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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    26 June 1927The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island.

    Coney Island Cyclone

    The Cyclone, also called the Coney Island Cyclone, is a wooden roller coaster at Luna Park in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. Designed by Vernon Keenan, it opened to the public on June 26, 1927. The roller coaster is on a plot of land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street. The Cyclone reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and has a total track length of 2,640 feet (800 m), with a maximum height of 85 feet (26 m).

    The roller coaster operated for more than four decades before it began to deteriorate, and by the early 1970s the city planned to scrap the ride. On June 18, 1975, Dewey and Jerome Albert, owners of the adjacent Astroland amusement park, entered an agreement with New York City to operate the ride. The roller coaster was refurbished in the 1974 off-season and reopened on July 3, 1975. Astroland Park continued to invest millions of dollars in the Cyclone's upkeep. The roller coaster was declared a New York City designated landmark in 1988 and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. After Astroland closed in 2008, Cyclone Coasters president Carol Hill Albert continued to operate it under a lease agreement with the city. In 2011, Luna Park took over the Cyclone.

    1. ^ Denson, Charles (2002). Coney Island: Lost and Found. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 9781580084550.
    2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYCL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    27 June 1976Air France Flight 139 (Tel Aviv-Athens-Paris) is hijacked en route to Paris by the PLO and redirected to Entebbe, Uganda.

    Operation Entebbe

    Redirect to:

     
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    28 June 1969Stonewall riots begin in New York City, marking the start of the Gay Rights Movement.

    Stonewall riots

    The Stonewall riots, also known as the Stonewall uprising, Stonewall rebellion, or simply Stonewall, were a series of protests by members of the LGBTQ community[note 1] in response to a police raid that began in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Patrons of the Stonewall, other Village lesbian and gay bars, trans activists and unhoused LGBT individuals fought back when the police became violent. The riots are widely considered the watershed event that transformed the gay liberation movement and the twentieth-century fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[5][6][7]

    As was common for American gay bars at the time, the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Italian-American Mafia.[8][9][10] While police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969. Tensions between New York City Police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents organized into activist groups demanding the right to live openly regarding their sexual orientation, and without fear of being arrested. The new activist organizations concentrated on confrontational tactics, and within months three newspapers were established to promote rights for gay men, lesbians and bisexual people.

    A year after the uprising, to mark the anniversary on June 28, 1970, the first gay pride marches took place in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.[11] Within a few years, gay rights organizations were founded across the US and the world. Today, LGBT Pride events are held annually worldwide in June in honor of the Stonewall riots.

    The Stonewall National Monument was established at the site in 2016.[12] An estimated 5 million participants commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising,[13] and on June 6, 2019, New York City Police Commissioner James P. O'Neill rendered a formal apology for the actions of officers at Stonewall in 1969.[14][15]

    1. ^ Carter 2004, p. 162.
    2. ^ Grudo, Gideon (June 15, 2019). "The Stonewall Riots: What Really Happened, What Didn't and What Became Myth". The Daily Beast.; "New-York Historical Society commemorates 50th anniversary of Stonewall Uprising with special exhibitions and programs". New-York Historical Society. April 23, 2019.; "Movies Under the Stars: Stonewall Uprising". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 26, 2019. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
    3. ^ Hoffman 2007, pp. 79–81.
    4. ^ Hoffman 2007, p. xi.
    5. ^ Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
    6. ^ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2017.; Nell Frizzell (June 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved August 19, 2017.; "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
    7. ^ US National Park Service (October 17, 2016). "Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument". US Department of the Interior. Retrieved August 6, 2017.; "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
    8. ^ Duberman 1993, p. 183.
    9. ^ Carter 2004, pp. 79–83.
    10. ^ "Stonewall Uprising: The Year That Changed America – Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar?". American Experience. PBS. April 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
    11. ^ "Heritage | 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day Gay-In, San Francisco". SF Pride. June 28, 1970. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
    12. ^ Nakamura, David; Eilperin, Juliet (June 24, 2016). "With Stonewall, Obama designates first national monument to gay rights movement". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
    13. ^ About five million people attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says By karma allen, July 2, 2019. Accessed July 4, 2019.
    14. ^ Gold, Michael; Norman, Derek (June 6, 2019). "Stonewall Riot Apology: Police Actions Were 'Wrong,' Commissioner Admits". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    15. ^ "New York City Police Finally Apologize for Stonewall Raids". advocate.com. June 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
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    28 June 1969Stonewall riots begin in New York City, marking the start of the Gay Rights Movement.

    Stonewall riots

    The Stonewall riots, also known as the Stonewall uprising, Stonewall rebellion, or simply Stonewall, were a series of protests by members of the LGBTQ community[note 1] in response to a police raid that began in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Patrons of the Stonewall, other Village lesbian and gay bars, trans activists and unhoused LGBT individuals fought back when the police became violent. The riots are widely considered the watershed event that transformed the gay liberation movement and the twentieth-century fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[5][6][7]

    As was common for American gay bars at the time, the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Italian-American Mafia.[8][9][10] While police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969. Tensions between New York City Police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. Within weeks, Village residents organized into activist groups demanding the right to live openly regarding their sexual orientation, and without fear of being arrested. The new activist organizations concentrated on confrontational tactics, and within months three newspapers were established to promote rights for gay men, lesbians and bisexual people.

    A year after the uprising, to mark the anniversary on June 28, 1970, the first gay pride marches took place in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and San Francisco.[11] Within a few years, gay rights organizations were founded across the US and the world. Today, LGBT Pride events are held annually worldwide in June in honor of the Stonewall riots.

    The Stonewall National Monument was established at the site in 2016.[12] An estimated 5 million participants commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising,[13] and on June 6, 2019, New York City Police Commissioner James P. O'Neill rendered a formal apology for the actions of officers at Stonewall in 1969.[14][15]

    1. ^ Carter 2004, p. 162.
    2. ^ Grudo, Gideon (June 15, 2019). "The Stonewall Riots: What Really Happened, What Didn't and What Became Myth". The Daily Beast.; "New-York Historical Society commemorates 50th anniversary of Stonewall Uprising with special exhibitions and programs". New-York Historical Society. April 23, 2019.; "Movies Under the Stars: Stonewall Uprising". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 26, 2019. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
    3. ^ Hoffman 2007, pp. 79–81.
    4. ^ Hoffman 2007, p. xi.
    5. ^ Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
    6. ^ "Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved September 2, 2017.; Nell Frizzell (June 28, 2013). "Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement". Pink News UK. Retrieved August 19, 2017.; "Stonewall riots". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
    7. ^ US National Park Service (October 17, 2016). "Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument". US Department of the Interior. Retrieved August 6, 2017.; "Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots". Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
    8. ^ Duberman 1993, p. 183.
    9. ^ Carter 2004, pp. 79–83.
    10. ^ "Stonewall Uprising: The Year That Changed America – Why Did the Mafia Own the Bar?". American Experience. PBS. April 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
    11. ^ "Heritage | 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day Gay-In, San Francisco". SF Pride. June 28, 1970. Archived from the original on October 22, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
    12. ^ Nakamura, David; Eilperin, Juliet (June 24, 2016). "With Stonewall, Obama designates first national monument to gay rights movement". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
    13. ^ About five million people attended WorldPride in NYC, mayor says By karma allen, July 2, 2019. Accessed July 4, 2019.
    14. ^ Gold, Michael; Norman, Derek (June 6, 2019). "Stonewall Riot Apology: Police Actions Were 'Wrong,' Commissioner Admits". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
    15. ^ "New York City Police Finally Apologize for Stonewall Raids". advocate.com. June 6, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
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    29 June 2007Apple Inc. releases its first mobile phone, the iPhone.

    IPhone

    The iPhone is a line of smartphones produced by Apple Inc. that use Apple's own iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold.

    The iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology.[3] Since the iPhone's launch, it has gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel, with the iPhone 5s and later integrating a Touch ID fingerprint sensor.[4] Since the iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. Touch ID is still used for the budget iPhone SE series.

    The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone platforms in the world alongside Android, and is a large part of the luxury market. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies. The first-generation iPhone was described as a "revolution" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise.[5] The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy". As of January 2017, Apple's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications for the iPhone.

    1. ^ "32 iPhone User Statistics: Sales, Usage & Revenue (2024)". Demandsage. January 11, 2024. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
    2. ^ "iPhone 14 Pro Max vs iPhone SE (third generation) vs iPhone 13". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
    3. ^ Merchant, Brian (June 22, 2017). The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone. Transworld. ISBN 978-1-4735-4254-9.
    4. ^ "A New Touch for iPhone". AllThingsD. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
    5. ^ Egan, Timothy (July 7, 2017). "Opinion | The Phone Is Smart, but Where's the Big Idea?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2022.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
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    30 June 1953 – The first Chevrolet Corvette rolls off the assembly line in Flint, Michigan.

    Chevrolet Corvette

    The Chevrolet Corvette is a line of American two-door, two-seater sports cars, manufactured and marketed by GM, under the Chevrolet marque, since 1953.[1][2]

    Over the course of eight generations, indicated sequentially as C1 to C8, the Corvette is noted for its performance, distinctive styling, lightweight fiberglass or composite bodywork, and competitive pricing. Since the cessation of Ford and Chrysler's competitors,[3] the Corvette is the only two-seat sports car produced by a major United States auto manufacturer and serves as Chevrolet's halo car.[4]

    Since its introduction in 1953, the two-seater has steadily moved upmarket. Originally a relatively modest, lightweight 6‑cylinder convertible, subsequent introductions of V8 engines, competitive chassis innovations, and rear mid-engined layout have positioned the Corvette in the supercar class. The first three Corvette generations (1953–1983) employed body-on-frame construction, and since the C4 generation, introduced in 1983 as an early 1984 model, Corvettes have used GM's unibody Y‑body platform.[5] All Corvettes used front mid-engine configuration for seven generations, through 2019, and transitioned to a rear mid-engined layout with the C8 generation.[6]

    In 1953, GM executives accepted a suggestion by Myron Scott, then the assistant director of the Public Relations department, to name the company's new sports car after the corvette, a small maneuverable warship.[7] The first model, a convertible, was introduced at the 1953 GM Motorama as a concept car; production models went on sale later that year. In 1963, the second generation was introduced in coupe and convertible styles. Originally manufactured in Flint, Michigan, and St. Louis, Missouri, the Corvette has been produced in Bowling Green, Kentucky, since 1981, which is also the location of the National Corvette Museum.

    The Corvette has become widely known as "America's Sports Car."[8] Automotive News wrote that after being featured in the early 1960s television show Route 66, "the Corvette became synonymous with freedom and adventure," ultimately becoming both "the most successful concept car in history and the most popular sports car in history."[9]

    1. ^ "2017 Corvette Stingray: Sports Cars - Chevrolet".
    2. ^ Miller, Ray; Embree, Glenn (1975). The Real Corvette: An Illustrated History of Chevrolet's Sports Car. Evergreen Press. ISBN 978-0913056066.
    3. ^ the Ford GT and Dodge Viper respectively,
    4. ^ Oldham, Scott (July 24, 2018). "25 Corvette facts that every enthusiast should know". Hagerty. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
    5. ^ McNessor, Mike (August 24, 2020). "How the Corvette's chassis evolved over more than 60 years". RK Motors Charlotte.
    6. ^ Capparella, Joey (April 11, 2019). "The Mid-Engined 2020 Chevrolet Corvette C8 Is Real, GM Confesses, and It Will Debut July 18". Car and Driver. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
    7. ^ Falconer, Tom (2003). The Complete Corvette. Crestline. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7603-1474-6. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
    8. ^ Bryant, Thos L. (November 6, 2012). "America's Sports Car". Road & Track.
    9. ^ Burton, Jerry (October 31, 2011). "Corvette: A pop culture classic". Automotive News. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
     
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    1 July 1903 – Start of first Tour de France bicycle race.

    1903 Tour de France

    The 1903 Tour de France was the first cycling race set up and sponsored by the newspaper L'Auto, ancestor of the current daily, L'Équipe. It ran from 1 to 19 July in six stages over 2,428 km (1,509 mi), and was won by Maurice Garin.[1]

    The race was invented to boost the circulation of L'Auto, after its circulation started to plummet from competition with the long-standing Le Vélo. Originally scheduled to start in June, the race was postponed one month, and the prize money was increased, after a disappointing level of applications from competitors. The 1903 Tour de France was the first stage road race, and compared to modern Grand Tours, it had relatively few stages, but each was much longer than those raced today. The cyclists did not have to compete in all six stages, although this was necessary to qualify for the general classification.

    The pre-race favourite, Maurice Garin, won the first stage, and retained the lead throughout. He also won the last two stages, and had a margin of almost three hours over the next cyclist. The circulation of L'Auto increased more than sixfold during and after the race, so the race was considered successful enough to be rerun in 1904, by which time Le Vélo had been forced out of business.

    1. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 108.
     
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    2 July 2016Suicide bombing of Karrada in Baghdad kills at least 341 people.

    2016 Karrada bombing

    On 3 July 2016, ISIL militants carried out coordinated bomb attacks in Baghdad that killed 340 civilians and injured hundreds more.[4] A few minutes after midnight local time (2 July, 21:00 UTC), a suicide truck-bomb targeted the mainly Shia district of Karrada, busy with late night shoppers for Ramadan. A second roadside bomb was detonated in the suburb of Sha'ab, killing at least five.

    ISIL issued a statement claiming responsibility for the attack, naming the suicide bomber as Abu Maha al-Iraqi. There were reports that the source of the blast was a refrigerator van packed with explosives. The explosion caused a huge fire on the main street. Several buildings, including the popular Hadi Center, were badly damaged.

    On 18 October 2021, Prime Minister of Iraq Mustafa Al-Kadhimi announced that Ghazwan al-Zawbaee, the man behind the bombing was arrested by Iraqi security forces.[5][6]

    1. ^ "Baghdad blast killed 292, many burned alive". AFP. 7 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
    2. ^ "Baghdad bombing: Casualties in Karrada rise to 347". Iraqi News. 3 July 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guardian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Basu, Moni (12 January 2017). "In Iraq, thousands of terrorism's victims go unnamed". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
    5. ^ "بعد أكثر من 5 سنوات.. الكاظمي يعلن اعتقال المسؤول عن تفجير الكرادة الدامي". baghdadtoday.news (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    6. ^ "Iraq captures mastermind of 2016 Islamic State terror attack that killed hundreds - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
     
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    3 July 1996 – British Prime Minister John Major announced the Stone of Scone would be returned to Scotland.

    Stone of Scone

    The Stone of Scone being carried out from Edinburgh Castle in preparation for its use at the coronation in 2023 of Charles III

    The Stone of Scone (/ˈskn/; Scottish Gaelic: An Lia Fàil; Scots: Stane o Scone), also known as the Stone of Destiny, is an oblong block of red sandstone that was used in the coronation of Scottish monarchs until the 13th century, and thereafter in the coronation of English and later British monarchs. The Stone measures 26 by 16.7 by 10.5 inches (66 cm × 42 cm × 27 cm) and weighs approximately 335 lb (152 kg). A cross is roughly incised on one surface, and an iron ring at each end aids with transport.[1] Monarchs sat on the Stone of Scone itself until a wooden platform was added to the Coronation Chair in the 17th century.[2]

    The artefact was originally kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth. In 1296, the forces of King Edward I of England captured it during Edward's invasion of Scotland. The Stone was subsequently used in the coronation of English monarchs and British monarchs for over 500 years.

    In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland. It is kept in Edinburgh Castle with the Honours of Scotland. The stone remains property of the Crown and is transported to London for use at coronations.[3]

    1. ^ "The stone of Destiny". English Monarchs. www.englishmonarcs.co.uk. 2004–2005. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
    2. ^ James Yorke (17 August 2013). "Review of The Coronation Chair by Warwick Rodwell". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016.
    3. ^ "Stone of Destiny". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 280. United Kingdom: House of Commons. 3 July 1996. col. 973.
     
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    4 July 1997NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.

    Mars Pathfinder

    Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder)[1][4] is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight, 10.6 kg (23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named Sojourner,[5] the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system.

    Launched on December 4, 1996, by NASA aboard a Delta II booster a month after the Mars Global Surveyor, it landed on July 4, 1997, on Mars's Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. The lander then opened, exposing the rover which conducted many experiments on the Martian surface. The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, and geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by then-administrator Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The project manager was JPL's Tony Spear.

    This mission was the first of a series of missions to Mars that included rovers, and was the first successful lander since the two Vikings landed on Mars in 1976. Although the Soviet Union successfully sent rovers to the Moon as part of the Lunokhod program in the 1970s, its attempts to use rovers in its Mars program failed.

    In addition to scientific objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as airbag-mediated touchdown and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The Mars Pathfinder was also remarkable for its extremely low cost relative to other robotic space missions to Mars. Originally, the mission was conceived as the first of the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program.

    1. ^ a b Nelson, Jon. "Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner Rover". NASA. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    2. ^ a b "Mars Pathfinder Fact Sheet". NASA/JPL. March 19, 2005. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
    3. ^ Conway, Erik (2015). "The Discovery Program: Mars Pathfinder". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
    4. ^ Sawyer, Kathy (November 13, 1993). "One Way or Another, Space Agency Will Hitch a Ride to Mars". Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
    5. ^ "Mars Pathfinder". NASA. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
     
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    4 July 1997NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.

    Mars Pathfinder

    Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder)[1][4] is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight, 10.6 kg (23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named Sojourner,[5] the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system.

    Launched on December 4, 1996, by NASA aboard a Delta II booster a month after the Mars Global Surveyor, it landed on July 4, 1997, on Mars's Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. The lander then opened, exposing the rover which conducted many experiments on the Martian surface. The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, and geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by then-administrator Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The project manager was JPL's Tony Spear.

    This mission was the first of a series of missions to Mars that included rovers, and was the first successful lander since the two Vikings landed on Mars in 1976. Although the Soviet Union successfully sent rovers to the Moon as part of the Lunokhod program in the 1970s, its attempts to use rovers in its Mars program failed.

    In addition to scientific objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as airbag-mediated touchdown and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The Mars Pathfinder was also remarkable for its extremely low cost relative to other robotic space missions to Mars. Originally, the mission was conceived as the first of the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program.

    1. ^ a b Nelson, Jon. "Mars Pathfinder / Sojourner Rover". NASA. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    2. ^ a b "Mars Pathfinder Fact Sheet". NASA/JPL. March 19, 2005. Archived from the original on September 19, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
    3. ^ Conway, Erik (2015). "The Discovery Program: Mars Pathfinder". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 17, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
    4. ^ Sawyer, Kathy (November 13, 1993). "One Way or Another, Space Agency Will Hitch a Ride to Mars". Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
    5. ^ "Mars Pathfinder". NASA. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
     
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    5 July 1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.

    BBC

    The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current state with its current name on New Year's Day 1927. The oldest and largest local and global broadcaster by stature and by number of employees, the BBC employs over 21,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 17,900 are in public-sector broadcasting.[1][2][3][4][5]

    The BBC was established under a royal charter,[6] and operates under an agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.[7] Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee[8] which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts or to use the BBC's streaming service, iPlayer.[9] The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament,[10] and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.

    Some of the BBC's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios (formerly BBC Worldwide), which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd.[11][12] In 2009, the company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements in business.[13]

    Since its formation in 1922, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture.[14] It is colloquially known as the Beeb or Auntie.[15][16]

    1. ^ a b c d e f "BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2021/22" (PDF). BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2021/22. BBC. 6 July 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
    2. ^ "BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
    3. ^ "BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand". Media Newsline. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    4. ^ "Digital licence". Prospect. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    5. ^ "About the BBC – What is the BBC". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    6. ^ Andrews, Leighton (2005). Harris, Phil; Fleisher, Craig S. (eds.). "A UK Case: Lobbying for a new BBC Charter". The handbook of public affairs. SAGE. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0-7619-4393-8.
    7. ^ "BBC – Governance – Annual Report 2013/14". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
    8. ^ "BBC Annual Report & Accounts 2008/9: Financial Performance". Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    9. ^ "TV Licensing: Legislation and policy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    10. ^ "BBC Press Office: TV Licence Fee: facts & figures". Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    11. ^ Williams, Christopher (20 December 2016). "BBC Studios wins go-ahead for commercial production push". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
    12. ^ "BBC Global News Ltd to Be Everywhere". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
    13. ^ Shearman, Sarah (21 April 2009). "BBC Worldwide wins Queen's Enterprise award". MediaWeek. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
    14. ^ Potter, Simon J. (2022). This Is the BBC Entertaining the Nation, Speaking for Britain, 1922–2022. Oxford University Press. the significant impact that the BBC has had on the social and cultural history of Britain
    15. ^ "Jack Jackson: Rhythm And Radio Fun Remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
    16. ^ "Top of the Pops 2 – Top 5". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
     
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    5 July 1954 – The BBC broadcasts its first television news bulletin.

    BBC

    The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current state with its current name on New Year's Day 1927. The oldest and largest local and global broadcaster by stature and by number of employees, the BBC employs over 21,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 17,900 are in public-sector broadcasting.[1][2][3][4][5]

    The BBC was established under a royal charter,[6] and operates under an agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.[7] Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee[8] which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts or to use the BBC's streaming service, iPlayer.[9] The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament,[10] and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.

    Some of the BBC's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios (formerly BBC Worldwide), which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd.[11][12] In 2009, the company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements in business.[13]

    Since its formation in 1922, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture.[14] It is colloquially known as the Beeb or Auntie.[15][16]

    1. ^ a b c d e f "BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2021/22" (PDF). BBC Group Annual Report and Accounts 2021/22. BBC. 6 July 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
    2. ^ "BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves". BBC News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
    3. ^ "BBC: World's largest broadcaster & Most trusted media brand". Media Newsline. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    4. ^ "Digital licence". Prospect. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    5. ^ "About the BBC – What is the BBC". BBC Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
    6. ^ Andrews, Leighton (2005). Harris, Phil; Fleisher, Craig S. (eds.). "A UK Case: Lobbying for a new BBC Charter". The handbook of public affairs. SAGE. pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0-7619-4393-8.
    7. ^ "BBC – Governance – Annual Report 2013/14". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
    8. ^ "BBC Annual Report & Accounts 2008/9: Financial Performance". Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    9. ^ "TV Licensing: Legislation and policy". Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    10. ^ "BBC Press Office: TV Licence Fee: facts & figures". Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
    11. ^ Williams, Christopher (20 December 2016). "BBC Studios wins go-ahead for commercial production push". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
    12. ^ "BBC Global News Ltd to Be Everywhere". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
    13. ^ Shearman, Sarah (21 April 2009). "BBC Worldwide wins Queen's Enterprise award". MediaWeek. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
    14. ^ Potter, Simon J. (2022). This Is the BBC Entertaining the Nation, Speaking for Britain, 1922–2022. Oxford University Press. the significant impact that the BBC has had on the social and cultural history of Britain
    15. ^ "Jack Jackson: Rhythm And Radio Fun Remembered". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
    16. ^ "Top of the Pops 2 – Top 5". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
     
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    6 July 1947 – The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union.

    AK-47

    The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: Автомат Калашникова, lit. 'Kalashnikov's automatic [rifle]'; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or "AK") family of rifles. After more than eight decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world.

    Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and, in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[9] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.

    The model and its variants owe their global popularity to their reliability under harsh conditions, low production cost (compared to contemporary weapons), availability in virtually every geographic region, and ease of use. The AK has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies throughout the world. As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s".[4] The model is the basis for the development of many other types of individual, crew-served, and specialized firearms.

    1. ^ Monetchikov 2005, chpts. 6 and 7: (if AK-46 and AK-47 are to be seen as separate designs).
    2. ^ Ezell, Edward Clinton (1986). The AK47 Story, Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons. Stackpole Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-811-70916-3.
    3. ^ Joe, Poyer (2004). The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-882391-33-0.
    4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference k3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference foxnews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ a b НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АК 1967, pp. 161–162.
    7. ^ a b НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АКМ (АКМС) 1983, pp. 149–150.
    8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cite error: The named reference izhmash was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 67; Bolotin 1995, p. 129.
     
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    6 July 1947 – The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union.

    AK-47

    The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: Автомат Калашникова, lit. 'Kalashnikov's automatic [rifle]'; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or "AK") family of rifles. After more than eight decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world.

    Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and, in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[9] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact.

    The model and its variants owe their global popularity to their reliability under harsh conditions, low production cost (compared to contemporary weapons), availability in virtually every geographic region, and ease of use. The AK has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies throughout the world. As of 2004, "of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide, approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family, three-quarters of which are AK-47s".[4] The model is the basis for the development of many other types of individual, crew-served, and specialized firearms.

    1. ^ Monetchikov 2005, chpts. 6 and 7: (if AK-46 and AK-47 are to be seen as separate designs).
    2. ^ Ezell, Edward Clinton (1986). The AK47 Story, Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons. Stackpole Books. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-811-70916-3.
    3. ^ Joe, Poyer (2004). The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications Inc. p. 8. ISBN 1-882391-33-0.
    4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference k3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference foxnews was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ a b НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АК 1967, pp. 161–162.
    7. ^ a b НСД. 7,62-мм автомат АКМ (АКМС) 1983, pp. 149–150.
    8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cite error: The named reference izhmash was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 67; Bolotin 1995, p. 129.
     
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    7 July 1980 – Institution of sharia law in Iran.

    Sharia

    Sharia (/ʃəˈrə/; Arabic: شَرِيعَة, romanizedsharīʿah, IPA: [ʃaˈriːʕa]) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition[1][2][3] based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.[1] In Arabic, the term sharīʿah refers to God's immutable divine law and this referencing is contrasted with fiqh, which refers to its interpretations by Islamic scholars.[4][5][6] Fiqh, practical application side of sharia in a sense, was elaborated over the centuries by legal opinions issued by qualified jurists and sharia has never been the sole valid legal system in Islam historically; it has always been used alongside customary law from the beginning,[7][8] and applied in courts by ruler-appointed judges,[4][6] integrated with various economic, criminal and administrative laws issued by Muslim rulers.[9]

    Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of Sharia: the Quran, sunnah (a type of oral tradition narrated through a chain of transmission and recorded and classified as authentic hadith), ijma (may be understood as ijma al-ummah – a whole community consensus, or ijma al-aimmah – a consensus by religious authorities.[10]) and analogical reasoning.[note 1][13] Four legal schools of Sunni Islam are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafiʽi & Hanbali developed Sunni methodologies for deriving rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad.[4][5] Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law, rituals and social dealings; subsections family law, relationships (commercial, political / administrative) and criminal law, in a wide range of topics.[4][6] Its rulings are concerned with ethical standards as much as legal norms,[14][15] assigning actions to one of five categories: mandatory, recommended, neutral, abhorred, and prohibited.[4][5][6]

    Over time, on the basis of mentioned studies legal schools have emerged, reflecting the preferences of particular societies and governments, as well as Islamic scholars or imams on theoretical and practical applications of laws and regulations. Although sharia is presented as a form of governance[16] in addition to its other aspects, especially by the contemporary Islamist understanding, some researchers see the early history of Islam, which was also modelled and exalted by most Muslims; not a period when sharia was dominant, but a kind of "secular Arabic expansion".[17][18]

    According to human rights groups, some of the classical sharia practices involve serious violations of basic human rights, gender equality and freedom of expression, and the practices of countries governed by sharia are criticized.[19] The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (ECtHR) ruled in several cases that Sharia is "incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy".[20][21] Against this, "the concept of human rights" have been categorically excluded by the governments of countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia by claiming that it belongs to secular and western values,[22] and the Cairo conference by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation declares that human rights can only be respected if they are compatible with Islam.[23]

    In the 21st century, approaches to sharia in the Muslim world vary greatly and the role of Sharia has become an increasingly contested topic around the world.[5] Beyond sectarian differences, fundamentalists advocate the complete and uncompromising implementation of "exact/pure sharia" without modifications,[2][24] while modernists argue that it can/ should be brought into line with human rights and other contemporary issues such as democracy, minority rights, freedom of thought, women's rights and banking by new jurisprudences.[25][26][27] In Muslim majority countries, traditional laws have been widely used with[5][28] or changed by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education have been brought in line with European practice likewise.[5] While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to Sharia, its rules are largely retained only in family law.[5] The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought calls by Islamic movements for full implementation of Sharia, including hudud corporal punishments, such as stoning.[5][29]

    1. ^ a b Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2014) [2013]. "The Sharīa, Sunni Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Legal Methods (Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh)". In Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.). The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–87. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003. ISBN 9781139629249. LCCN 2013019592. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
    2. ^ a b "British & World English: sharia". Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
    3. ^ Dahlén 2003, chpt. 2a.
    4. ^ a b c d e John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Islamic Law". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
    5. ^ a b c d e f g h Vikør 2014.
    6. ^ a b c d Calder 2009.
    7. ^ "Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. Islamic Law: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2019. Page 31
    8. ^ "Another key principle that the early Islamic jurists developed was the concept of urf, or customary law. Urf is the customary practices of a particular community. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.
    9. ^ Stewart 2013, p. 500.
    10. ^ Corinna Standke (30 August 2008). Sharia - The Islamic Law. GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-3-640-14967-4. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
    11. ^ Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4c.
    12. ^ Schneider 2014.
    13. ^ John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."
    14. ^ Coulson & El Shamsy 2019.
    15. ^ Hallaq 2010, p. 145.
    16. ^ "The System of Rule in Islam". 20 June 2010.
    17. ^ Robert G. Hoyland: In God's Path. The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (2015)
    18. ^ Patricia Crone / Martin Hinds: God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (1986)
    19. ^ Gontowska, Luiza Maria, "Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a : A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran" (2005). Honors College Theses. Paper 13.
    20. ^ See Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, since principles such as pluralism in the political sphere and the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it and a regime based on sharia clearly diverges from Convention values"; see Alastair Mowbray, Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights, OUP Oxford, 2012, p 744, Google-Books preview.
    21. ^ Janisch, Wolfgang (14 September 2017). "EuGH - Gegen Scheidungen nach Scharia-Recht". Süddeutsche.de (in German). Retrieved 3 February 2023.
    22. ^ Gontowska, Luiza Maria, "Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a : A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran" (2005). Honors College Theses. Paper 13.
    23. ^ https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-OIC-Declaration-of-Human-Rights.pdf
    24. ^ Amanat 2009: "Muslim fundamentalists [...] claim that Shari’a and its sources [...] constitute a divine law that regulates all aspects of Muslim life, as well as Muslim societies and Muslim states [...]. Muslim modernists, [...] on the other hand, criticize the old approaches to Shari’a by traditional Muslim jurists as obsolete and instead advocate innovative approaches to Shari’a that accommodate more pluralist and relativist views within a democratic framework."
    25. ^ An-Na'im, Abdullahi A (1996). "Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights". In Witte, John; van der Vyver, Johan D. (eds.). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives. pp. 337–59. ISBN 978-9041101792.
    26. ^ Hajjar, Lisa (2004). "Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis". Law & Social Inquiry. 29 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x. JSTOR 4092696. S2CID 145681085.
    27. ^ Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; ISBN 978-0253209399[page needed]
    28. ^ Otto 2008, p. 19.
    29. ^ Mayer 2009.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
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    8 July 1947 – Reports are broadcast that a UFO crash landed in Roswell, New Mexico in what became known as the Roswell UFO incident.

    Roswell UFO incident

    Redirect to:

     
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    9 July 1900 – The Federation of Australia is given royal assent.

    Federation of Australia

    The Sydney Town Hall illuminated in celebratory lights and fireworks marking the Inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1901. The sign reads One people, one destiny.

    The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia (which also governed what is now the Northern Territory), and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. The colonies of Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

    The efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. Sir Edmund Barton, second only to Parkes in the length of his commitment to the federation cause, was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia at the inaugural national election in March 1901. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority.

    The main economic manifestation of federation was an Australian customs and fiscal union.[2] Although the customs union entailed a high external tariff on imports from outside of Australia, there was the elimination of tariffs on interstate Australian trade, and the net effect of federation on welfare was positive, insofar as trade policy was concerned.[3]

    This period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style.

    1. ^ "Fiji and Australian Federation. – (From the Herald's own Correspondent.) Melbourne, Monday". The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. 25 October 1883. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
    2. ^ Lloyd, Peter (June 2015). "Customs Union and Fiscal Union in Australia at Federation". Economic Record. 91 (293): 155–171. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12167. S2CID 153972430.
    3. ^ Grayson, Luke H.; Varian, Brian D. (January 2023). "Economic Aspects of Australian Federation: Trade Restrictiveness and Welfare Effects in the Colonies and the Commonwealth, 1901-3". CEH Discussion Papers.
     
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    9 July 1900 – The Federation of Australia is given royal assent.

    Federation of Australia

    The Sydney Town Hall illuminated in celebratory lights and fireworks marking the Inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1901. The sign reads One people, one destiny.

    The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia (which also governed what is now the Northern Territory), and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. The colonies of Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

    The efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. Sir Edmund Barton, second only to Parkes in the length of his commitment to the federation cause, was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia at the inaugural national election in March 1901. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority.

    The main economic manifestation of federation was an Australian customs and fiscal union.[2] Although the customs union entailed a high external tariff on imports from outside of Australia, there was the elimination of tariffs on interstate Australian trade, and the net effect of federation on welfare was positive, insofar as trade policy was concerned.[3]

    This period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style.

    1. ^ "Fiji and Australian Federation. – (From the Herald's own Correspondent.) Melbourne, Monday". The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser. 25 October 1883. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
    2. ^ Lloyd, Peter (June 2015). "Customs Union and Fiscal Union in Australia at Federation". Economic Record. 91 (293): 155–171. doi:10.1111/1475-4932.12167. S2CID 153972430.
    3. ^ Grayson, Luke H.; Varian, Brian D. (January 2023). "Economic Aspects of Australian Federation: Trade Restrictiveness and Welfare Effects in the Colonies and the Commonwealth, 1901-3". CEH Discussion Papers.
     
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    10 July 1985 – The Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents, killing Fernando Pereira.

    Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

    The sinking of Rainbow Warrior, codenamed Opération Satanique,[1] was a state terrorism bombing operation by the "action" branch of the French foreign intelligence agency, the Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), carried out on 10 July 1985. During the operation, two operatives sank the flagship of the Greenpeace fleet, Rainbow Warrior, at the Port of Auckland on her way to a protest against a planned French nuclear test in Moruroa. Fernando Pereira, a photographer, drowned on the sinking ship.

    The sinking was a cause of embarrassment to France and President François Mitterrand. They initially denied responsibility, but two French agents were captured by New Zealand Police and charged with arson, conspiracy to commit arson, willful damage, and murder. It resulted in a scandal which led to the resignation of the French Defence Minister Charles Hernu, while the two agents pleaded guilty to manslaughter and were sentenced to ten years in prison. They spent a little over two years confined to the Polynesian island of Hao before being freed by the French government.[2]

    France was also forced to apologise and had to pay reparations to New Zealand, Pereira's family and to Greenpeace.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Bremner, Charles (11 July 2005). "Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior, spy chief says". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference UN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    11 July 1922 – The Hollywood Bowl opens.

    Hollywood Bowl

    The Hollywood Bowl is an amphitheatre in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It was named one of the 10 best live music venues in the United States by Rolling Stone magazine in 2018.[1] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.[2]

    The Hollywood Bowl is known for its distinctive bandshell, originally a set of concentric arches that graced the site from 1929 through 2003, before being replaced with a larger one to begin the 2004 season. The shell is set against the backdrop of the Hollywood Hills and the famous Hollywood Sign to the northeast.

    The "bowl" refers to the shape of the concave hillside into which the amphitheater is carved. The Bowl is owned by the County of Los Angeles and is the home of the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, the summer home of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the host venue for hundreds of musical events each year.[3][citation needed]

    It is located at 2301 North Highland Avenue, west of the (former) French Village.[4][5] It is north of Hollywood Boulevard and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the Hollywood/Highland Metro Rail station. It is adjacent to U.S. Route 101.

    1. ^ Staff (December 13, 2018). "10 Best Live Music Venues in America. From big rooms to intimate spaces, here's a selection of some of the country's best live music spots". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
    2. ^ "WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 12/21/2023 THROUGH 12/29/2023". National Park Service. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
    3. ^ "Hollywood Bowl History". Hollywood Bowl. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
    4. ^ "The Lost French Village of Hollywood". December 9, 2010.
    5. ^ "The French Village, corner of Highland Ave & Cahuenga Blvd".
     
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    1
    12 July 2006 – The 2006 Lebanon War begins.

    2006 Lebanon War

    The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War[39] and known in Lebanon as the July War[1] (Arabic: حرب تموز, Ḥarb Tammūz) and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון השנייה, Milhemet Levanon HaShniya),[40] was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, northern Israel and the Golan Heights. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The conflict started on 12 July 2006, and continued until a United Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect in the morning on 14 August 2006, though it formally ended on 8 September 2006 when Israel lifted its naval blockade of Lebanon. Due to unprecedented Iranian military support to Hezbollah before and during the war,[41] some consider it the first round of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict, rather than a continuation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[42]

    The conflict was precipitated by the 2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid. On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah fighters fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence.[43] The ambush left three soldiers dead. Two Israeli soldiers were captured and taken by Hezbollah to Lebanon.[43][44] Five more were killed in Lebanon, in a failed rescue attempt. Hezbollah demanded the release of Lebanese prisoners held by Israel in exchange for the release of the abducted soldiers.[45] Israel refused and responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon. Israel attacked both Hezbollah military targets and Lebanese civilian infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport.[46] The IDF launched a ground invasion of Southern Lebanon. Israel also imposed an air-and-naval blockade.[47] Hezbollah then launched more rockets into northern Israel and engaged the IDF in guerrilla warfare from hardened positions.[48]

    The conflict is believed to have killed between 1,191 and 1,300 Lebanese people,[49][50][51][52] and 165 Israelis.[53] It severely damaged Lebanese civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese[54] and 300,000–500,000 Israelis.[55][56][57]

    On 11 August 2006, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 (UNSCR 1701) in an effort to end the hostilities. The resolution, which was approved by both the Lebanese and Israeli governments the following days, called for disarmament of Hezbollah, for withdrawal of the IDF from Lebanon, and for the deployment of the Lebanese Armed Forces and an enlarged United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the south. UNIFIL was given an expanded mandate, including the ability to use force to ensure that their area of operations was not used for hostile activities, and to resist attempts by force to prevent them from discharging their duties.[58] The Lebanese Army began deploying in Southern Lebanon on 17 August 2006. The blockade was lifted on 8 September 2006.[59] On 1 October 2006, most Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon, although the last of the troops continued to occupy the border-straddling village of Ghajar.[60] In the time since the enactment of UNSCR 1701 both the Lebanese government and UNIFIL have stated that they will not disarm Hezbollah.[61][62][63] The remains of the two captured soldiers, whose fates were unknown, were returned to Israel on 16 July 2008 as part of a prisoner exchange. Hezbollah claimed the war was a "Divine Victory",[64] while Israel considered the war a failure and a missed opportunity.[65]

    1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference DailyStarTimeline was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Herbert Docena (17 August 2006). "Amid the bombs, unity is forged". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011. The LCP ... has itself been very close to Hezbollah and fought alongside it in the frontlines in the south. According to Hadadeh, at least 12 LCP members and supporters died in the fighting.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
    3. ^ "PFLP claims losses in IDF strike on Lebanon base". The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 6 August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012.
    4. ^ Klein, Aaron (27 July 2006). "Iranian soldiers join Hizbullah in fighting". Ynet. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
    5. ^ Worth, Robert F. (15 November 2006). "U.N. Says Somalis Helped Hezbollah Fighters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 October 2023. More than 700 Islamic militants from Somalia traveled to Lebanon in July to fight alongside Hezbollah in its war against Israel, a United Nations report says. The militia in Lebanon returned the favor by providing training and — through its patrons Iran and Syria — weapons to the Islamic alliance struggling for control of Somalia, it adds.
    6. ^ "Report: Over 700 Somalis fought with Hizbullah". The Jerusalem Post. 15 November 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
    7. ^ Uzi Rubin. The Rocket Campaign against Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War. p. 12. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Bar-Ilan University
    8. ^ "Shadowy Iran commander Qassem Soleimani gives rare interview on 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war". 2 October 2019.
    9. ^ "General Soleimani Reveals Untold Facts of 2006 Lebanon War". 2 October 2019.
    10. ^ "Soleimani Reveals Details of Role He Played in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War". Asharq AL-awsat.
    11. ^ "روایت شهید "مغنیه" از نقش راهبردی سردار سلیمانی در جنگ ۳۳ روزه". 21 December 2020.
    12. ^ "Israel captures guerillas in Hezbollah hospital raid", USA Today, Beirut: reprinted from the Associated Press, 2 August 2006, retrieved 12 September 2015
    13. ^ "Some 30,000 Israeli troops in Lebanon – army radio". Yahoo! News. Reuters. 13 August 2006. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008.
    14. ^ Blanford, Nicholas (11 August 2006). "Hizbullah's resilience built on years of homework". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
    15. ^ Harel and Issacharoff, p. 172
    16. ^ "The Final Winograd Commission report, pp. 598–610" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013. 628 wounded according to Northern Command medical census of 9 November 2006 (The Final Winograd Commission Report, page 353)
    17. ^ Cite error: The named reference books.google.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    18. ^ Rolling Thunder: A Century of tank Warfare (Pen and Sword, 14 November 2013), by Philip Kaplan, page 172
    19. ^ Cordesman & Sullivan 2007, p. 110"Only 5–6 of all types represented a lasting vehicle kill"
    20. ^ "Hezbollah Defies Israeli Pressure". BBC News. 21 July 2006.
    21. ^ Egozi, Arie (1 August 2006). "Israeli Air Power Falls Short As Offensive in Southern Lebanon Fails To Halt Hezbollah Rocket Attacks". Flight International. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008.
    22. ^ Hizbullah shoots down helicopter in southern Lebanon Hanan Greenberg Published: 08.12.06, 23:01, ynetnews
    23. ^ Crash grounds Israel helicopters Page last updated at 09:04 GMT, Thursday, 11 September 2008
    24. ^ Exclusive: Photos of navy ship hit during war revealed. YnetNews. 10.11.07
    25. ^ "Striking Deep Into Israel, Hamas Employs an Upgraded Arsenal" by Mark Mazzetti, The New York Times, 31 December 2008.
    26. ^ "State snubbed war victim, family says". ynetnews.com. 30 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
    27. ^ BBC News Online (8 March 2007). "PM 'says Israel pre-planned war'". Retrieved 9 March 2007.
    28. ^ "The Final Winograd Commission report, pp. 598–610" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
    29. ^ a b See Casualties of the 2006 Lebanon War#Foreign civilian casualties in Israel and Casualties of the 2006 Lebanon War#Foreign civilian casualties in Lebanon for a complete and adequately sourced list
    30. ^ "Lebanon – Amnesty International Report 2007". Human Rights in Lebanese Republic. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015.
    31. ^ Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War, Human Rights Watch, September 2007
    32. ^ Gross, Michael; Gross, Michael L. (2010). Moral Dilemmas of Modern War: Torture, Assassination, and Blackmail in an Age of Asymmetric Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-521-86615-6.
    33. ^ Israel/Lebanon: Out of all proportion – civilians bear the brunt of the war, Amnesty International, November 2006.
    34. ^ "Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of March 2006 entitled "Human Rights Council"" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013.
    35. ^ McRae, D.M.; De Mestral, A.L.C. (2010). The Canadian Yearbook of International Law. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774859172.
    36. ^ SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, And International Security, Oxford University Press, page 69.
    37. ^ Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law:Volume 9; Volume 2006. T.M.C Asser Press. 2006. ISBN 978-90-6704-269-7.
    38. ^ "United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)". United Nations. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
    39. ^ Arkin, William M. (July 2007). "Divining Victory: Airpower in the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War". Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
    40. ^ See, e.g., Yaakov Katz, "Halutz officers discuss war strategy," The Jerusalem Post, 5 September 2006, p. 2
    41. ^ "Iranian complicity in the present Lebanese crisis-July–Aug 2006". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 August 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
    42. ^ Zisser, Eyal (May 2011). "Iranian Involvement in Lebanon" (PDF). Military and Strategic Affairs. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
    43. ^ a b "Clashes spread to Lebanon as Hezbollah raids Israel". International Herald Tribune. 12 July 2006. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009.
    44. ^ "Israel buries soldiers recovered in prisoner swap". ABC News. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 18 July 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
    45. ^ Myre, Greg; Erlanger, Steven (13 July 2006). "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks". The New York Times.
    46. ^ "Israeli warplanes hit Beirut suburb". CNN. 14 July 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
    47. ^ Cody, Edward (24 August 2006). "Lebanese Premier Seeks U.S. Help in Lifting Blockade". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
    48. ^ Urquhart, Conal (11 August 2006). "Computerised weaponry and high morale". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
    49. ^ "Cloud of Syria's war hangs over Lebanese cleric's death". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
    50. ^ Reuters, 12 September 2006; Al-Hayat (London), 13 September 2006
    51. ^ "Country Report—Lebanon," The Economist Intelligence Unit, no. 4 (2006), pp. 3–6.
    52. ^ "Lebanon Death Toll Hits 1,300", by Robert Fisk, 17 August 2006, The Independent
    53. ^ Israel Vs. Iran: The Shadow War, by Yaakov Katz, (NY 2012), page 17
    54. ^ "Lebanon Under Siege". Lebanon Higher Relief Council. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
    55. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (12 July 2006). "Hizbullah attacks northern Israel and Israel's response"; retrieved 5 March 2007.
    56. ^ "Middle East crisis: Facts and Figures". BBC News. 31 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
    57. ^ "Israel says it will relinquish positions to Lebanese army". USA Today. 15 August 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
    58. ^ "Lebanon: UN peacekeepers lay out rules of engagement, including use of force". UN News Centre. 3 October 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
    59. ^ Pannell, Ian (9 September 2006). "Lebanon breathes after the blockade". BBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
    60. ^ "UN peacekeepers: Israeli troops still in Lebanon". CNN. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
    61. ^ Spiegel Online (16 August 2006). "Who Will Disarm Hezbollah?". Retrieved 10 January 2007.
    62. ^ People's Daily Online (19 August 2006). "Indonesia refuses to help disarm Hezbollah in Lebanon". Retrieved 10 January 2007.
    63. ^ "UN commander says his troops will not disarm Hezbollah". International Herald Tribune. 18 September 2006. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007.
    64. ^ Hassan Nasrallah (22 September 2006). "Sayyed Nasrallah Speech on the Divine Victory Rally in Beirut on 22-09-2006". al-Ahed magazine. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
    65. ^ "English Summary of the Winograd Commission Report". The New York Times. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2020.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    1
    13 July 1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia, as well as other venues such as Moscow and Sydney.

    Live Aid

    Live Aid was a multi-venue benefit concert held on Saturday 13 July 1985, as well as a music-based fundraising initiative. The original event was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise further funds for relief of the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia, a movement that started with the release of the successful charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in December 1984. Billed as the "global jukebox", Live Aid was held simultaneously at Wembley Stadium in London, attended by about 72,000 people, and John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, attended by 89,484 people.[1][2]

    On the same day, concerts inspired by the initiative were held in other countries, such as the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan, Yugoslavia, Austria, Australia, and West Germany. It was one of the largest satellite link-ups and television broadcasts of all time; an estimated audience of 1.9 billion, in 150 nations, watched the live broadcast, nearly 40 percent of the world population.[3][4]

    The impact of Live Aid on famine relief has been debated for years. One aid relief worker stated that following the publicity generated by the concert, "humanitarian concern is now at the centre of foreign policy" for Western governments.[5] Geldof has said, "We took an issue that was nowhere on the political agenda and, through the lingua franca of the planet – which is not English but rock 'n' roll – we were able to address the intellectual absurdity and the moral repulsion of people dying of want in a world of surplus."[6] In another interview he stated that Live Aid "created something permanent and self-sustaining" but also asked why Africa is getting poorer.[5] The organisers of Live Aid tried to run aid efforts directly, channelling millions of pounds to NGOs in Ethiopia. It has been alleged that much of this went to the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam – a regime the UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opposed[7] – and it is also alleged some funds were spent on guns.[5][8] While the BBC World Service programme Assignment reported in March 2010 that the funds had been diverted, the BBC Editorial Complaints Unit later found "that there was no evidence to support such statements."[9] Brian Barder, British Ambassador to Ethiopia from 1982 to 1986, wrote on his website that "the diversion of aid related only to the tiny proportion that was supplied by some NGOs to rebel-held areas."[10]

    1. ^ Live Aid on Bob Geldof's official site Archived 5 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
    2. ^ "Billboard Boxscore". Billboard. 27 July 1985. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference CNN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision Archived 19 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
    5. ^ a b c "Cruel to be kind?". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
    6. ^ "Live Aid index: Bob Geldof". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
    7. ^ "Margaret Thatcher demanded UK find ways to 'destabilise' Ethiopian regime in power during 1984 famine". The Independent. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
    8. ^ "Live Aid: The Terrible Truth". Spin. 13 July 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
    9. ^ "BBC apologises over Band Aid money reports". BBC. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
    10. ^ "Ethiopia famine relief aid: misinterpreted allegations out of control". Barder.com. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
     
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    1
    14 July 1960Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her famous study of chimpanzees in the wild.

    Jane Goodall

    Dame Jane Morris Goodall DBE (/ˈɡʊdɔːl/; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall; 3 April 1934),[3] formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist.[4] She is considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, after 60 years' studying the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. Goodall first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania to observe its chimpanzees in 1960.[5]

    She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. As of 2022, she is on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project.[6] In April 2002, she was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference goodphd was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Dame Jane Goodall". Woman's Hour. 26 January 2010. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
    3. ^ The Biography Channel (2010). "Jane Goodall Biography". Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
    4. ^ Holloway, M. (1997) Profile: Jane Goodall – Gombe's Famous Primate, Scientific American 277(4), 42–44.
    5. ^ "Jane in the Forest Again". National Geographic. April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
    6. ^ "Jane Goodall, Board Member". Nonhuman Rights Project. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
     
  25. NewsBot

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    Articles:
    1
    14 July 1960Jane Goodall arrives at the Gombe Stream Reserve in present-day Tanzania to begin her famous study of chimpanzees in the wild.

    Jane Goodall

    Dame Jane Morris Goodall DBE (/ˈɡʊdɔːl/; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall; 3 April 1934),[3] formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist.[4] She is considered the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, after 60 years' studying the social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees. Goodall first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania to observe its chimpanzees in 1960.[5]

    She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. As of 2022, she is on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project.[6] In April 2002, she was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference goodphd was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Dame Jane Goodall". Woman's Hour. 26 January 2010. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
    3. ^ The Biography Channel (2010). "Jane Goodall Biography". Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
    4. ^ Holloway, M. (1997) Profile: Jane Goodall – Gombe's Famous Primate, Scientific American 277(4), 42–44.
    5. ^ "Jane in the Forest Again". National Geographic. April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
    6. ^ "Jane Goodall, Board Member". Nonhuman Rights Project. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
     
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    1
    15 July 2006Twitter, later one of the largest social media platforms in the world, is launched.

    Twitter

    X, commonly referred to by its former name Twitter, is a social media website based in the United States. With over 500 million users, it is one of the world's largest social networks and the fifth-most visited website in the world.[4][5] Users can share text messages, images, and videos as "posts", commonly still known as "tweets".[6] X also includes direct messaging, video and audio calling, bookmarks, lists and communities, and Spaces, a social audio feature. Users can vote on context added by approved users using the Community Notes feature.

    The service is owned by the American company X Corp., the successor of Twitter, Inc. Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams, and launched in July of that year. Twitter grew quickly, and by 2012, more than 100 million users produced 340 million tweets per day.[7] Twitter, Inc., was based in San Francisco, California, and had more than 25 offices around the world.[8] A signature characteristic of the service is that posts are required to be brief (originally 140 characters, later expanded to 280 in 2017).[9] The majority of tweets are produced by a minority of users.[10][11] In 2020, it was estimated that approximately 48 million accounts (15% of all accounts) were not genuine people.[12]

    In October 2022, billionaire Elon Musk acquired Twitter for US$44 billion, gaining control of the platform and becoming the chief executive officer (CEO).[13][14][15][16] Since the acquisition, the platform has been criticized for enabling the increased spread of disinformation,[17][18][19] hate speech,[20][21][22] antisemitism,[23][24] homophobia, transphobia[25][26] and child pornography[27] on the platform. Linda Yaccarino succeeded Musk as CEO on June 5, 2023, with Musk remaining as the chairman and the chief technology officer.[28][29][30] In July 2023, Musk announced that Twitter would be rebranded to X and that the bird logo, along with the name Twitter, would be retired.[31][32] Although the service is now called X, the primary domain name 'twitter.com' remains in place as of March 2024, with the 'x.com' URL redirecting to that address. In December 2023, Fidelity estimated the value of the company to be down 71.5 percent from its purchase price.[33]

    1. ^ Ashworth, Louis (July 24, 2023). "The logo of X, formerly Twitter, wasn't actually stolen". Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    2. ^ Musk, Elon Reeve [@elonmusk] (July 24, 2023). "𝕏" (Tweet). Retrieved July 30, 2023 – via Twitter.
    3. ^ Kolodny, Lora (September 18, 2023). "Elon Musk says Twitter, now X, is moving to monthly subscription fees and has 550 million users". CNBC. Archived from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
    4. ^ "Top Websites Ranking". Similarweb. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
    5. ^ "twitter.com". Similarweb.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
    6. ^ Conger, Kate (August 3, 2023). "So What Do We Call Twitter Now Anyway?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 12, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
    7. ^ "Twitter turns six". Twitter. March 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
    8. ^ "Company: "About Twitter"". Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Twitter_500 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Carlson, Nicholas (June 2, 2009). "Stunning New Numbers on Who Uses Twitter". Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
    11. ^ Wojcik, Stefan; Hughes, Adam (April 24, 2019). "Sizing Up Twitter Users". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rodriguez was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ Isaac, Mike; Hirsch, Lauren (April 25, 2022). "Musk's deal for Twitter is worth about $44 billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
    14. ^ Feiner, Lauren (April 25, 2022). "Twitter accepts Elon Musk's buyout deal". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
    15. ^ Kay, Grace; Hays, Kali. "Elon Musk is officially Twitter's new owner, and he's firing executives already". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
    16. ^ Olmstead, Todd (October 28, 2022). "Twitter Purchased by Elon Musk: A Timeline of How It Happened". WSJ. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
    17. ^ Milmo, Dan (October 9, 2023). "X criticised for enabling spread of Israel-Hamas disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    18. ^ Goswami, Rohan (October 9, 2023). "X, formerly Twitter, amplifies disinformation amid the Israel-Hamas conflict". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    19. ^ Lyngaas, Sean; O'Sullivan, Donie; Duffy, Clare (October 9, 2023). "Elon Musk's X adds to fog of war at outset of Israel-Hamas conflict". CNN. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2023.
    20. ^ Sato, Mia (December 2, 2022). "Hate speech is soaring on Twitter under Elon Musk, report finds". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
    21. ^ "New Data Suggests that Hate Speech is on the Rise on Twitter 2.0". Social Media Today. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
    22. ^ Frenkel, Sheera; Conger, Kate (December 2, 2022). "Hate Speech's Rise on Twitter Is Unprecedented, Researchers Find". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
    23. ^ Kolodny, Lora (November 16, 2023). "Elon Musk boosts antisemitic tweet, claims ADL and other groups push 'anti-white' messaging". CNBC. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    24. ^ Gangitano, Alex (November 17, 2023). "White House blasts Elon Musk's 'unacceptable' antisemitic tweet". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    25. ^ "Elon Musk promotes anti-trans content as hate speech surges on his far-right platform". The Independent. June 5, 2023. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    26. ^ Yang, Angela (April 18, 2023). "Twitter quietly changes its hateful conduct policy to remove standing protections for its transgender users". NBC News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
    27. ^ "On Musk's Twitter, users looking to sell and trade child sex abuse material are still easily found". NBC News. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
    28. ^ Frier, Sarah (June 5, 2023). "Twitter's New CEO Linda Yaccarino Has First Day in the Role". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
    29. ^ Miller, Monica (December 21, 2022). "Elon Musk to quit as Twitter CEO when replacement found". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
    30. ^ "Twitter's New CEO Linda Yaccarino Has First Day in the Role". Bloomberg.com. June 6, 2023. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
    31. ^ Valinsky, Jordan (July 24, 2023). "Twitter X logo: Elon Musk rebrands social media platform". CNN Business. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    32. ^ "Elon Musk reveals rebranding of Twitter as X - and what he wants us to now call a tweet". Sky News. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
    33. ^ Primack, Dan (December 31, 2023). "Elon Musk's X gets another valuation cut from Fidelity". Axios. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    16 July 999John F. Kennedy Jr., his wife, Carolyn, and her sister, Lauren Bessette, died when the Piper Saratoga PA-32R aircraft he was piloting crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.

    John F. Kennedy Jr.

    John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as John-John or JFK Jr., was an American attorney, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was a son of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and a younger brother of U.S. Ambassador Caroline Kennedy. Three days after his father was assassinated, he rendered a final salute during the funeral procession on his third birthday.

    From his childhood years at the White House, Kennedy was the subject of much media scrutiny and later became a popular social figure in Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City assistant district attorney for almost four years. In 1995, Kennedy launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. He died in a plane crash in 1999 at the age of 38.

     
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    17 July 1989 – First flight of the B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber.

    Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

    The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, is an American heavy strategic bomber, featuring low-observable stealth technology designed to penetrate dense anti-aircraft defenses. A subsonic flying wing with a crew of two, the plane was designed by Northrop (later Northrop Grumman) and produced from 1987 to 2000.[1][3] The bomber can drop conventional and thermonuclear weapons,[4] such as up to eighty 500-pound class (230 kg) Mk 82 JDAM GPS-guided bombs, or sixteen 2,400-pound (1,100 kg) B83 nuclear bombs. The B-2 is the only acknowledged in-service aircraft that can carry large air-to-surface standoff weapons in a stealth configuration.

    Development began under the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) project during the Carter administration, which cancelled the Mach 2-capable B-1A bomber in part because the ATB showed such promise. But development difficulties delayed progress and drove up costs. Ultimately, the program produced 21 B-2s at an average cost of $2.13 billion (~$3.88 billion in 2022), including development, engineering, testing, production, and procurement.[5] Building each aircraft cost an average of US$737 million,[5] while total procurement costs (including production, spare parts, equipment, retrofitting, and software support) averaged $929 million (~$1.07 billion in 2022) per plane.[5]

    The project's considerable capital and operating costs made it controversial in the U.S. Congress even before the winding down of the Cold War dramatically reduced the desire for a stealth aircraft designed to strike deep in Soviet territory. Consequently, in the late 1980s and 1990s lawmakers shrank the planned purchase of 132 bombers to 21.

    As of 2015, twenty B-2s were in service with the United States Air Force,[4] one having been destroyed in a 2008 crash.[6] The Air Force plans to operate them until 2032, when the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider is to replace them.[7]

    The B-2 can perform attack missions at altitudes of up to 50,000 feet (15,000 m); it has an unrefueled range of more than 6,000 nautical miles (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) and can fly more than 10,000 nautical miles (12,000 mi; 19,000 km) with one midair refueling. It entered service in 1997 as the second aircraft designed with advanced stealth technology, after the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk attack aircraft. Primarily designed as a nuclear bomber, the B-2 was first used in combat to drop conventional, non-nuclear ordnance in the Kosovo War in 1999. It was later used in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya.[8]

    1. ^ a b "Northrop B-2A Spirit fact sheet." Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    2. ^ Mehuron, Tamar A., Assoc. Editor. "2009 USAF Almanac, Fact and Figures." Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Magazine, May 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    3. ^ Thornborough, A.M.; Stealth, Aircraft Illustrated special, Ian Allan (1991).
    4. ^ a b "B-2 Spirit". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
    5. ^ a b c "B-2 Bomber: Cost and Operational Issues Letter Report, GAO/NSIAD-97-181." Archived 22 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine United States General Accounting Office (GAO), 14 August 1997. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
    6. ^ Rolfsen, Bruce. "Moisture confused sensors in B-2 crash." Air Force Times, 9 June 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    7. ^ admin (9 February 2018). "USAF to Retire B-1, B-2 in Early 2030s as B-21 Comes On-Line". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference B-2_AF_fact_sheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    17 July 1989 – First flight of the B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber.

    Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

    The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, is an American heavy strategic bomber, featuring low-observable stealth technology designed to penetrate dense anti-aircraft defenses. A subsonic flying wing with a crew of two, the plane was designed by Northrop (later Northrop Grumman) and produced from 1987 to 2000.[1][3] The bomber can drop conventional and thermonuclear weapons,[4] such as up to eighty 500-pound class (230 kg) Mk 82 JDAM GPS-guided bombs, or sixteen 2,400-pound (1,100 kg) B83 nuclear bombs. The B-2 is the only acknowledged in-service aircraft that can carry large air-to-surface standoff weapons in a stealth configuration.

    Development began under the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) project during the Carter administration, which cancelled the Mach 2-capable B-1A bomber in part because the ATB showed such promise. But development difficulties delayed progress and drove up costs. Ultimately, the program produced 21 B-2s at an average cost of $2.13 billion (~$3.88 billion in 2022), including development, engineering, testing, production, and procurement.[5] Building each aircraft cost an average of US$737 million,[5] while total procurement costs (including production, spare parts, equipment, retrofitting, and software support) averaged $929 million (~$1.07 billion in 2022) per plane.[5]

    The project's considerable capital and operating costs made it controversial in the U.S. Congress even before the winding down of the Cold War dramatically reduced the desire for a stealth aircraft designed to strike deep in Soviet territory. Consequently, in the late 1980s and 1990s lawmakers shrank the planned purchase of 132 bombers to 21.

    As of 2015, twenty B-2s were in service with the United States Air Force,[4] one having been destroyed in a 2008 crash.[6] The Air Force plans to operate them until 2032, when the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider is to replace them.[7]

    The B-2 can perform attack missions at altitudes of up to 50,000 feet (15,000 m); it has an unrefueled range of more than 6,000 nautical miles (6,900 mi; 11,000 km) and can fly more than 10,000 nautical miles (12,000 mi; 19,000 km) with one midair refueling. It entered service in 1997 as the second aircraft designed with advanced stealth technology, after the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk attack aircraft. Primarily designed as a nuclear bomber, the B-2 was first used in combat to drop conventional, non-nuclear ordnance in the Kosovo War in 1999. It was later used in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya.[8]

    1. ^ a b "Northrop B-2A Spirit fact sheet." Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    2. ^ Mehuron, Tamar A., Assoc. Editor. "2009 USAF Almanac, Fact and Figures." Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine Air Force Magazine, May 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    3. ^ Thornborough, A.M.; Stealth, Aircraft Illustrated special, Ian Allan (1991).
    4. ^ a b "B-2 Spirit". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
    5. ^ a b c "B-2 Bomber: Cost and Operational Issues Letter Report, GAO/NSIAD-97-181." Archived 22 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine United States General Accounting Office (GAO), 14 August 1997. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
    6. ^ Rolfsen, Bruce. "Moisture confused sensors in B-2 crash." Air Force Times, 9 June 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
    7. ^ admin (9 February 2018). "USAF to Retire B-1, B-2 in Early 2030s as B-21 Comes On-Line". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference B-2_AF_fact_sheet was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    18 July 1976Nadia Comăneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

    Nadia Comăneci

    Nadia Elena Comăneci Conner[a] (born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian retired gymnast and a five-time Olympic gold medalist, all in individual events. In 1976, at the age of 14, Comăneci was the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of 10.0 at the Olympic Games.[5] At the same Games (1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal) she received six more perfect 10s for events en route to winning three gold medals. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Comăneci won two more gold medals and achieved two more perfect 10s. During her career Comăneci won nine Olympic medals and four World Artistic Gymnastics Championship medals.

    One of the world's best-known gymnasts, Comăneci, along with Olga Korbut of the Soviet Union, displayed artistry and grace,[6] which brought unprecedented global popularity to the sport in the mid-1970s.[6][7][8] In 2000, Comăneci was named one of the Athletes of the 20th Century by the Laureus World Sports Academy.[9] She has lived in the United States since 1989, when she defected from then-Communist Romania before its revolution in December that year. She later worked with and married American Olympic gold-medal gymnast Bart Conner, who set up his own school.

    1. ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Nadia Comăneci". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.
    2. ^ Carlson, Jenni (July 31, 2013). "Nadia Comaneci feels at home in Oklahoma". The Oklahoman. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
    3. ^ "Comaneci". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
    4. ^ "Comaneci, Nadia"[dead link] (US) and "Comaneci, Nadia". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[permanent dead link]
    5. ^ Gymnast Nadia Comăneci Became the Queen of the 1976 Montreal Games when she was Awarded the First Perfect Score.
    6. ^ a b "Lost art: Powerhouse physiques winning out over spellbinding grace". Herald Scotland. Retrieved January 8, 2022. Unlike Nadia Comaneci and Olga Korbut, modern gymnasts such as Simone Biles are rewarded for their athleticism more than their artistry... the spellbinding artistry that not only gave the sport its name, but brought it global fame.
    7. ^ "Head over heels". The Guardian. Retrieved January 8, 2022. In the early to mid-70s, with ambassadors like Korbut and Comaneci, gymnastics was at its popular peak.
    8. ^ "Gymnastics". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. infoplease.com. 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
    9. ^ "Nadia Comăneci". CNN. July 7, 2008.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    18 July 1976Nadia Comăneci becomes the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

    Nadia Comăneci

    Nadia Elena Comăneci Conner[a] (born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian retired gymnast and a five-time Olympic gold medalist, all in individual events. In 1976, at the age of 14, Comăneci was the first gymnast to be awarded a perfect score of 10.0 at the Olympic Games.[5] At the same Games (1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal) she received six more perfect 10s for events en route to winning three gold medals. At the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Comăneci won two more gold medals and achieved two more perfect 10s. During her career Comăneci won nine Olympic medals and four World Artistic Gymnastics Championship medals.

    One of the world's best-known gymnasts, Comăneci, along with Olga Korbut of the Soviet Union, displayed artistry and grace,[6] which brought unprecedented global popularity to the sport in the mid-1970s.[6][7][8] In 2000, Comăneci was named one of the Athletes of the 20th Century by the Laureus World Sports Academy.[9] She has lived in the United States since 1989, when she defected from then-Communist Romania before its revolution in December that year. She later worked with and married American Olympic gold-medal gymnast Bart Conner, who set up his own school.

    1. ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Nadia Comăneci". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020.
    2. ^ Carlson, Jenni (July 31, 2013). "Nadia Comaneci feels at home in Oklahoma". The Oklahoman. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
    3. ^ "Comaneci". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
    4. ^ "Comaneci, Nadia"[dead link] (US) and "Comaneci, Nadia". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[permanent dead link]
    5. ^ Gymnast Nadia Comăneci Became the Queen of the 1976 Montreal Games when she was Awarded the First Perfect Score.
    6. ^ a b "Lost art: Powerhouse physiques winning out over spellbinding grace". Herald Scotland. Retrieved January 8, 2022. Unlike Nadia Comaneci and Olga Korbut, modern gymnasts such as Simone Biles are rewarded for their athleticism more than their artistry... the spellbinding artistry that not only gave the sport its name, but brought it global fame.
    7. ^ "Head over heels". The Guardian. Retrieved January 8, 2022. In the early to mid-70s, with ambassadors like Korbut and Comaneci, gymnastics was at its popular peak.
    8. ^ "Gymnastics". The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. infoplease.com. 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
    9. ^ "Nadia Comăneci". CNN. July 7, 2008.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    19 July 1947 – Korean politician Lyuh Woon-hyung is assassinated.

    Lyuh Woon-hyung

    Lyuh Woon-hyung or Yo Un-hyung[b] (25 May 1886 – 19 July 1947) was a Korean politician who argued that Korean independence was essential to world peace, and a reunification activist who struggled for the independent reunification of Korea following its national division in 1945.

    Lyuh Woon-hyung, Syngman Rhee and Kim Koo were some of the prominent figures of the Provisional Government of Korea in exile.[1] He is also known by his pen name Mongyang (몽양; 夢陽). He is rare among politicians in modern Korean history for being revered in both South and North Korea.[citation needed]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Weems, Benjamin (1948). "Behind the Korean Election". Far Eastern Survey. 17 (12): 143. doi:10.2307/3022008. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3022008.
     
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    20 July 1992Václav Havel resigns as president of Czechoslovakia.

    Václav Havel

    Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslav ˈɦavɛl] ; 5 October 1936 – 18 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright and dissident.[1][2] Havel served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992, prior to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia on 31 December, before he became the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. He was the first democratically elected president of either country after the fall of communism. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays and memoirs.

    His educational opportunities having been limited by his bourgeois background, when freedoms were limited by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Havel first rose to prominence as a playwright. In works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum, Havel used an absurdist style to criticize the Communist system. After participating in the Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives, including Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the StB secret police, and he spent multiple periods as a political prisoner,[3] the longest of his imprisoned terms being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983. In this period, Samuel Beckett wrote a play Catastrophe in Havel's Support. Havel wrote his short play Mistake in response to Beckett. Both plays were published by Index On Censorship in 1984. In 2022, Reza Shirmarz, an Iranian playwright, was asked by Index to write a play (Muzzled) in response to both playwright after a couple decades presenting the ongoing issue of censorship and self-censorship.[1]

    Havel's Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was re-elected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. Havel was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and enlargement of NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the treatment of Sudeten Germans and their mass expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II, as well as granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under the Communist era, were very controversial domestically. By the end of his presidency, he enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. Havel continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism,[4][5] the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference.

    Havel's political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy.[2] He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour.[6] He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century.[7] The international airport in Prague was renamed Václav Havel Airport Prague in 2012.

    1. ^ Webb, W. L. (18 December 2011). "Václav Havel obituary". The Guardian.
    2. ^ a b Crain, Caleb (21 March 2012). "Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel". The Nation. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
    3. ^ Barney, Timothy (20 October 2019). "Václav Havel at the End of the Cold War: The Invention of Post-Communist Transition in the Address to U.S. Congress, February 21, 1990". Communication Quarterly. 67 (5): 560–583. doi:10.1080/01463373.2019.1668444. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 210374087.
    4. ^ Tismăneanu, Vladimir (2010). "Citizenship Restored". Journal of Democracy. 21 (1): 128–135. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0139. S2CID 159380633.
    5. ^ "Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
    6. ^ "Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
    7. ^ "Prospect Intellectuals: The 2005 List". Prospect. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
     
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    20 July 1992Václav Havel resigns as president of Czechoslovakia.

    Václav Havel

    Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslav ˈɦavɛl] ; 5 October 1936 – 18 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, author, poet, playwright and dissident.[1][2] Havel served as the last president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until 1992, prior to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia on 31 December, before he became the first president of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. He was the first democratically elected president of either country after the fall of communism. As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays and memoirs.

    His educational opportunities having been limited by his bourgeois background, when freedoms were limited by the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, Havel first rose to prominence as a playwright. In works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum, Havel used an absurdist style to criticize the Communist system. After participating in the Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives, including Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the StB secret police, and he spent multiple periods as a political prisoner,[3] the longest of his imprisoned terms being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983. In this period, Samuel Beckett wrote a play Catastrophe in Havel's Support. Havel wrote his short play Mistake in response to Beckett. Both plays were published by Index On Censorship in 1984. In 2022, Reza Shirmarz, an Iranian playwright, was asked by Index to write a play (Muzzled) in response to both playwright after a couple decades presenting the ongoing issue of censorship and self-censorship.[1]

    Havel's Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled the Communist system in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was re-elected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. Havel was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and enlargement of NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the treatment of Sudeten Germans and their mass expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II, as well as granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under the Communist era, were very controversial domestically. By the end of his presidency, he enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. Havel continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism,[4][5] the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference.

    Havel's political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy.[2] He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour.[6] He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century.[7] The international airport in Prague was renamed Václav Havel Airport Prague in 2012.

    1. ^ Webb, W. L. (18 December 2011). "Václav Havel obituary". The Guardian.
    2. ^ a b Crain, Caleb (21 March 2012). "Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel". The Nation. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
    3. ^ Barney, Timothy (20 October 2019). "Václav Havel at the End of the Cold War: The Invention of Post-Communist Transition in the Address to U.S. Congress, February 21, 1990". Communication Quarterly. 67 (5): 560–583. doi:10.1080/01463373.2019.1668444. ISSN 0146-3373. S2CID 210374087.
    4. ^ Tismăneanu, Vladimir (2010). "Citizenship Restored". Journal of Democracy. 21 (1): 128–135. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0139. S2CID 159380633.
    5. ^ "Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
    6. ^ "Opening Ceremony, Bruges Campus". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
    7. ^ "Prospect Intellectuals: The 2005 List". Prospect. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
     
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    21 July 2005July 2005 London bombings occur.

    21 July 2005 London bombings

    On Thursday, 21 July 2005, four attempted bomb attacks by Islamist extremists disrupted part of London's public transport system as a follow-up attack from the 7 July 2005 London bombings that occurred two weeks earlier. The explosions occurred around midday at Shepherd's Bush, Warren Street and Oval stations on the London Underground, and on London Buses route 26 in Haggerston on Hackney Road. A fifth bomber dumped his device without attempting to set it off.[1][2]

    Connecting lines and stations were closed and evacuated. Metropolitan Police later said the intention was to cause large-scale loss of life, but only the detonators of the bombs exploded, probably causing the popping sounds reported by witnesses, and only one minor injury was reported. The suspects fled the scenes after their bombs failed to explode.

    On Friday, 22 July 2005, CCTV images of four suspects wanted in connection with the bombings were released.[3] Two of the men shown in these images were identified by police on Monday, 25 July 2005 as Muktar Said Ibrahim and Yasin Hassan Omar.[4] The resultant manhunt was described by the Metropolitan police commissioner Sir Ian Blair as "the greatest operational challenge ever faced" by the Met.[5] During the manhunt, police misidentified Jean Charles de Menezes as one of the suspected bombers and shot and killed him.[6]

    By 29 July 2005, police had arrested all four of the main bombing suspects from the 21 July attempted bombings. Yasin Hassan Omar was arrested by police on 27 July, in Birmingham. On 29 July, two more suspects were arrested in London. A fourth suspect, Osman Hussein, was arrested in Rome, Italy, and later extradited to the UK.[7][8] Police also arrested numerous other people in the course of their investigations.

    On 9 July 2007, four defendants, Muktar Saáid Ibrahim, 29, Yasin Hassan Omar, 26, Ramzi Mohammed, 25, and Hussain Osman, 28, were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.[9] The four attempted bombers were each sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 40 years' imprisonment.[10]

    1. ^ "21 July: Attacks, escapes and arrests". BBC News. 11 July 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008.
    2. ^ "Jailed preacher, Mohammed Hamid, who trained 21/7 bombers 'linked'". The Independent. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020. One of the suspects in the murder of Drummer Lee Rigby is believed to have had contact with a 'terrorist instructor' now in prison for running military-style training camps which were used by Islamist extremists including the 21/7 London bombers, The Independent has learnt.
    3. ^ "London alerts: At-a-glance". BBC News. 29 July 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009.
    4. ^ "Timeline: London bombing developments". BBC News. 1 November 2005. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008.
    5. ^ "London alerts: At-a-glance". BBC News. 29 July 2005. (Timeline for 22 July 2005 at 15:31). Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015. Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair describes the investigation into the London bombings as 'the greatest operational challenge ever faced' by the Met.
    6. ^ "What happened: Death of Jean Charles de Menezes". BBC News. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
    7. ^ "Bomb Suspect May Spend Months in Rome". Sky UK. 31 July 2005. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
    8. ^ "Police hold four 21 July suspects". BBC News. 30 July 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2007.
    9. ^ "Four guilty over 21/7 bomb plot". BBC News. 10 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
    10. ^ Percival, Jenny (11 July 2007). "Patient wait for life behind bars". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2008.
     
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    22 July 1916Preparedness Day Bombing: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a parade, killing ten and injuring 40.

    Preparedness Day Bombing

    The Preparedness Day Bombing was a bombing in San Francisco, California, United States, on July 22, 1916, of a parade organised by local supporters of the Preparedness Movement which advocated American entry into World War I. During the parade a suitcase bomb was detonated, killing 10 and wounding 40[1] in the worst terrorist attack in San Francisco's history.

    Two labor leaders, Thomas Mooney and Warren K Billings, were convicted in separate trials and sentenced to death, later commuted to life in prison.[2] Later investigations found the convictions to have been based on false testimony, and the men were released in 1939 and eventually pardoned. The identity of the bombers has never been determined.

    1. ^ "Crime: Mooney & Billings". Time. Vol. 16, no. 2. July 14, 1930.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference FRO was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    23 July 1885 – President Ulysses S. Grant dies of throat cancer.

    Ulysses S. Grant

    Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant;[b] April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As commanding general, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as U.S. secretary of war. As president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction.

    Born and raised in Ohio, Grant graduated from West Point in 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. He resigned from the army in 1854, returning to civilian life impoverished. In 1861, shortly after the American Civil War began, Grant joined the Union Army and quickly rose to prominence after winning early Union victories in the western theater. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign, gaining control of the Mississippi River, dealing a serious strategic blow to the Confederacy. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign which ended with capture of Lee's army at Appomattox, where he formally surrendered to Grant. In 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army. Later, Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868.

    As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. In 1871, he created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. The Liberal Republicans and Democrats united behind Grant's opponent in the 1872 presidential election, but Grant was handily reelected. Grant, however, was inundated by executive scandals, during his second term. His response to the Panic of 1873 was ineffective in halting the Long Depression, which contributed to the Democrats winning the House majority in 1874. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into Anglo-American culture. In Grant's foreign policy, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain were peacefully resolved, but the Senate rejected Grant's annexation of Santo Domingo. In the heavily disputed 1876 presidential election, Grant facilitated the approval by Congress of a peaceful compromise.

    Leaving office in 1877, Grant undertook a world tour, meeting prominent figures and becoming the first president to circumnavigate the world. In 1880, he was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican nomination for a third term. In 1885, the final year of his life, facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, Grant wrote his memoirs, covering his life through the Civil War, which were posthumously published and became a major critical and financial success. At the time of his death, Grant was the most popular American and was memorialized as a symbol of national unity. Due to the Lost Cause myth spread by Confederate sympathizers around the turn of the 20th century, historical assessments and rankings of Grant and his presidency suffered considerably before they began recovering in the 21st century. Grant's critics take a negative view of his economic mismanagement and the corruption within his administration, while his admirers emphasize his policy towards Native Americans, vigorous enforcement of civil and voting rights for African Americans, and securing North and South as a single nation within the Union.[5] Modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointments of Cabinet reformers.

    1. ^ Utter 2015, p. 141.
    2. ^ "James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (H. R. 7776)". congress.gov.
    3. ^ Barron, James (April 27, 2022). "Is Ulysses S. Grant Due for a Promotion?". The New York Times.
    4. ^ Glynn, Erin (December 22, 2022). "Southwest Ohio native Ulysses S. Grant to get posthumous promotion". The Cincinnati Enquirer.
    5. ^ Brands 2012, p. 636.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    23 July 1885 – President Ulysses S. Grant dies of throat cancer.

    Ulysses S. Grant

    Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant;[b] April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As commanding general, he led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and thereafter briefly served as U.S. secretary of war. As president, Grant was an effective civil rights executive who signed the bill that created the Justice Department and worked with Radical Republicans to protect African Americans during Reconstruction.

    Born and raised in Ohio, Grant graduated from West Point in 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. He resigned from the army in 1854, returning to civilian life impoverished. In 1861, shortly after the American Civil War began, Grant joined the Union Army and quickly rose to prominence after winning early Union victories in the western theater. In 1863, he led the Vicksburg campaign, gaining control of the Mississippi River, dealing a serious strategic blow to the Confederacy. President Abraham Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general after his victory at Chattanooga. For thirteen months, Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high-casualty Overland Campaign which ended with capture of Lee's army at Appomattox, where he formally surrendered to Grant. In 1866, President Andrew Johnson promoted Grant to General of the Army. Later, Grant openly broke with Johnson over Reconstruction policies. A war hero, drawn in by his sense of duty, Grant was unanimously nominated by the Republican Party and then elected president in 1868.

    As president, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, supported congressional Reconstruction and the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. Under Grant, the Union was completely restored. He appointed African Americans and Jewish Americans to prominent federal offices. In 1871, he created the first Civil Service Commission, advancing the civil service more than any prior president. The Liberal Republicans and Democrats united behind Grant's opponent in the 1872 presidential election, but Grant was handily reelected. Grant, however, was inundated by executive scandals, during his second term. His response to the Panic of 1873 was ineffective in halting the Long Depression, which contributed to the Democrats winning the House majority in 1874. Grant's Native American policy was to assimilate Indians into Anglo-American culture. In Grant's foreign policy, the Alabama Claims against Great Britain were peacefully resolved, but the Senate rejected Grant's annexation of Santo Domingo. In the heavily disputed 1876 presidential election, Grant facilitated the approval by Congress of a peaceful compromise.

    Leaving office in 1877, Grant undertook a world tour, meeting prominent figures and becoming the first president to circumnavigate the world. In 1880, he was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican nomination for a third term. In 1885, the final year of his life, facing severe financial reversals and dying of throat cancer, Grant wrote his memoirs, covering his life through the Civil War, which were posthumously published and became a major critical and financial success. At the time of his death, Grant was the most popular American and was memorialized as a symbol of national unity. Due to the Lost Cause myth spread by Confederate sympathizers around the turn of the 20th century, historical assessments and rankings of Grant and his presidency suffered considerably before they began recovering in the 21st century. Grant's critics take a negative view of his economic mismanagement and the corruption within his administration, while his admirers emphasize his policy towards Native Americans, vigorous enforcement of civil and voting rights for African Americans, and securing North and South as a single nation within the Union.[5] Modern scholarship has better appreciated Grant's appointments of Cabinet reformers.

    1. ^ Utter 2015, p. 141.
    2. ^ "James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (H. R. 7776)". congress.gov.
    3. ^ Barron, James (April 27, 2022). "Is Ulysses S. Grant Due for a Promotion?". The New York Times.
    4. ^ Glynn, Erin (December 22, 2022). "Southwest Ohio native Ulysses S. Grant to get posthumous promotion". The Cincinnati Enquirer.
    5. ^ Brands 2012, p. 636.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    24 July 2013 – A high-speed train derails in Spain rounding a curve with an 80 km/h (50 mph) speed limit at 190 km/h (120 mph), killing 78 passengers.

    Santiago de Compostela derailment

    The Santiago de Compostela derailment occurred on 24 July 2013, when an Alvia high-speed train traveling from Madrid to Ferrol, in the north-west of Spain, derailed at high speed on a bend about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) outside of the railway station at Santiago de Compostela. Of the 178 people injured, the provisional number of deaths in hospital had reached 79 by the following 28 July.[2]

    The train's data recorder showed that it was traveling at over twice the posted speed limit of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) when it entered a curve on the track. The crash was recorded on a track-side camera that shows all thirteen train cars derailing and four overturning. On 28 July 2013, the train's driver, Francisco José Garzón Amo, was charged with 79 counts of homicide by professional recklessness and an undetermined number of counts of causing injury by professional recklessness.[3]

    The crash was Spain's worst rail accident in over forty years, since a crash near El Cuervo, Seville, in 1972.[4][note 1]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference renfe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ (in Spanish) "El fallecimiento de una estadounidense eleva a 79 los muertos en el accidente de Santiago" RTVE. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
    3. ^ "Spanish train conductor charged in deadly crash". CNN. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
    4. ^ Gómez, Luis (25 July 2013). "El accidente de la cochinita deja 86 muertos". El País. ELPAIS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
     
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    25 July 2000Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport, killing 113 people.

    Air France Flight 4590

    On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde passenger jet on an international charter flight from Paris to New York, crashed shortly after takeoff, killing all 109 people on board and four on the ground. It was the only fatal Concorde accident during its 27-year operational history.[1]

    Whilst taking off from Charles de Gaulle Airport, the aircraft ran over debris on the runway, causing a tyre to explode and disintegrate. Tyre fragments, launched upwards at great speed by the rapidly spinning wheel, violently struck the underside of the wing, damaging parts of the landing gear – thus preventing its retraction – and causing the integral fuel tank to rupture. Large amounts of fuel leaking from the rupture ignited, causing a loss of thrust in the left-hand-side engines 1 and 2. The aircraft lifted off, but the loss of thrust, high drag from the extended landing gear, and fire damage to the flight controls made it impossible to maintain control. The jet crashed into a hotel in nearby Gonesse two minutes after takeoff. All nine crew and 100 passengers on board were killed, as well as four people in the hotel. Four other people sustained slight injuries.[2][3]

    In the wake of the disaster, the entire Concorde fleet was grounded. It returned to service on November 7, 2001, following the implementation of various modifications to the airframe, but to limited commercial success. The type was finally retired by Air France in May 2003 and by British Airways in November of the same year.

    1. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Aérospatiale / BAC Concorde 101 F-BTSC Gonesse". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
    2. ^ Barry, Ben (5 September 2019). "How Concorde Pushed the Limits – Then Pushed Them Too Far – Disaster and Aftermath". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
    3. ^ "Accident on 25 July 2000 at La Patte d'Oie in Gonesse (95) to the Concorde registered F-BTSC operated by Air France (REPORT translation f-sc000725a)" (PDF). Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety. 16 January 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
     

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