in office as president. He was later reelected in the 1996 election, which was claimed by critics to be pervasively corrupt.

    Yeltsin ruled a hybrid regime in Russia with a guided democracy and a de facto superpresidential system.[1][2][3] He transformed Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy by implementing economic shock therapy, market exchange rate of the ruble, nationwide privatization, and lifting of price controls. Economic downturn, volatility and inflation ensued. Amid the economic shift, a small number of oligarchs obtained a majority of the national property and wealth, while international monopolies came to dominate the market. A constitutional crisis emerged in 1993 after Yeltsin ordered the unconstitutional dissolution of the Russian parliament, leading parliament to impeach him. The crisis ended after troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the parliament building and stopped an armed uprising; he then introduced a new constitution which significantly expanded the powers of the president. After the crisis, Yeltsin governed the country in a rule by decree until 1994, as the Supreme Soviet of Russia was absent. Secessionist sentiment in the Russian Caucasus led to the First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War between 1994 and 1999. Internationally, Yeltsin promoted renewed collaboration with Europe and signed arms control agreements with the United States. Amid growing internal pressure, he resigned by the end of 1999 and was succeeded as president by his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin, whom he had appointed prime minister a few months earlier. He kept a low profile after leaving office and was accorded a state funeral upon his death in 2007.

    Domestically, he was highly popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, although his reputation was damaged by the economic and political crises of his presidency, and he left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. He received praise and criticism for his role in dismantling the Soviet Union, transforming Russia into a representative democracy, and introducing new political, economic, and cultural freedoms to the country. Conversely, he was accused of economic mismanagement, corruption, and sometimes of undermining Russia's standing as a major world power.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Fareed Zakaria (1997). "The Rise of Illiberal Democracy" (PDF) (Foreign Affairs ed.). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    2. ^ Way, Lucan. “The Evolution of Authoritarian Organization in Russia under Yeltsin and Putin.” (2008). Kellogg Institute for International Studies https://kellogg.nd.edu/sites/default/files/old_files/documents/352_0.pdf
    3. ^ Treisman, Daniel (2011). "Presidential Popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin". American Journal of Political Science. 55 (3): 590–609. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00500.x. ISSN 0092-5853. JSTOR 23024939. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
     
  22. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    27 January 1996 – Germany first observes the International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

    International Holocaust Remembrance Day

    The International Holocaust Remembrance Day, or the International Day in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust, is an international memorial day on 27 January that commemorates the victims of the Holocaust, which resulted in the genocide of one third of the Jewish people, along with countless members of other minorities by Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, an attempt to implement its "final solution" to the Jewish question. 27 January was chosen to commemorate the date when the Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army in 1945.

    The day remembers the killing of six million Jews, two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population, and millions of others by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.[1][2] It was designated by United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/7 on 1 November 2005.[3] The resolution came after a special session was held earlier that year on 24 January to mark the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps and the end of the Holocaust.[4][5][6][7]

    Many countries have instituted their own Holocaust memorial days. Many, such as the UK's Holocaust Memorial Day, also fall on 27 January, while others, such as Israel's Yom HaShoah, are observed at other times of the year.

    1. ^ "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
    2. ^ "International Holocaust Remembrance Day" (PDF). Retrieved 24 January 2022.
    3. ^ "Resolution 60/7 Holocaust Remembrance" (PDF). United Nations. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
    4. ^ "28th Special Session of the General Assembly (1st meeting)". United Nations. 24 January 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
    5. ^ "28th Special Session of the General Assembly (2nd meeting)". United Nations. 24 January 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
    6. ^ "International Holocaust Remembrance Day". www.ushmm.org. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
    7. ^ "International Holocaust Remembrance Day". 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
     
  23. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    28 January 1932 – Japanese forces attack Shanghai.

    January 28 incident

    The January 28 incident or Shanghai incident (January 28 – March 3, 1932) was a conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It took place in the Shanghai International Settlement which was under international control. Japanese army officers, defying higher authorities, had provoked anti-Japanese demonstrations in the International Settlement following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The Japanese government sent a sect of militant ultranationalist Japanese Buddhist priests belonging to the Nichiren sect to Shanghai. The monks shouted anti-Chinese, pro-Japanese nationalist slogans in Shanghai, promoting Japanese rule over East Asia.[4] In response, a Chinese mob formed killing one monk and injuring two.[4] In response, the Japanese in Shanghai rioted and burned down a factory, killing two Chinese.[4] Heavy fighting broke out, and China appealed with no success to the League of Nations. A truce was finally reached on May 5, calling for Japanese military withdrawal, and an end to Chinese boycotts of Japanese products.

    Internationally, the episode intensified opposition to Japan's aggression in Asia. The episode helped undermine civilian rule in Tokyo; Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated on May 15, 1932.[5][page needed]

    1. ^ Grescoe, Taras (2016). Shanghai Grand. Pan Macmillan. p. 923/8920. ISBN 9781447253433.
    2. ^ Robinson, Stephen (2022). Eight Hundred Heroes. Exisle Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1922539205.
    3. ^ "Showa 6.7 Nen Jihen Kaigun Senshi". Japan Center for Asian Historical Records. Gunreibu. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
    4. ^ a b c "The Fall Of Shanghai: Prelude To The Rape Of Nanking & WWII". Warfare History Network. August 17, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
    5. ^ Jordan 2001.
     
  24. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    29 January 1959 – The first Melodifestivalen is held in Cirkus, Stockholm, Sweden.

    Melodifestivalen

    Melodifestivalen (Swedish pronunciation: [mɛlʊˈdîːfɛstɪˌvɑːlɛn]; lit.'the Melody Festival')[a] is an annual song competition organised by Swedish public broadcasters Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR). It determines the country's representative for the Eurovision Song Contest, and has been staged almost every year since 1959. In the early 2000s, the competition was the most popular television program in Sweden;[1] it is also broadcast on radio and the Internet. In 2012, the heats averaged 3.3 million viewers, and over an estimated four million people in Sweden watched the final, almost half of the Swedish population.[2][3]

    The festival has produced seven Eurovision winners and 26 top-five placings for Sweden in the contest. The winner of Melodifestivalen has been chosen by panels of jurors since its inception. Since 1999, the juries have been joined by a public telephone vote which has an equal influence over the outcome. The competition makes a considerable impact on the music charts in Sweden.

    The introduction of heats in 2002 raised the potential number of contestants from around twelve to thirty-two. A children's version of the competition, Lilla Melodifestivalen, also began that year. Light orchestrated pop songs, known locally as schlager music, used to be so prevalent that the festival was sometimes referred to as schlagerfestivalen ("the schlager festival") or schlager-sm ("schlager Swedish championship") by the Swedish media.[4][5] However, other styles of music, such as rap, reggae, and glam rock, have made an appearance since the event's expansion. The introduction of a final in Stockholm has attracted substantial tourism to the city.[6]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Television in Sweden. Sweden.se (30 September 2005). Retrieved on 20 October 2006.
    2. ^ "Månadsrapport Februari 2012" (PDF). MMS – Mediamätning i Skandinavien. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
    3. ^ Lindström, Therese (12 March 2012). "Över fyra miljoner såg finalen". Aftonbladet. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
    4. ^ "Jag koncentrerar mig på schlagerfestivalen" Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish) ["I am concentrating on schlagerfestivalen"]. Aftonbladet.se (27 February 2002). Retrieved on 20 October 2006.
    5. ^ Anders Foghagen (13 October 2006) Agnes diskad från Schlagerfestivalen Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish) ["Agnes disqualified from schlagerfestivalen"]. TV4.se. Retrieved on 20 October 2006.
    6. ^ The Swedish Research Institute of Tourism (17–18 March 2006). Melodifestivalen 2006 Archived 29 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 23 January 2008.
     
  25. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    30 January 1948 – Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist.

    Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi

    Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at age 78 in the compound of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), a large mansion in central New Delhi. His assassin was Nathuram Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin from Pune, Maharashtra, a Hindu nationalist,[1] a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu paramilitary organization[2] as well as a member of the Hindu Mahasabha.[3][4][5][6]

    Sometime after 5 PM, according to witnesses, Gandhi had reached the top of the steps leading to the raised lawn behind Birla House where he had been conducting multi-faith prayer meetings every evening. As Gandhi began to walk toward the dais, Godse stepped out from the crowd flanking Gandhi's path, and fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest and stomach at point-blank range.[7][8] Gandhi fell to the ground. He was carried back to his room in Birla House from which a representative emerged sometime later to announce his death.[8][A]

    Godse was captured by members of the crowd—the most widely reported of whom was Herbert Reiner Jr, a vice-consul at the American embassy in Delhi—and handed over to the police. The Gandhi murder trial opened in May 1948 in Delhi's historic Red Fort, with Godse the main defendant, and his collaborator Narayan Apte, and six more, deemed co-defendants. The trial was rushed through, the haste sometimes attributed to the home minister Vallabhbhai Patel's desire "to avoid scrutiny for the failure to prevent the assassination."[9] Godse and Apte were sentenced to death on 8 November 1949. Although pleas for commutation were made by Gandhi's two sons, Manilal Gandhi and Ramdas Gandhi, they were turned down by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, deputy prime minister Vallabhbhai Patel and the Governor-General Chakravarti Rajagopalachari.[10] Godse and Apte were hanged in the Ambala jail on 15 November 1949.[11]

    1. ^ Hardiman 2003, pp. 174–176.
    2. ^ Nash 1981, p. 69.
    3. ^ Hansen 1999, p. 249.
    4. ^ Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Taylor & Francis. p. 544. ISBN 978-0-7007-1267-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013. The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan.
    5. ^ Markovits 2004, p. 57.
    6. ^ Mallot 2012, pp. 75–76.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference guardian31011948 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ a b Stratton 1950, pp. 40–42.
    9. ^ Markovits 2004, pp. 57–58.
    10. ^ Gandhi 2006, p. 660.
    11. ^ Bandyopadhyay 2009, p. 146.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=upper-alpha> tags or {{efn-ua}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=upper-alpha}} template or {{notelist-ua}} template (see the help page).

     
  26. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    31 January 19303M begins marketing Scotch Tape.

    Scotch Tape

    Scotch Tape is a brand name used for pressure-sensitive tapes developed by 3M. It was first introduced by Richard Drew, who created the initial masking tape under the Scotch brand. The invention of Scotch-brand cellulose tape expanded its applications, making it suitable for sealing packages and conducting item repairs. Over time, Scotch Tape has been utilized in various industries and households for its diverse adhesive solutions.[1]

    Antique Scotch brand package
    Tape dispenser for Scotch Magic Tape
    1. ^ "Scotch Tape | MNopedia". www.mnopedia.org. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
     
  27. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 February 2004Hajj pilgrimage stampede: In a stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia, 251 people are trampled to death and 244 injured.

    Incidents during the Hajj

    Plains of Arafat on the day of Hajj, c. 2003.

    There have been numerous incidents during the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage to the cities of Mecca and Medina, that have caused loss of life. Every follower of Islam is required to visit Mecca and Medina during the Hajj at least once in their lifetime, if able to do so; according to Islam, the pilgrimage is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. During the month of the Hajj, Mecca and Medina must cope with as many as three million pilgrims.[1]

    Plane travel makes Mecca and the Hajj more accessible to pilgrims from all over the world. As a consequence, the Hajj has become increasingly crowded. City officials are required to control large crowds and provide food, shelter, sanitation, and emergency services for millions. Despite these efforts, incidents have still occurred.

    1. ^ "Pilgrims mark end of peaceful hajj: Circling of Kaaba brings to close perhaps largest-ever pilgrimage to Mecca]". BBC News. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2019. This year's hajj was likely the biggest ever, with authorities estimating that around 3 million people participated.
     
  28. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 February 2004Hajj pilgrimage stampede: In a stampede at the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia, 251 people are trampled to death and 244 injured.

    Incidents during the Hajj

    Plains of Arafat on the day of Hajj, c. 2003.

    There have been numerous incidents during the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage to the cities of Mecca and Medina, that have caused loss of life. Every follower of Islam is required to visit Mecca and Medina during the Hajj at least once in their lifetime, if able to do so; according to Islam, the pilgrimage is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. During the month of the Hajj, Mecca and Medina must cope with as many as three million pilgrims.[1]

    Plane travel makes Mecca and the Hajj more accessible to pilgrims from all over the world. As a consequence, the Hajj has become increasingly crowded. City officials are required to control large crowds and provide food, shelter, sanitation, and emergency services for millions. Despite these efforts, incidents have still occurred.

    1. ^ "Pilgrims mark end of peaceful hajj: Circling of Kaaba brings to close perhaps largest-ever pilgrimage to Mecca]". BBC News. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2019. This year's hajj was likely the biggest ever, with authorities estimating that around 3 million people participated.
     
  29. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 February 1982Hama massacre: The government of Syria attacks the town of Hama.

    1982 Hama massacre

    The Hama massacre[8] (Arabic: مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982 when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under orders of president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against the Ba'athist government.[9][5] The campaign that had begun in 1976 by Sunni Muslim groups, including the Muslim Brotherhood, was brutally crushed in an anti-Sunni massacre[10] at Hama, carried out by the Syrian Arab Army and Alawite militias under commanding General Rifaat al-Assad.[11]

    Prior to the start of operations, Hafez al-Assad issued orders to seal off Hama from the outside world; effectively imposing a media blackout, total shut down of communications, electricity and food supplies to the city for months.[12] Initial diplomatic reports from Western countries stated that 1,000 were killed.[13][14] Subsequent estimates vary, with the lower estimates reporting at least 10,000 deaths,[15] while others put the number at 20,000 (Robert Fisk)[9] or 40,000 (Syrian Human Rights Committee and SNHR).[5][6][7] The massacre remains the "single deadliest act" of violence perpetrated by an Arab state upon its own population, in the history of Modern Middle East.[16][17]

    Nearly two-thirds of the city was destroyed in the Ba'athist military operation.[15][18] Robert Fisk, who was present at Hama during the events of the massacre, reported that indiscriminate bombing had razed much of the city to the ground and that the vast majority of the victims were civilians.[19] Patrick Seale, reporting in The Globe and Mail, described the operation as a "two-week orgy of killing, destruction and looting" which destroyed the city and killed a minimum of 25,000 inhabitants.[4]

    The attack has been described as a "genocidal massacre"[20] which was motivated by sectarian animosities against the Sunni community of Hama.[b] Memory of the massacre remains an important aspect of Syrian culture and evokes strong emotions amongst Syrians to the present day.[25][26]

    1. ^ "The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood". Cablegate. 26 February 1985. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
    2. ^ Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. London: Unwin Hyman, 1988. p. 67
    3. ^ "Syria: Muslim Brotherhood Pressure Intensifies (U)" (PDF). Defense Intelligence Agency. May 1982. DDB-2630-32-82.
    4. ^ a b Moss, Dana M. (2022). "2: Exit from Authoritarianism". The Arab Spring Abroad: Diaspora Activism against Authoritarian Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. doi:10.1017/9781108980036. ISBN 978-1-108-84553-3.
    5. ^ a b c d MEMRI 2002
    6. ^ a b Syrian Human Rights Committee, 2005
    7. ^ a b c "The 40th Anniversary of the 1982 Hama Massacre Coincides with Rifaat al Assad's Return to Bashar al Assad". SNHR. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022.
    8. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2013). "Hama Massacre (1982)". Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-59884-925-7.
    9. ^ a b Fisk 2010
    10. ^ Bou Nassif, Hicham (2020). Endgames: Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126, 194. ISBN 978-1-108-84124-5.
    11. ^ Roberts, David (2015). "12: Hafiz al-Asad - II". The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria (Routledge Library Editions: Syria ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-415-83882-5.
    12. ^ Moss, Dana M. (2022). "2: Exit from Authoritarianism". The Arab Spring Abroad: Diaspora Activism against Authoritarian Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57, 58. doi:10.1017/9781108980036. ISBN 978-1-108-84553-3.
    13. ^ "Syria: Bloody Challenge to Assad". Time. 8 March 1982. Archived from the original on 15 October 2010.
    14. ^ JOHN KIFNER, Special to the New York Times (12 February 1982). "Syrian Troops Are Said To Battle Rebels Encircled in Central City". The New York Times. Hama (Syria); Syria. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
    15. ^ a b Atassi, Basma (2 February 2012). "Breaking the silence over Hama atrocities". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020.
    16. ^ Wright 2008: 243-244
    17. ^ Amos, Deborah (2 February 2012). "30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings In Syria". Archived from the original on 2 February 2012.
    18. ^ "Switzerland issues arrest warrant for uncle of Syria's Assad". The National. 16 August 2023. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023.
    19. ^ Fisk, Robert. 1990. Pity the Nation. London: Touchstone, ISBN 0-671-74770-3.
    20. ^ "Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria, Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert: Syria" (PDF). migs.concordia.ca. February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013.
    21. ^ Bou Nassif, Hicham (2020). Endgames: Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 126, 194. ISBN 978-1-108-84124-5. In the wake of the tense period stretching from the Aleppo incident in 1979 to the Hama massacre in 1982, the regime accentuated the Alawitization of its coercive apparatus as its dependency on its sectarian base increased... regime violence against Sunnis did not begin in 2011, and was never restricted to the Muslim Brotherhood alone. Even Patrick Seale, who wrote an otherwise sympathetic biography of Hafez al-Asad, admits that thousands of Sunni civilians were slaughtered during the notorious Hama massacre in 1982 by the all-Alawi Defense Companies after the city fell. Human rights organizations have documented a series of other horrendous massacres of Sunnis that may not have reached Hama's level of violence, but were extremely bloody, nonetheless.
    22. ^ "Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria, Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert: Syria" (PDF). migs.concordia.ca. February 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013. Tensions and political strife have been an on-going theme in Syria due in large part to the opposing ideologies of the regime's ruling Alawite minority -- Baathist socialism- and the Sunni Muslim majority, which makes up three quarters of the country's population, and largely favors adherence to Islamic law. After the Hama Massacre of 1982- a 'scorched earth' operation that killed 20,000 people to combat an attempted Sunni Muslim uprising- the government became increasingly authoritarian, relying on repressive policies to maintain control.
    23. ^ Seale, Patrick (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. pp. 332, 333. ISBN 0-520-06667-7. In Damascus there was a moment of something like panic when Hama rose. The regime itself shook... Behind the immediate contest lay the old multi-layered hostility between Islam and the Ba'th, between Sunni and 'Alawi, between town and country.
    24. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2013). "Hama Massacre (1982)". Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-59884-925-7. The most infamous crackdown, however, occurred in early 1982, when al-Assad ordered a brutal crackdown on the defiant city of Hama, where the Sunni Muslim community continued to defy the regime..
    25. ^ Ismail, Salwa (2018). "4: Memories of Violence: Hama 1982". The Rule of Violence : Subjectivity, Memory and Government in Syria. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 131–158. doi:10.1017/9781139424721. ISBN 978-1-107-03218-7.
    26. ^ Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-691-00254-1.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  30. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    5 February 1931 – The Hawke's Bay earthquake, New Zealand's worst natural disaster, kills 258.

    1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake

    Damage to the Hawkes Bay Tribune building

    The 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, also known as the Napier earthquake, occurred in New Zealand at 10:47 am on 3 February, killing 256,[4] injuring thousands and devastating the Hawke's Bay region. It remains New Zealand's deadliest natural disaster. Centred 15 km north of Napier, it lasted for two and a half minutes and had a magnitude of 7.8 Ms (7.7 Mw).[1] There were 525 aftershocks recorded in the following two weeks, with 597 being recorded by the end of February. The main shock could be felt in much of New Zealand, with reliable reports coming in from as far south as Timaru, on the east coast of the South Island.[5]

    1. ^ a b Webb, T.H.; Anderson, H. (1998). "Focal mechanisms of large earthquakes in the North Island of New Zealand: slip partitioning at an oblique active margin". Geophysical Journal International. 134 (1): 40–86. Bibcode:1998GeoJI.134...40W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00531.x.
    2. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
    3. ^ "Tsunami – Hawke's Bay Emergency Management Group". www.hbemergency.govt.nz. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference deathtoll was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ "M 7.4 Hawke's Bay Tue, Feb 3 1931". GeoNet.
     
  31. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 February 2004Facebook, a mainstream online social networking site, is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.

    Facebook

    Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta Platforms. Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, its name derives from the face book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities. Since 2006, Facebook allows everyone to register from 13 years old (or older), except in the case of a handful of nations, where the age limit is 14 years.[6] As of December 2022, Facebook claimed 3 billion monthly active users.[7] As of October 2023, Facebook ranked as the 3rd most visited website in the world, with 22.56% of its traffic coming from the United States.[8][9] It was the most downloaded mobile app of the 2010s.[10]

    Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers, tablets and smartphones. After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their friend or, with different privacy settings, publicly. Users can also communicate directly with each other with Messenger, join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on the activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow.

    The subject of numerous controversies, Facebook has often been criticized over issues such as user privacy (as with the Cambridge Analytica data scandal), political manipulation (as with the 2016 U.S. elections) and mass surveillance.[11] Facebook has also been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction and low self-esteem, and various controversies over content such as fake news, conspiracy theories, copyright infringement, and hate speech.[12] Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating the spread of such content, as well as exaggerating its number of users to appeal to advertisers.[13]

    1. ^ "Facebook Interface Languages". Facebook (Select your language). Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
    2. ^ "Facebook Reports First Quarter 2022 Results". Facebook Investor Relations. March 31, 2022. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved April 27, 2022.
    3. ^ "Our History". Facebook. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
    4. ^ Clarke, Gavin (February 2, 2010). "Facebook re-write takes PHP to an enterprise past". The Register. Situation Publishing. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    5. ^ Levin, Sam (July 3, 2018). "Is Facebook a publisher? In public it says no, but in court it says yes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 21, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
    6. ^ "How do I report a child under the age of 14 on Facebook in South Korea, Spain or Quebec, Canada?". Facebook. Archived from the original on October 13, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
    7. ^ "Meta Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Results". Meta Investor Relations - Facebook. February 1, 2023. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
    8. ^ "Top Websites Ranking - Most Visited Websites in January 2023". similarweb. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
    9. ^ "facebook.com". similarweb.com.
    10. ^ Miller, Chance (December 17, 2019). "These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
    11. ^ Cadwalladr, Carole; Graham-Harrison, v (May 24, 2018). "Facebook accused of conducting mass surveillance through its apps". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
    12. ^ Mahdawi, Arwa (December 21, 2018). "Is 2019 the year you should finally quit Facebook?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
    13. ^ Claburn, Thomas (August 17, 2018). "Facebook flat-out 'lies' about how many people can see its ads – lawsuit". The Register. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
     
  32. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    5 February 1924 – The Royal Greenwich Observatory begins broadcasting the hourly time signals known as the Greenwich Time Signal.

    Greenwich Time Signal

    Graph of the six pips

    The Greenwich Time Signal (GTS), popularly known as the pips, is a series of six short tones (or "pips") broadcast at one-second intervals by many BBC Radio stations to mark the precise start of each hour. The pips were introduced in 1924, generated by the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and from 1990 were generated by the BBC in London.[1] The broadcast pips replaced an electrical time coordination system based on the railway telegraph network, which itself was an extension of the mechanical time balls in Portsmouth (1829) and later Greenwich (1833), which enabled navigators aboard ships moored in those places to set their chronometers for the determination of longitude on voyages.[2]

    1. ^ McIlroy, Jim (Spring 1990). "Network Radio: New Time and Frequency distribution system" (pdf). Eng Inf. BBC ETD (40). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
    2. ^ "The Greenwich Time Service". www.royalobservatorygreenwich.org. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
     
  33. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    5 February 1924 – The Royal Greenwich Observatory begins broadcasting the hourly time signals known as the Greenwich Time Signal.

    Greenwich Time Signal

    Graph of the six pips

    The Greenwich Time Signal (GTS), popularly known as the pips, is a series of six short tones (or "pips") broadcast at one-second intervals by many BBC Radio stations to mark the precise start of each hour. The pips were introduced in 1924, generated by the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and from 1990 were generated by the BBC in London.[1] The broadcast pips replaced an electrical time coordination system based on the railway telegraph network, which itself was an extension of the mechanical time balls in Portsmouth (1829) and later Greenwich (1833), which enabled navigators aboard ships moored in those places to set their chronometers for the determination of longitude on voyages.[2]

    1. ^ McIlroy, Jim (Spring 1990). "Network Radio: New Time and Frequency distribution system" (pdf). Eng Inf. BBC ETD (40). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
    2. ^ "The Greenwich Time Service". www.royalobservatorygreenwich.org. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
     
  34. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    6 February 1840 – Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.

    Treaty of Waitangi

    The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi), sometimes referred to as Te Tiriti, is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the treatment of the Māori people in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, something that has been especially prominent from the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law,[1] and has no independent legal status, being legally effective only to the extent it is recognised in various statutes.[2] It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs (rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand.

    The treaty was written at a time when the New Zealand Company, acting on behalf of large numbers of settlers and would-be settlers, were establishing a colony in New Zealand, and when some Māori leaders had petitioned the British for protection against French ambitions. It was drafted with the intention of establishing a British Governor of New Zealand, recognising Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other possessions, and giving Māori the rights of British subjects. It was intended by the British Crown to ensure that when Lieutenant Governor Hobson subsequently made the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand in May 1840, the Māori people would not feel that their rights had been ignored.[3] Once it had been written and translated, it was first signed by Northern Māori leaders at Waitangi. Copies were subsequently taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed.[4] Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, signed the Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, despite some Māori leaders cautioning against it.[5][6] Only 39 signed the English version.[7] An immediate result of the treaty was that Queen Victoria's government gained the sole right to purchase land.[8] In total there are nine signed copies of the Treaty of Waitangi, including the sheet signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi.[9]

    The text of the treaty includes a preamble and three articles. It is bilingual, with the Māori text translated in the context of the time from the English.

    • Article one of the Māori text grants governance rights to the Crown while the English text cedes "all rights and powers of sovereignty" to the Crown.
    • Article two of the Māori text establishes that Māori will retain full chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures while the English text establishes the continued ownership of the Māori over their lands and establishes the exclusive right of pre-emption of the Crown.
    • Article three gives Māori people full rights and protections as British subjects.

    As some words in the English treaty did not translate directly into the written Māori language of the time, the Māori text is not an exact translation of the English text, particularly in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty.[10][11] These differences created disagreements in the decades following the signing, eventually contributing to the New Zealand Wars of 1845 to 1872 and continuing through to the Treaty of Waitangi settlements starting in the early 1990s.

    During the second half of the 19th century Māori generally lost control of much of the land they had owned, sometimes through legitimate sale, but often by way of unfair deals, settlers occupying land that had not been sold, or through outright confiscations in the aftermath of the New Zealand Wars. In the period following the New Zealand Wars, the New Zealand government mostly ignored the treaty, and a court judgement in 1877 declared it to be "a simple nullity". Beginning in the 1950s, Māori increasingly sought to use the treaty as a platform for claiming additional rights to sovereignty and to reclaim lost land, and governments in the 1960s and 1970s responded to these arguments, giving the treaty an increasingly central role in the interpretation of land rights and relations between Māori people and the state.

    In 1975 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Treaty of Waitangi Act, establishing the Waitangi Tribunal as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with interpreting the treaty, investigating breaches of the Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi by the Crown or its agents, and suggesting means of redress.[10] In most cases, recommendations of the tribunal are not binding on the Crown, but settlements with a total value of roughly $1 billion have been awarded to various Māori groups.[10][12] Various legislation passed in the latter part of the 20th century has made reference to the treaty, which has led to ad hoc incorporation of the treaty into law.[13] Increasingly, the treaty is recognised as a founding document in New Zealand's developing unwritten constitution.[14][15][16] The New Zealand Day Act 1973 established Waitangi Day as a national holiday to commemorate the signing of the treaty.

    1. ^ Cox, Noel (2002). "The Treaty of Waitangi and the Relationship Between the Crown and Maori in New Zealand". Brooklyn Journal of International Law. 28 (1): 132. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
    2. ^ "The Status of the Treaty as a Legal Document". Treaty Resource Centre – He Puna Mātauranga o Te Tiriti. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
    3. ^ "Additional Instructions from Lord Normanby to Captain Hobson 1839 – New Zealand Constitutional Law Resources". New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 15 August 1839. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
    4. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi signings in the South Island". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015.
    5. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi". Waitangi Tribunal. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
    6. ^ Orange 1987, p. 260.
    7. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 159
    8. ^ Burns, Patricia (1989). Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company. Heinemann Reed. ISBN 0-7900-0011-3.
    9. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi – Te Tiriti o Waitangi". Archives New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
    10. ^ a b c "Meaning of the Treaty". Waitangi Tribunal. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
    11. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-116
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Settlements was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ Palmer 2008, p. 292.
    14. ^ "New Zealand's Constitution". Government House. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
    15. ^ "New Zealand's constitution – past, present and future" (PDF). Cabinet Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
    16. ^ Palmer 2008, p. 25.
     
  35. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    7 February 1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed, leading to the creation of the European Union.

    Maastricht Treaty

    The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the process of European integration"[2] chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single currency, and (with less precision) for common foreign and security policies, and a number of changes to the European institutions and their decision taking procedures, not least a strengthening of the powers of the European Parliament and more majority voting on the Council of ministers. Although these were seen by many to presage a "federal Europe", key areas remained inter-governmental with national governments collectively taking key decisions. This constitutional debate continued through the negotiation of subsequent treaties (see below), culminating in the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon.

    In the wake of the Eurozone debt crisis unfolding from 2009, the most enduring reference to the Maastricht Treaty has been to the rules of compliance – the "Maastricht criteria" – for the currency union.

    Against the background of the end of the Cold War and the re-unification of Germany, and in anticipation of accelerated globalisation, the treaty negotiated tensions between member states seeking deeper integration and those wishing to retain greater national control. The resulting compromise faced what was to be the first in a series of EU treaty ratification crises.

    1. ^ "Founding agreements". European Union. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    2. ^ Council of European Communities, Commission of the European Communities (1992). Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 2. ISBN 92-824-0959-7.
     
  36. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 February 1250Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah.

    Seventh Crusade

    The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Near East. The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by Innocent IV in conjunction with a crusade against emperor Frederick II, Baltic rebellions and Mongol incursions. After initial success, the crusade ended in defeat, with most of the army – including the king – captured by the Muslims.

    Following his release, Louis stayed in the Holy Land for four years, doing what he could towards the re-establishment of the kingdom. The struggle between the papacy and Holy Roman Empire paralyzed Europe, with few answering Louis' calls for help following his capture and ransoming. The one answer was the Shepherds’ Crusade, started to rescue the king and meeting with disaster. In 1254, Louis returned to France having concluded some important treaties. The second of Louis' Crusades was his equally unsuccessful 1270 expedition to Tunis, the Eighth Crusade, where he died of dysentery shortly after the campaign landed.

     
  37. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    9 February 1986Halley's Comet last appeared in the inner Solar System.

    Halley's Comet

    Halley's Comet, Comet Halley, or sometimes simply Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–79 years.[1] Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth[citation needed], and thus the only naked-eye comet that can appear twice in a human lifetime.[15] It last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.

    Halley's periodic returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers around the world since at least 240 BC, but it was not until 1705 that the English astronomer Edmond Halley understood that these appearances were re-appearances of the same comet. As a result of this discovery, the comet is named after Halley.[16]

    During its 1986 visit to the inner Solar System, Halley's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft, providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation.[17][18] These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction, particularly Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" model, which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices—such as water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia—and dust. The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas; for instance, it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty, non-volatile materials, and that only a small portion of it is icy.

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference MPC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Horizons2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference seeker2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Horizons2061 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kinoshita was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Horizons2134 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference jpldata was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Learn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference mass was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference density was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Peale1989November was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Peale1989 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference dark was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference ESO2003 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Delehanty was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    16. ^ Halley, Edmund (1705). A synopsis of the astronomy of comets. Oxford: John Senex. Retrieved 16 June 2020 – via Internet Archive.
    17. ^ Cite error: The named reference post was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    18. ^ Cite error: The named reference situ was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  38. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    10 February 1984Kenyan soldiers kill an estimated 5000 ethnic Somali Kenyans in the Wagalla massacre.

    Wagalla massacre

    The Wagalla massacre was a massacre of ethnic Somalis by the Kenyan Army on 10 February 1984 in Wajir County, Kenya. Government troops were ordered to stop clan violence in the area, and did so by first detaining some 5,000 locals at an airstrip, denying them food and water for a week, and then shooting them. The massacre was not investigated by Kenya's government until 2011.[1]

    The Massacre In wagalla

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference probe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  39. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    11 February 1978Censorship: China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

    Aristotle

    Aristotle (/ˈærɪsˌtɒtəl/ ARR-iss-tot-əl;[1] Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

    Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of 37 (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum, which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.

    Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant impact across the world, and remain a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.

    Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.

    Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The First Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while the poet Dante called him "the master of those who know". His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and Jean Buridan. Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, although always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.

     
  40. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    12 February 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus.

    Venera 1

    Venera 1 (Russian: Венера-1 meaning Venus 1), also known as Venera-1VA No.2 and occasionally in the West as Sputnik 8 was the first spacecraft to perform an interplanetary flight and the first to fly past Venus, as part of the Soviet Union's Venera programme.[1] Launched in February 1961, it flew past Venus on 19 May of the same year; however, radio contact with the probe was lost before the flyby, resulting in it returning no data.

    1. ^ "Venera 1". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 2019-08-15.
     

Share This Page