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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    29 September 2013 – Over 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram at the College of Agriculture in Nigeria.

    Gujba college massacre

    On 29 September 2013, gunmen from Boko Haram entered the male dormitory in the College of Agriculture in Gujba, Yobe State, Nigeria, killing forty-four students and teachers.[1]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  2. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    30 September 1968 – The Boeing 747 is rolled out and shown to the public for the first time.

    Boeing 747

    The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States between 1968 and 2023. After introducing the 707 in October 1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2+12 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30%. In 1965, Joe Sutter left the 737 development program to design the 747. In April 1966, Pan Am ordered 25 Boeing 747-100 aircraft, and in late 1966, Pratt & Whitney agreed to develop the JT9D engine, a high-bypass turbofan. On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the custom-built Everett Plant, the world's largest building by volume. The first flight took place on February 9, 1969, and the 747 was certified in December of that year. It entered service with Pan Am on January 22, 1970. The 747 was the first airplane called a "Jumbo Jet" as the first wide-body airliner.

    The 747 is a four-engined jet aircraft, initially powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D turbofan engines, then General Electric CF6 and Rolls-Royce RB211 engines for the original variants. With a ten-abreast economy seating, it typically accommodates 366 passengers in three travel classes. It has a pronounced 37.5° wing sweep, allowing a Mach 0.85 (490 kn; 900 km/h) cruise speed, and its heavy weight is supported by four main landing gear legs, each with a four-wheel bogie. The partial double-deck aircraft was designed with a raised cockpit so it could be converted to a freighter airplane by installing a front cargo door, as it was initially thought that it would eventually be superseded by supersonic transports.

    Boeing introduced the -200 in 1971, with uprated engines for a heavier maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 833,000 pounds (378 t) from the initial 735,000 pounds (333 t), increasing the maximum range from 4,620 to 6,560 nautical miles [nmi] (8,560 to 12,150 km; 5,320 to 7,550 mi). It was shortened for the longer-range 747SP in 1976, and the 747-300 followed in 1983 with a stretched upper deck for up to 400 seats in three classes. The heavier 747-400 with improved RB211 and CF6 engines or the new PW4000 engine (the JT9D successor), and a two-crew glass cockpit, was introduced in 1989 and is the most common variant. After several studies, the stretched 747-8 was launched on November 14, 2005, with new General Electric GEnx engines, and was first delivered in October 2011. The 747 is the basis for several government and military variants, such as the VC-25 (Air Force One), E-4 Emergency Airborne Command Post, Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, and some experimental testbeds such as the YAL-1 and SOFIA airborne observatory.

    Initial competition came from the smaller trijet widebodies: the Lockheed L-1011 (introduced in 1972), McDonnell Douglas DC-10 (1971) and later MD-11 (1990). Airbus competed with later variants with the heaviest versions of the A340 until surpassing the 747 in size with the A380, delivered between 2007 and 2021. Freighter variants of the 747 remain popular with cargo airlines. The final 747 was delivered to Atlas Air in January 2023 after a 54-year production run, with 1,574 aircraft built. As of December 2023, 64 Boeing 747s (4.1%) have been lost in accidents and incidents, in which a total of 3,746 people have died.

     
  3. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 October 2017 – An independence referendum, declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain, takes place in Catalonia.

    2017 Catalan independence referendum

    An independence referendum was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya.[2][3][4] The referendum, known in the Spanish media by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October"), was declared unconstitutional[5][6][7] on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution.[8][9][10] Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent the illegal referendum, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation.[11][12][13] Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process, as well as the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.[14][15][16]

    The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session on 6 September 2017, boycotted by 52 anti-independence parliamentarians,[17] along with the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia the following day 7 September, which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout.[17][18] After being suspended, the law was finally declared void on 17 October,[19] being also unconstitutional according to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which requires a two-thirds majority, 90 seats, in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.[20][21][22]

    The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". While the "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (90.18%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.83%) voting against, the turnout was only 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown,[1][23][24][25] although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station.[26][27] Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish police suppression of the vote.[28][29][30] On the other hand, most voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out,[31] as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in the illegal referendum to avoid "validation".[32][33] Additionally, numerous cases of voters casting their votes several times or with lack of identification were reported, and the counting process and the revision of the census were not performed with quality standards ensuring impartiality.[34][35]

    The days leading to the referendum witnessed hasty judicial fights, and the High Court of Justice of Catalonia eventually ordered police forces to impede the use of public premises for the imminent voting.[36] With conflicting directives, the referendum mostly saw inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the Mossos d'Esquadra, who allowed many polling stations to open while the National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided several opened polling stations to prevent voting.[37][38] Early figures of 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil injured[38][39][40][41] may have been exaggerated.[42] According to Barcelona's judge investigating those police violence, 218 persons were injured in Barcelona alone.[43][44] According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat, 1066 civilians, 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil, and 1 agent of the regional police, the Mossos d'Esquadra, were injured.[45] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, urged the Spanish government to investigate all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum.[46][47] The police action also received criticism from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch which defined it as an "excessive and unnecessary use of force".[48][49] Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Carles Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held.[50][51]

    Mossos d'Esquadra were investigated for disobedience, for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia.[52] Members of Mossos d'Esquadra under investigation included Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra major, who was investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court.[53] Mossos d'Esquadra denied those accusations and say they obeyed orders but applied the principle of proportionality, which is required by Spanish law in all police operations.[54]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Results was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Giles, Ciaran; Parra, Aritz (17 October 2017). "Spain: Top court officially rules Catalan referendum illegal". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
    3. ^ "El gobierno de Cataluña convocó para el 1 de octubre el referéndum de autodeterminación". Infobae (in Spanish). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
    4. ^ Jones, Sam (6 September 2017). "Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
    5. ^ "Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal". The Economist. 26 September 2017.
    6. ^ "How to Stage an Illegal Referendum". Bloomberg L.P. 20 September 2017.
    7. ^ Alandete, David (10 October 2017). "Independence in Catalonia – now what?". El País.
    8. ^ "Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum". BBC News. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
    9. ^ "Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
    10. ^ Duarte, Esteban (11 September 2017). "Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
    11. ^ Carranco, Rebeca; García, Jesús (21 September 2017). "La justicia desmonta la organización del referéndum ilegal de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish).
    12. ^ "Una juez ordena a Google eliminar la aplicación sobre el referéndum catalán". Reuters (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 October 2017.
    13. ^ "Catalonia's Superior Court also orders Catalan Police to close off planned polling stations". El Nacional.
    14. ^ Colomé, Jordi Pérez (3 October 2017). "La misión de observadores concluye que el referéndum no cumple los "estándares internacionales"". El País (in Spanish). La Misión debe concluir que el referéndum, tal y como se hizo, no puede cumplir con los estándares internacionales [The Mission must conclude that the referendum, as it was done, can not meet international standards]
    15. ^ "Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?". El País. 3 October 2017.
    16. ^ Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (5 October 2017). "Mediaciones e instituciones". Hoy por hoy (in European Spanish). Cadena SER.
    17. ^ a b "Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid". The Guardian. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017. The Catalan government has not set a threshold for minimum turnout, arguing the vote will be binding regardless of the level of participation.
    18. ^ Jones, Sam (10 September 2017). "Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
    19. ^ "Spain just declared Catalan referendum law void". The Independent. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
    20. ^ "Catalonia plans an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not". The Economist.
    21. ^ "Catalan independence referendum". The Daily Star. 10 October 2017.
    22. ^ Ríos, Pere (6 September 2017). "Las diez claves de la ley del referéndum de Cataluña". El País. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mundo-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Independent-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference CNN-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Universal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ "El 'sí' obtuvo más votos que personas censadas en 71 municipios". El País (in Spanish). 3 October 2017.
    28. ^ Clarke, Hilary; Soares, Isa; Cotovio, Vasco (2 October 2017). "Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Turnout was about 42% of the 5.3 million eligible voters... Turull said more people would have voted had it not been for Spanish police suppression. Up to 770,000 votes were lost as a result of the crackdowns at police stations, the Catalan government estimated.
    29. ^ Pruina, Gerard (2 October 2017). "El 'sí' a la independència s'imposa amb 2.020.144 vots, el 90%". Ara.Cat. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Els encarregats de donar els resultats des del Centre Internacional de Premsa, el vicepresident, Oriol Junqueras; el conseller de la Presidència, Jordi Turull, i el conseller d'Exteriors, Raül Romeva, han remarcat contínuament que, tot i que els 2.248.000 vots no suposen 'per se' el 50% del cens, els càlculs dels experts apunten que sense pressió policial i tancament de col·legis s'hauria pogut arribar al 55% de participació.
    30. ^ "Los Mossos cerraron más colegios el 1-O". La Vanguardia. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
    31. ^ Erickson, Amanda (30 September 2017). "Catalonia independence vote: What you need to know". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
    32. ^ "Iceta pide a los catalanes que no acudan a votar para no 'dar valor' al referéndum". ABC (in European Spanish).
    33. ^ Molpeceres, Diego. "Referéndum en Cataluña – Un referéndum sin campaña por el 'no' a la independencia". Vozpópuli (in Spanish).
    34. ^ Baquero, Camilo S. (2 October 2017). "Un 90% de 'síes' con 2,2 millones de votos y una participación del 42%, según el Govern". El País.
    35. ^ Garea, Fernando (17 September 2017). "El referéndum inviable: sin censo, garantías internacionales ni protección de datos". elconfidencial.com.
    36. ^ "El TSJC ordena impedir el uso de locales públicos para el referéndum del 1-O" (in Spanish). 27 September 2017.
    37. ^ "1-O.La pasividad de los Mossos y las posteriores cargas policiales marcan un día de tensión con votaciones sin garantías" (in Spanish). Eldiario.es. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    38. ^ a b "Policías y guardias realizan cargas ante la pasividad de los Mossos y dejan más de 893 heridos el 1-O". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    39. ^ Giles, Aritz Parra and Ciaran (2 October 2017). "Catalonia urges mediation with Spain in secession dispute". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017.
    40. ^ Serra, Ot (20 April 2018). "El govern espanyol va quadruplicar la xifra d'agents ferits l'1-O". Ara (in Catalan). Retrieved 26 April 2018.
    41. ^ Respuesta D El Gobierno 684/37958 (Report) (in Spanish). Senado. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. En relación con la pregunta de referencia, se informa que 111 miembros de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado fueron contusionados
    42. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElMundo09102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    43. ^ Cite error: The named reference LaVanguardia10102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    44. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElEspañol06102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    45. ^ "Report on the incidents that took place from the 1st to the 4th of October 2017" (PDF). Catalan Health Service, Generalitat de Catalunya. 20 October 2017.
    46. ^ "UN human rights chief urges probe into violence during referendum in Catalonia". United Nations. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
    47. ^ "The Latest: UN chief hopes sides will solve Catalan crisis". CNBC. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    48. ^ "Spain: Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia". Amnesty International. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
    49. ^ "Spain: Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
    50. ^ Cite error: The named reference ABC30032018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    51. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElMundo30032018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    52. ^ "Siete jueces investigan a los Mossos por desobediencia al no frenar el 1-O". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    53. ^ "Spanish judge calls on Catalan police chief to testify in sedition probe". EFE. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
    54. ^ Presno Linera, Miguel Ángel (3 October 2018). "La proporcionalidad policial el 1-O". Agenda Pública (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2018.
     
  4. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 October 2017 – An independence referendum, declared illegal by the Constitutional Court of Spain, takes place in Catalonia.

    2017 Catalan independence referendum

    An independence referendum was held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya.[2][3][4] The referendum, known in the Spanish media by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October"), was declared unconstitutional[5][6][7] on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution.[8][9][10] Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent the illegal referendum, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation.[11][12][13] Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process, as well as the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections.[14][15][16]

    The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session on 6 September 2017, boycotted by 52 anti-independence parliamentarians,[17] along with the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia the following day 7 September, which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout.[17][18] After being suspended, the law was finally declared void on 17 October,[19] being also unconstitutional according to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which requires a two-thirds majority, 90 seats, in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status.[20][21][22]

    The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". While the "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (90.18%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.83%) voting against, the turnout was only 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown,[1][23][24][25] although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station.[26][27] Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish police suppression of the vote.[28][29][30] On the other hand, most voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out,[31] as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in the illegal referendum to avoid "validation".[32][33] Additionally, numerous cases of voters casting their votes several times or with lack of identification were reported, and the counting process and the revision of the census were not performed with quality standards ensuring impartiality.[34][35]

    The days leading to the referendum witnessed hasty judicial fights, and the High Court of Justice of Catalonia eventually ordered police forces to impede the use of public premises for the imminent voting.[36] With conflicting directives, the referendum mostly saw inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the Mossos d'Esquadra, who allowed many polling stations to open while the National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided several opened polling stations to prevent voting.[37][38] Early figures of 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil injured[38][39][40][41] may have been exaggerated.[42] According to Barcelona's judge investigating those police violence, 218 persons were injured in Barcelona alone.[43][44] According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat, 1066 civilians, 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil, and 1 agent of the regional police, the Mossos d'Esquadra, were injured.[45] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, urged the Spanish government to investigate all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum.[46][47] The police action also received criticism from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch which defined it as an "excessive and unnecessary use of force".[48][49] Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Carles Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held.[50][51]

    Mossos d'Esquadra were investigated for disobedience, for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia.[52] Members of Mossos d'Esquadra under investigation included Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra major, who was investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court.[53] Mossos d'Esquadra denied those accusations and say they obeyed orders but applied the principle of proportionality, which is required by Spanish law in all police operations.[54]

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Results was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Giles, Ciaran; Parra, Aritz (17 October 2017). "Spain: Top court officially rules Catalan referendum illegal". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
    3. ^ "El gobierno de Cataluña convocó para el 1 de octubre el referéndum de autodeterminación". Infobae (in Spanish). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
    4. ^ Jones, Sam (6 September 2017). "Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
    5. ^ "Why the referendum on Catalan independence is illegal". The Economist. 26 September 2017.
    6. ^ "How to Stage an Illegal Referendum". Bloomberg L.P. 20 September 2017.
    7. ^ Alandete, David (10 October 2017). "Independence in Catalonia – now what?". El País.
    8. ^ "Spain Catalonia: Court blocks independence referendum". BBC News. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
    9. ^ "Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
    10. ^ Duarte, Esteban (11 September 2017). "Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
    11. ^ Carranco, Rebeca; García, Jesús (21 September 2017). "La justicia desmonta la organización del referéndum ilegal de Cataluña". El País (in Spanish).
    12. ^ "Una juez ordena a Google eliminar la aplicación sobre el referéndum catalán". Reuters (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 October 2017.
    13. ^ "Catalonia's Superior Court also orders Catalan Police to close off planned polling stations". El Nacional.
    14. ^ Colomé, Jordi Pérez (3 October 2017). "La misión de observadores concluye que el referéndum no cumple los "estándares internacionales"". El País (in Spanish). La Misión debe concluir que el referéndum, tal y como se hizo, no puede cumplir con los estándares internacionales [The Mission must conclude that the referendum, as it was done, can not meet international standards]
    15. ^ "Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?". El País. 3 October 2017.
    16. ^ Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (5 October 2017). "Mediaciones e instituciones". Hoy por hoy (in European Spanish). Cadena SER.
    17. ^ a b "Catalonia to hold independence vote despite anger in Madrid". The Guardian. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017. The Catalan government has not set a threshold for minimum turnout, arguing the vote will be binding regardless of the level of participation.
    18. ^ Jones, Sam (10 September 2017). "Catalans to celebrate their national day with independence protests". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
    19. ^ "Spain just declared Catalan referendum law void". The Independent. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
    20. ^ "Catalonia plans an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not". The Economist.
    21. ^ "Catalan independence referendum". The Daily Star. 10 October 2017.
    22. ^ Ríos, Pere (6 September 2017). "Las diez claves de la ley del referéndum de Cataluña". El País. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mundo-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Independent-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference CNN-2Oct17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference Universal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ "El 'sí' obtuvo más votos que personas censadas en 71 municipios". El País (in Spanish). 3 October 2017.
    28. ^ Clarke, Hilary; Soares, Isa; Cotovio, Vasco (2 October 2017). "Catalonia referendum plunges Spain into political crisis". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Turnout was about 42% of the 5.3 million eligible voters... Turull said more people would have voted had it not been for Spanish police suppression. Up to 770,000 votes were lost as a result of the crackdowns at police stations, the Catalan government estimated.
    29. ^ Pruina, Gerard (2 October 2017). "El 'sí' a la independència s'imposa amb 2.020.144 vots, el 90%". Ara.Cat. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Els encarregats de donar els resultats des del Centre Internacional de Premsa, el vicepresident, Oriol Junqueras; el conseller de la Presidència, Jordi Turull, i el conseller d'Exteriors, Raül Romeva, han remarcat contínuament que, tot i que els 2.248.000 vots no suposen 'per se' el 50% del cens, els càlculs dels experts apunten que sense pressió policial i tancament de col·legis s'hauria pogut arribar al 55% de participació.
    30. ^ "Los Mossos cerraron más colegios el 1-O". La Vanguardia. 6 October 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
    31. ^ Erickson, Amanda (30 September 2017). "Catalonia independence vote: What you need to know". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
    32. ^ "Iceta pide a los catalanes que no acudan a votar para no 'dar valor' al referéndum". ABC (in European Spanish).
    33. ^ Molpeceres, Diego. "Referéndum en Cataluña – Un referéndum sin campaña por el 'no' a la independencia". Vozpópuli (in Spanish).
    34. ^ Baquero, Camilo S. (2 October 2017). "Un 90% de 'síes' con 2,2 millones de votos y una participación del 42%, según el Govern". El País.
    35. ^ Garea, Fernando (17 September 2017). "El referéndum inviable: sin censo, garantías internacionales ni protección de datos". elconfidencial.com.
    36. ^ "El TSJC ordena impedir el uso de locales públicos para el referéndum del 1-O" (in Spanish). 27 September 2017.
    37. ^ "1-O.La pasividad de los Mossos y las posteriores cargas policiales marcan un día de tensión con votaciones sin garantías" (in Spanish). Eldiario.es. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    38. ^ a b "Policías y guardias realizan cargas ante la pasividad de los Mossos y dejan más de 893 heridos el 1-O". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    39. ^ Giles, Aritz Parra and Ciaran (2 October 2017). "Catalonia urges mediation with Spain in secession dispute". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017.
    40. ^ Serra, Ot (20 April 2018). "El govern espanyol va quadruplicar la xifra d'agents ferits l'1-O". Ara (in Catalan). Retrieved 26 April 2018.
    41. ^ Respuesta D El Gobierno 684/37958 (Report) (in Spanish). Senado. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. En relación con la pregunta de referencia, se informa que 111 miembros de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado fueron contusionados
    42. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElMundo09102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    43. ^ Cite error: The named reference LaVanguardia10102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    44. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElEspañol06102017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    45. ^ "Report on the incidents that took place from the 1st to the 4th of October 2017" (PDF). Catalan Health Service, Generalitat de Catalunya. 20 October 2017.
    46. ^ "UN human rights chief urges probe into violence during referendum in Catalonia". United Nations. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
    47. ^ "The Latest: UN chief hopes sides will solve Catalan crisis". CNBC. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    48. ^ "Spain: Excessive use of force by National Police and Civil Guard in Catalonia". Amnesty International. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
    49. ^ "Spain: Police Used Excessive Force in Catalonia". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
    50. ^ Cite error: The named reference ABC30032018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    51. ^ Cite error: The named reference ElMundo30032018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    52. ^ "Siete jueces investigan a los Mossos por desobediencia al no frenar el 1-O". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    53. ^ "Spanish judge calls on Catalan police chief to testify in sedition probe". EFE. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
    54. ^ Presno Linera, Miguel Ángel (3 October 2018). "La proporcionalidad policial el 1-O". Agenda Pública (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 June 2018.
     
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    Articles:
    1
    2 October 2004 – The first parkrun, then known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, takes place in Bushy Park, London, UK

    Parkrun

    Parkrun (stylised as parkrun) is a collection of 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) events for walkers, runners and volunteers that take place every Saturday morning at more than 2,000 locations in 22 countries across five continents.

    Parkrun was founded by Paul Sinton-Hewitt on 2 October 2004 at Bushy Park in London, England. The event was originally called the Bushy Park Time Trial. It grew into a network of similar events called the UK Time Trials, before adopting the name Parkrun in 2008 and expanding into other countries. The first event outside of the United Kingdom was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, followed by Denmark in 2009, South Africa and Australia in 2011 and the United States in 2012. Sinton-Hewitt received a CBE for his services to grassroots sport in 2014. By October 2018 over 5 million runners were registered worldwide.

    Events take place at a range of general locations including parks, stately homes, forests, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, beaches, promenades, prisons and nature reserves. A Parkrun milestone T-shirt is offered to volunteers and runners who have participated in a number of runs. Runners can travel to and complete any Parkrun; those that travel are termed "parkrun tourists" and can, if they wish, complete challenges.

     
  6. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 October 2004 – The first parkrun, then known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, takes place in Bushy Park, London, UK

    Parkrun

    Parkrun (stylised as parkrun) is a collection of 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) events for walkers, runners and volunteers that take place every Saturday morning at more than 2,000 locations in 22 countries across five continents.

    Parkrun was founded by Paul Sinton-Hewitt on 2 October 2004 at Bushy Park in London, England. The event was originally called the Bushy Park Time Trial. It grew into a network of similar events called the UK Time Trials, before adopting the name Parkrun in 2008 and expanding into other countries. The first event outside of the United Kingdom was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, followed by Denmark in 2009, South Africa and Australia in 2011 and the United States in 2012. Sinton-Hewitt received a CBE for his services to grassroots sport in 2014. By October 2018 over 5 million runners were registered worldwide.

    Events take place at a range of general locations including parks, stately homes, forests, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, beaches, promenades, prisons and nature reserves. A Parkrun milestone T-shirt is offered to volunteers and runners who have participated in a number of runs. Runners can travel to and complete any Parkrun; those that travel are termed "parkrun tourists" and can, if they wish, complete challenges.

     
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    Articles:
    1
    3 October 1995 – The O. J. Simpson murder case ended with a verdict of not guilty.

    O. J. Simpson murder case

     
  8. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    3 October 1995 – The O. J. Simpson murder case ended with a verdict of not guilty.

    O. J. Simpson murder case

     
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    Articles:
    1
    4 October 2006WikiLeaks is launched.

    WikiLeaks

    WikiLeaks (/ˈwɪkilks/) is a media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is a non-profit and is funded by donations[13] and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources.[14] It was founded in 2006 by Julian Assange, an Australian editor, publisher, and activist, who is currently challenging extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks.[15] Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.[16][17] Its website states that it has released more than ten million documents and associated analyses.[18] WikiLeaks' most recent publication of original documents was in 2019 and its most recent publication was in 2021.[19] From November 2022, numerous documents on the organisation's website became inaccessible.[19][20] In 2023, Assange said that WikiLeaks is no longer able to publish due to his imprisonment and the effect that US government surveillance and WikiLeaks' funding restrictions were having on potential whistleblowers.[21]

    WikiLeaks has released document caches and media that exposed serious violations of human rights and civil liberties by various governments. It released footage of the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike, titling it Collateral Murder, in which Iraqi Reuters journalists and several civilians were killed by a U.S. helicopter crew.[22] It published thousands of US military field logs from the war in Aghanistan and Iraq war, diplomatic cables from the United States and Saudi Arabia,[23][24] and emails from the governments of Syria[25][26] and Turkey.[27][28][29] WikiLeaks has also published documents exposing corruption in Kenya[30][31] and at Samherji,[32] cyber warfare and surveillance tools created by the CIA,[33][34] and surveillance of the French president by the National Security Agency.[35][36] During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, WikiLeaks released emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and from Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, showing that the party's national committee had effectively acted as an arm of the Clinton campaign during the primaries, seeking to undercut the campaign of Bernie Sanders. These releases resulted in the resignation of the chairwoman of the DNC and caused significant harm to the Clinton campaign.[37] During the campaign, WikiLeaks promoted false conspiracy theories about Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Party and the murder of Seth Rich.[38][39][40]

    WikiLeaks has won awards and been commended for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of the press, and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions. WikiLeaks and some of its supporters say the organisation's publications have a perfect record of publishing authentic documents. The organisation has been the target of campaigns to discredit it, including aborted ones by Palantir and HBGary. WikiLeaks has also had its donation systems interrupted by payment processors. As a result, the Wau Holland Foundation helps process WikiLeaks' donations.

    The organisation has been criticised for inadequately curating content and violating personal privacy. WikiLeaks has, for instance, revealed Social Security numbers, medical information, credit card numbers and details of suicide attempts.[41][42][43] News organisations, activists, journalists and former members have also criticised WikiLeaks over allegations of anti-Clinton and pro-Trump bias, various associations with the Russian government, buying and selling of leaks, and a lack of internal transparency. Journalists have also criticised the organisation for promotion of conspiracy theories, and what they describe as exaggerated and misleading descriptions of the contents of leaks. The US CIA and United States Congress defined the organisation as a "non-state hostile intelligence service" after the release of Vault 7.[44]

    1. ^ "Log in - our.wikileaks.org". our.wikileaks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
    2. ^ "Getting Started - our.wikileaks.org". our.wikileaks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
    3. ^ Cardoso, Gustavo; Jacobetty, Pedro (2012). "Surfing the Crisis: Cultures of Belonging and Networked Social Change". In Castells, Manuel; Caraça, João; Cardoso, Gustavo (eds.). Aftermath: The Cultures of the Economic Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–209. ISBN 9780199658411. WikiLeaks is also based on an openness culture, as it is a crowd-sourced, crowd-funded non-profit organization operating internationally.
    4. ^ Pogrebna, Ganna; Skilton, Mark (2019). Navigating New Cyber Risks: How Businesses Can Plan, Build and Manage Safe Spaces in the Digital Age. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 2. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13527-0. ISBN 9783030135270. S2CID 197966404. WikiLeaks is an international non profit organization that receives and subsequently shares on its website confidential documents from large organizations or governments.
    5. ^ Braccini, Alessio Maria; Federici, Tommaso (2013). "New Internet-Based Relationships Between Citizens". In Baskerville, Richard; De Marco, Marco; Spagnoletti, Paolo (eds.). Designing Organizational Systems: An Interdisciplinary Discourse. Berlin: Springer Nature. pp. 157–179. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33371-2. ISBN 978-3-642-33370-5. Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations. This term was 'WikiLeaks' and described an international non-profit organisation, committed to publishing secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.
    6. ^ Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks; Thomas, Ryan J (June 2014). "When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks". New Media & Society. 16 (4). SAGE Publishing: 541–558. doi:10.1177/1461444813489504. S2CID 30711318. WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non-profit organization specializing in the publication of 'classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance' obtained via anonymous sources
    7. ^ Dodds, Klaus J. (2012). "The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables". Polar Record. 48 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. S2CID 129682201. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers
    8. ^ Benkler, Yochai (2011). "A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate". Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review. 46 (2). Cambridge: Harvard Law School: 311–397 – via Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism.
    9. ^ Fuchs, Christian (2014). "WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?". Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. pp. 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations.
    10. ^ Beckett, Charlie (2012). Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Wiley. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-745-65975-6. WikiLeaks is independent of commercial, corporate, government or lobbygroup control or ownership. It is a non-membership, non-profit organisation funded by donations
    11. ^ Flesher Fominaya, Cristina (2020). Social Movements in a Globalized World (Second ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'.
    12. ^ Daly, Angela (2014). "The Privatization of the Internet, WikiLeaks and Free Expression". International Journal of Communication. 8. Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press: 2693–2703. SSRN 2496707 – via European University Institute. In late 2010, the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, numbering around 250,000 cables.
    13. ^ [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
    14. ^ "WikiLeaks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
    15. ^ McGreal, Chris (5 April 2010). "Wikileaks reveals video showing US air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
    16. ^ "WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
    17. ^ Bridge, Mark (27 September 2018). "Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role". The Times. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
    18. ^ "What is Wikileaks". WikiLeaks. Retrieved 14 April 2020.[self-published source]
    19. ^ a b "WikiLeaks' Website Is Falling Apart". Gizmodo. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
    20. ^ Burgess, Matt. "Apple Tracks You More Than You Think". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference :33 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ "Reporters Sans Frontières – Open letter to Wikileaks founder Julian Assange: A bad precedent for the Internet's future". Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
    23. ^ Hubbard, Ben (20 June 2015). "Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis' Checkbook Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    24. ^ Zorthian, Julia (19 June 2015). "WikiLeaks Begins Releasing Leaked Saudi Arabia Cables". Time. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    25. ^ "Syria files: Wikileaks releases 2m 'embarrassing' emails". BBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    26. ^ Greenberg, Andy (5 July 2012). "WikiLeaks Announces Massive Release With The 'Syria Files': 2.4 Million Emails From Syrian Officials And Companies". Forbes. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    27. ^ Yeung, Peter (20 July 2016). "President Erdogan emails: What is in the Wikileaks release about Turkey's government?". The Independent. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    28. ^ Doctorow, Cory (29 July 2016). "Wikileaks' dump of "Erdogan emails" turn out to be public mailing list archives". BoingBoing. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    29. ^ Gramer, Robbie (7 December 2016). "Latest Wikileaks Dump Sheds New Light on Erdogan's Power In Turkey". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    30. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 April 2019). "It all started in Nairobi: How Kenya gave Julian Assange's WikiLeaks its first major global scoop". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    31. ^ Rice, Xan (31 August 2007). "The looting of Kenya". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    32. ^ PPLAAF (7 March 2022). "The Fishrot scandal". pplaaf.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
    33. ^ Menn, Joseph (29 March 2017). "A scramble at Cisco exposes uncomfortable truths about U.S. cyber defense". Reuters. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    34. ^ Shane, Scott; Rosenberg, Matthew; Lehren, Andrew W. (7 March 2017). "WikiLeaks Releases Trove of Alleged C.I.A. Hacking Documents". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    35. ^ Regan, James; John, Mark (23 June 2015). "NSA spied on French presidents: WikiLeaks". Reuters. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    36. ^ Rubin, Alyssa J.; Shane, Scott (24 June 2015). "Hollande Condemns Spying by U.S., but Not Too Harshly". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    37. ^ "Why it's entirely predictable that Hillary Clinton's emails are back in the news". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
    38. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (4 November 2016). "No, John Podesta didn't drink bodily fluids at a secret Satanist dinner". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
    39. ^ "WikiLeaks Fuels Conspiracy Theories About DNC Staffer's Death". NBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2016. WikiLeaks ... is fueling Internet conspiracy theories by offering a $20,000 reward for information on a Democratic National Committee staffer who was killed last month ... in what police say was robbery gone wrong ... Assange implied this week in an interview that Rich was the source of the leak and even offered a $20,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of his murderer. Meanwhile, the Russian government funded propaganda outlet RT had already been covering Rich's murder two weeks prior. RT and other Russian government propaganda outlets have also been working hard to deny the Russian government was the source of the leak, including by interviewing Assange about the Rich murder. ... The original conspiracy theory can be traced back to a notoriously unreliable conspiracy website
    40. ^ Chafkin, Max; Silver, Vernon (10 October 2016). "How Julian Assange turned WikiLeaks into Trump's best friend". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
    41. ^ Brustein, Joshua (29 July 2016). "Why Wikileaks Is Losing Its Friends". Bloomberg.
    42. ^ Satter, Raphael; Michael, Maggie (23 August 2016). "Private lives are exposed as WikiLeaks spills its secrets". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
    43. ^ Peterson, Andrea. "Snowden and WikiLeaks clash over leaked Democratic Party emails". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    44. ^ "U.S. prosecution of alleged WikiLeaks 'Vault 7' source hits multiple roadblocks". news.yahoo.com. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
     
  10. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 October 2006WikiLeaks is launched.

    WikiLeaks

    WikiLeaks (/ˈwɪkilks/) is a media organisation and publisher of leaked documents. It is a non-profit and is funded by donations[13] and media partnerships. It has published classified documents and other media provided by anonymous sources.[14] It was founded in 2006 by Julian Assange, an Australian editor, publisher, and activist, who is currently challenging extradition to the United States over his work with WikiLeaks.[15] Since September 2018, Kristinn Hrafnsson has served as its editor-in-chief.[16][17] Its website states that it has released more than ten million documents and associated analyses.[18] WikiLeaks' most recent publication of original documents was in 2019 and its most recent publication was in 2021.[19] From November 2022, numerous documents on the organisation's website became inaccessible.[19][20] In 2023, Assange said that WikiLeaks is no longer able to publish due to his imprisonment and the effect that US government surveillance and WikiLeaks' funding restrictions were having on potential whistleblowers.[21]

    WikiLeaks has released document caches and media that exposed serious violations of human rights and civil liberties by various governments. It released footage of the 12 July 2007 Baghdad airstrike, titling it Collateral Murder, in which Iraqi Reuters journalists and several civilians were killed by a U.S. helicopter crew.[22] It published thousands of US military field logs from the war in Aghanistan and Iraq war, diplomatic cables from the United States and Saudi Arabia,[23][24] and emails from the governments of Syria[25][26] and Turkey.[27][28][29] WikiLeaks has also published documents exposing corruption in Kenya[30][31] and at Samherji,[32] cyber warfare and surveillance tools created by the CIA,[33][34] and surveillance of the French president by the National Security Agency.[35][36] During the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, WikiLeaks released emails from the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and from Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, showing that the party's national committee had effectively acted as an arm of the Clinton campaign during the primaries, seeking to undercut the campaign of Bernie Sanders. These releases resulted in the resignation of the chairwoman of the DNC and caused significant harm to the Clinton campaign.[37] During the campaign, WikiLeaks promoted false conspiracy theories about Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Party and the murder of Seth Rich.[38][39][40]

    WikiLeaks has won awards and been commended for exposing state and corporate secrets, increasing transparency, assisting freedom of the press, and enhancing democratic discourse while challenging powerful institutions. WikiLeaks and some of its supporters say the organisation's publications have a perfect record of publishing authentic documents. The organisation has been the target of campaigns to discredit it, including aborted ones by Palantir and HBGary. WikiLeaks has also had its donation systems interrupted by payment processors. As a result, the Wau Holland Foundation helps process WikiLeaks' donations.

    The organisation has been criticised for inadequately curating content and violating personal privacy. WikiLeaks has, for instance, revealed Social Security numbers, medical information, credit card numbers and details of suicide attempts.[41][42][43] News organisations, activists, journalists and former members have also criticised WikiLeaks over allegations of anti-Clinton and pro-Trump bias, various associations with the Russian government, buying and selling of leaks, and a lack of internal transparency. Journalists have also criticised the organisation for promotion of conspiracy theories, and what they describe as exaggerated and misleading descriptions of the contents of leaks. The US CIA and United States Congress defined the organisation as a "non-state hostile intelligence service" after the release of Vault 7.[44]

    1. ^ "Log in - our.wikileaks.org". our.wikileaks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
    2. ^ "Getting Started - our.wikileaks.org". our.wikileaks.org. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
    3. ^ Cardoso, Gustavo; Jacobetty, Pedro (2012). "Surfing the Crisis: Cultures of Belonging and Networked Social Change". In Castells, Manuel; Caraça, João; Cardoso, Gustavo (eds.). Aftermath: The Cultures of the Economic Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 177–209. ISBN 9780199658411. WikiLeaks is also based on an openness culture, as it is a crowd-sourced, crowd-funded non-profit organization operating internationally.
    4. ^ Pogrebna, Ganna; Skilton, Mark (2019). Navigating New Cyber Risks: How Businesses Can Plan, Build and Manage Safe Spaces in the Digital Age. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 2. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13527-0. ISBN 9783030135270. S2CID 197966404. WikiLeaks is an international non profit organization that receives and subsequently shares on its website confidential documents from large organizations or governments.
    5. ^ Braccini, Alessio Maria; Federici, Tommaso (2013). "New Internet-Based Relationships Between Citizens". In Baskerville, Richard; De Marco, Marco; Spagnoletti, Paolo (eds.). Designing Organizational Systems: An Interdisciplinary Discourse. Berlin: Springer Nature. pp. 157–179. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33371-2. ISBN 978-3-642-33370-5. Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations. This term was 'WikiLeaks' and described an international non-profit organisation, committed to publishing secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.
    6. ^ Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks; Thomas, Ryan J (June 2014). "When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks". New Media & Society. 16 (4). SAGE Publishing: 541–558. doi:10.1177/1461444813489504. S2CID 30711318. WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non-profit organization specializing in the publication of 'classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance' obtained via anonymous sources
    7. ^ Dodds, Klaus J. (2012). "The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables". Polar Record. 48 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. S2CID 129682201. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers
    8. ^ Benkler, Yochai (2011). "A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate". Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review. 46 (2). Cambridge: Harvard Law School: 311–397 – via Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism.
    9. ^ Fuchs, Christian (2014). "WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?". Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. pp. 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations.
    10. ^ Beckett, Charlie (2012). Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Wiley. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-745-65975-6. WikiLeaks is independent of commercial, corporate, government or lobbygroup control or ownership. It is a non-membership, non-profit organisation funded by donations
    11. ^ Flesher Fominaya, Cristina (2020). Social Movements in a Globalized World (Second ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'.
    12. ^ Daly, Angela (2014). "The Privatization of the Internet, WikiLeaks and Free Expression". International Journal of Communication. 8. Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press: 2693–2703. SSRN 2496707 – via European University Institute. In late 2010, the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, numbering around 250,000 cables.
    13. ^ [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
    14. ^ "WikiLeaks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
    15. ^ McGreal, Chris (5 April 2010). "Wikileaks reveals video showing US air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2010.
    16. ^ "WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief". Associated Press. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
    17. ^ Bridge, Mark (27 September 2018). "Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role". The Times. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
    18. ^ "What is Wikileaks". WikiLeaks. Retrieved 14 April 2020.[self-published source]
    19. ^ a b "WikiLeaks' Website Is Falling Apart". Gizmodo. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
    20. ^ Burgess, Matt. "Apple Tracks You More Than You Think". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference :33 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ "Reporters Sans Frontières – Open letter to Wikileaks founder Julian Assange: A bad precedent for the Internet's future". Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
    23. ^ Hubbard, Ben (20 June 2015). "Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis' Checkbook Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    24. ^ Zorthian, Julia (19 June 2015). "WikiLeaks Begins Releasing Leaked Saudi Arabia Cables". Time. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    25. ^ "Syria files: Wikileaks releases 2m 'embarrassing' emails". BBC News. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    26. ^ Greenberg, Andy (5 July 2012). "WikiLeaks Announces Massive Release With The 'Syria Files': 2.4 Million Emails From Syrian Officials And Companies". Forbes. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    27. ^ Yeung, Peter (20 July 2016). "President Erdogan emails: What is in the Wikileaks release about Turkey's government?". The Independent. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    28. ^ Doctorow, Cory (29 July 2016). "Wikileaks' dump of "Erdogan emails" turn out to be public mailing list archives". BoingBoing. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    29. ^ Gramer, Robbie (7 December 2016). "Latest Wikileaks Dump Sheds New Light on Erdogan's Power In Turkey". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    30. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif (13 April 2019). "It all started in Nairobi: How Kenya gave Julian Assange's WikiLeaks its first major global scoop". Quartz Africa. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    31. ^ Rice, Xan (31 August 2007). "The looting of Kenya". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    32. ^ PPLAAF (7 March 2022). "The Fishrot scandal". pplaaf.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
    33. ^ Menn, Joseph (29 March 2017). "A scramble at Cisco exposes uncomfortable truths about U.S. cyber defense". Reuters. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    34. ^ Shane, Scott; Rosenberg, Matthew; Lehren, Andrew W. (7 March 2017). "WikiLeaks Releases Trove of Alleged C.I.A. Hacking Documents". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    35. ^ Regan, James; John, Mark (23 June 2015). "NSA spied on French presidents: WikiLeaks". Reuters. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    36. ^ Rubin, Alyssa J.; Shane, Scott (24 June 2015). "Hollande Condemns Spying by U.S., but Not Too Harshly". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
    37. ^ "Why it's entirely predictable that Hillary Clinton's emails are back in the news". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
    38. ^ Ohlheiser, Abby (4 November 2016). "No, John Podesta didn't drink bodily fluids at a secret Satanist dinner". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
    39. ^ "WikiLeaks Fuels Conspiracy Theories About DNC Staffer's Death". NBC News. Retrieved 8 November 2016. WikiLeaks ... is fueling Internet conspiracy theories by offering a $20,000 reward for information on a Democratic National Committee staffer who was killed last month ... in what police say was robbery gone wrong ... Assange implied this week in an interview that Rich was the source of the leak and even offered a $20,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of his murderer. Meanwhile, the Russian government funded propaganda outlet RT had already been covering Rich's murder two weeks prior. RT and other Russian government propaganda outlets have also been working hard to deny the Russian government was the source of the leak, including by interviewing Assange about the Rich murder. ... The original conspiracy theory can be traced back to a notoriously unreliable conspiracy website
    40. ^ Chafkin, Max; Silver, Vernon (10 October 2016). "How Julian Assange turned WikiLeaks into Trump's best friend". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
    41. ^ Brustein, Joshua (29 July 2016). "Why Wikileaks Is Losing Its Friends". Bloomberg.
    42. ^ Satter, Raphael; Michael, Maggie (23 August 2016). "Private lives are exposed as WikiLeaks spills its secrets". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
    43. ^ Peterson, Andrea. "Snowden and WikiLeaks clash over leaked Democratic Party emails". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
    44. ^ "U.S. prosecution of alleged WikiLeaks 'Vault 7' source hits multiple roadblocks". news.yahoo.com. 6 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
     
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    5 October 1947 – President Truman makes the first televised Oval Office address.

    Oval Office address

     
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    6 October 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.

    Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead

    The great fire of Gateshead and Newcastle was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in two North East England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds. There is only one building still extant on the Newcastle Quayside which predated the fire.[1]

    1. ^ "Last surviving building from Great Fire". Quayside Lives. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
     
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    6 October 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured.

    Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead

    The great fire of Gateshead and Newcastle was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in two North East England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds. There is only one building still extant on the Newcastle Quayside which predated the fire.[1]

    1. ^ "Last surviving building from Great Fire". Quayside Lives. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
     
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    7 October 1958 – The 1958 Pakistani coup d'état inaugurates a prolonged period of military rule.

    1958 Pakistani coup d'état

     
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    8 October 2016 – In the wake of Hurricane Matthew, the death toll rises to nearly 900.

    Hurricane Matthew

    Preview warning: The article title was redundantly supplied in |name=. Remove this parameter; the article title is used as the name by default.

    Hurricane Matthew was an extremely powerful Atlantic hurricane which caused catastrophic damage and a humanitarian crisis in Haiti, as well as widespread devastation in the southeastern United States. The deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Stan in 2005, and the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Felix in 2007, Matthew was the thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane and second major hurricane of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It caused extensive damage to landmasses in the Greater Antilles, and severe damage in several islands of the Bahamas which were still recovering from Joaquin, which had pounded the archipelago nearly a year earlier. Matthew also approached the southeastern United States, but stayed just offshore, paralleling the Florida coastline.

    Originating from a tropical wave that emerged off Africa on September 22, Matthew developed into a tropical storm just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 28. It became a hurricane north of Venezuela and Colombia on September 29, before undergoing explosive intensification, ultimately reaching Category 5 intensity on October 1 with peak 1-minute sustained winds of 165 mph. This strength was attained at just 13.4°N latitude – the lowest latitude ever recorded for a storm of this intensity in the Atlantic basin, breaking the record set by Hurricane Ivan in 2004.[1] Matthew weakened slightly and fluctuated in intensity while making a northward turn toward the Greater Antilles, remaining a strong Category 4 hurricane as it made its first landfall over Haiti's Tiburon Peninsula early on October 4, and then a second one in Cuba later that day. Matthew weakened somewhat but re-intensified as it tracked northwest, making landfall in the northern Bahamas. The storm then paralleled the coast of the southeastern United States over the next 36 hours, gradually weakening while remaining just offshore before making its fourth and final landfall over the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near McClellanville, South Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane on the morning of October 8. Matthew re-emerged into the Atlantic shortly afterward, eventually completing its transition into an extratropical cyclone as it turned away from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on October 9. The remnants of Matthew continued to accelerate towards Canada where it was absorbed by a cold front.[2]

    Widespread effects were felt from Matthew across its destructive path, however, the most significant impacts were felt in Haiti, with US$2.8 billion in damage and 546 deaths, making Matthew the worst disaster to affect the nation since the 2010 earthquake. The combination of flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80% of Jérémie sustained significant damage. Four people were killed in Cuba due to a bridge collapse, and total losses in the country amounted to US$2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province. Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew spread damage across several islands. Grand Bahama was hit directly, where most homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. Preparations began in earnest across the southeastern United States as Matthew approached, with several states declaring states of emergencies for either entire states or coastal counties; widespread evacuations were ordered for extensive areas of the coast because of predicted high wind speeds and flooding, especially in the Jacksonville Metropolitan Area. In Florida, over 1 million lost power as the storm passed to the east, with 478,000 losing power in Georgia and South Carolina. While damage was primarily confined to the coast in Florida and Georgia, torrential rains spread inland in the Carolinas and Virginia, causing widespread flooding.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference TCR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Matthew Storm History". The Weather Channel. October 3, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
     
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    9 October 1986The Phantom of the Opera, eventually the second longest running musical in London, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre.

    The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)

    The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Charles Hart, additional lyrics by Richard Stilgoe and a libretto by Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe. Based on the 1910 French novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux, it tells the tragic story of a beautiful soprano, Christine Daaé, who becomes the obsession of a mysterious, masked musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Paris Opéra House.[1]

    The musical opened in London's West End in 1986 and on Broadway in New York in 1988, in a production directed by Harold Prince and starring English classical soprano Sarah Brightman (Lloyd Webber's then-wife) as Christine Daaé, screen and stage star Michael Crawford as the Phantom, and international stage performer Steve Barton as Raoul. It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical, with Crawford winning the Olivier and Tony for Best Actor in a Musical.[2] A film adaptation, directed by Joel Schumacher, was released in 2004.

    The Phantom of the Opera was the longest running show in Broadway history, and celebrated its 10,000th performance on February 11, 2012, becoming the first Broadway production in history to do so.[3] It is the second longest-running West End musical, after Les Misérables, and the third longest-running West End show overall, after The Mousetrap.[4][5][6][7] With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $6 billion and total Broadway gross of over $1 billion,[8] The Phantom of the Opera was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014.[9][10][11] By 2019, it had been seen by over 140 million people in 183 cities across 41 countries.[12]

    The original West End production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, ended its run in 2020,[13][14] its run cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic.[15] A new production of Phantom opened in the same theatre in July 2021. The original Broadway production played its final performance on April 16, 2023.[16]

    1. ^ Rich, Frank (27 January 1988). "Stage: Phantom of the Opera". The New York Times.
    2. ^ "The Phantom of the Opera – The Show – Awards". Archived from the original on 30 May 2011.
    3. ^ Gerald Martin Bordman (2004). The Oxford companion to American theatre p.496. Oxford University Press. "A British musical based on Leroux's famous novel".
    4. ^ Top 10 Longest-Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com. Retrieved 11 February 2012
    5. ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p.266. Scarecrow Press, 2009
    6. ^ Smith, Tim (11 April 2010) "Phantom of the Opera at the Hippodrome", The Baltimore Sun
    7. ^ "Our Top 10 Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals". Ticketstoday. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
    8. ^ Cox, Gordon (11 July 2017). "Wicked Surpasses The Phantom of the Opera at the Broadway Box Office". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
    9. ^ "Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £500,000 in the UK", BroadwayWorld, 5 October 2011
    10. ^ Jones, Kenneth (25 January 2006). "Phantom turns 18". Playbill. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
    11. ^ Gans, Andrew. "The Lion King Is Now Top-Earner in Box-Office History", Playbill, 22 September 2014.
    12. ^ "Broadway's blockbuster phenomenon The Phantom of the Opera continues to make Broadway history with two milestones". The Shubert Organization. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
    13. ^ "Broadway curtain call for Andrew Lloyd Webber's Phantom of the Opera". BBC News. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    14. ^ Avendaño, Tom C. (18 April 2023). "'The Phantom of the Opera' lowers the curtain on Broadway after 35 years and almost 14,000 performances". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    15. ^ Mackintosh, Cameron (28 July 2020). "Cameron Mackintosh: London can't function until theatres reopen". Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    16. ^ Paulson, Michael (29 November 2022). "Phantom of the Opera to Delay Broadway Closing After Sales Spike". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
     
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    9 October 1986The Phantom of the Opera, eventually the second longest running musical in London, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre.

    The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)

    The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Charles Hart, additional lyrics by Richard Stilgoe and a libretto by Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe. Based on the 1910 French novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux, it tells the tragic story of a beautiful soprano, Christine Daaé, who becomes the obsession of a mysterious, masked musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Paris Opéra House.[1]

    The musical opened in London's West End in 1986 and on Broadway in New York in 1988, in a production directed by Harold Prince and starring English classical soprano Sarah Brightman (Lloyd Webber's then-wife) as Christine Daaé, screen and stage star Michael Crawford as the Phantom, and international stage performer Steve Barton as Raoul. It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical, with Crawford winning the Olivier and Tony for Best Actor in a Musical.[2] A film adaptation, directed by Joel Schumacher, was released in 2004.

    The Phantom of the Opera was the longest running show in Broadway history, and celebrated its 10,000th performance on February 11, 2012, becoming the first Broadway production in history to do so.[3] It is the second longest-running West End musical, after Les Misérables, and the third longest-running West End show overall, after The Mousetrap.[4][5][6][7] With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $6 billion and total Broadway gross of over $1 billion,[8] The Phantom of the Opera was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014.[9][10][11] By 2019, it had been seen by over 140 million people in 183 cities across 41 countries.[12]

    The original West End production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, ended its run in 2020,[13][14] its run cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic.[15] A new production of Phantom opened in the same theatre in July 2021. The original Broadway production played its final performance on April 16, 2023.[16]

    1. ^ Rich, Frank (27 January 1988). "Stage: Phantom of the Opera". The New York Times.
    2. ^ "The Phantom of the Opera – The Show – Awards". Archived from the original on 30 May 2011.
    3. ^ Gerald Martin Bordman (2004). The Oxford companion to American theatre p.496. Oxford University Press. "A British musical based on Leroux's famous novel".
    4. ^ Top 10 Longest-Running London Theatre Shows Londonist.com. Retrieved 11 February 2012
    5. ^ The A to Z of the Broadway Musical p.266. Scarecrow Press, 2009
    6. ^ Smith, Tim (11 April 2010) "Phantom of the Opera at the Hippodrome", The Baltimore Sun
    7. ^ "Our Top 10 Andrew Lloyd Webber Musicals". Ticketstoday. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
    8. ^ Cox, Gordon (11 July 2017). "Wicked Surpasses The Phantom of the Opera at the Broadway Box Office". Variety. Variety Media, LLC. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
    9. ^ "Phantom of the Opera Screening Earns Over £500,000 in the UK", BroadwayWorld, 5 October 2011
    10. ^ Jones, Kenneth (25 January 2006). "Phantom turns 18". Playbill. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
    11. ^ Gans, Andrew. "The Lion King Is Now Top-Earner in Box-Office History", Playbill, 22 September 2014.
    12. ^ "Broadway's blockbuster phenomenon The Phantom of the Opera continues to make Broadway history with two milestones". The Shubert Organization. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
    13. ^ "Broadway curtain call for Andrew Lloyd Webber's Phantom of the Opera". BBC News. 17 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    14. ^ Avendaño, Tom C. (18 April 2023). "'The Phantom of the Opera' lowers the curtain on Broadway after 35 years and almost 14,000 performances". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    15. ^ Mackintosh, Cameron (28 July 2020). "Cameron Mackintosh: London can't function until theatres reopen". Evening Standard. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
    16. ^ Paulson, Michael (29 November 2022). "Phantom of the Opera to Delay Broadway Closing After Sales Spike". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
     
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    10 October 1868 – The Ten Years' War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba.

    Ten Years' War

    The Ten Years' War (Spanish: Guerra de los Diez Años; 1868–1878), also known as the Great War (Guerra Grande) and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.[10][11]

    1. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 306.
    2. ^ a b Thomas, Hugh Swynnerton (1973). From Spanish domination to American domination, 1762–1909. Volume I of Cuba: the struggle for freedom, 1762–1970 . Barcelona; Mexico: Grijalbo, pp. 337. Edition of Neri Daurella. ISBN 9788425302916.
    3. ^ Thomas, 1973: 345. 1,500 to 2,000 rebels fled to Jamaica.
    4. ^ a b Ramiro Guerra Sánchez (1972). War of the 10 i.e. Ten years. Volume II Havana: Editorial De Ciencias Sociales, pp. 377
    5. ^ Florencio León Gutiérrez (1895). "Conference on the Cuban insurrection." Havana: Artillery Corps Printing, pp. 25
    6. ^ José Andrés-Gallego (1981). General History of Spain and America: Revolution and Restoration: (1868–1931) . Madrid: Rialp Editions, pp. 271. ISBN 978-8-43212-114-2. 20,000 Spaniards and 35,000 Cubans.
    7. ^ Nicolás María Serrano & Melchor Pardo (1875). Annals of the civil war: Spain from 1868 to 1876 . Volume I. Madrid: Astort Brothers, pp. 1263
    8. ^ as estimated by José Martí in his work "The Revolution of 1868" cited by Samuel Silva Gotay in "Catholicism and politics in Puerto Rico: under Spain and the United States" p. 39
    9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Military Historical Victimary".
    10. ^ Charles Campbell, The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (2017) pp 179–98.
    11. ^ Hugh Thomas, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (1971) pp 244–63.
     
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    11 October 1972A race riot occurs on the United States Navy aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off the coast of Vietnam.

    USS Kitty Hawk riot

    The USS Kitty Hawk riot was a racial conflict between white and black sailors aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk on the night of 12–13 October 1972, while positioned at Yankee Station off the coast of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

    1. ^ Faram, Mark D. (28 February 2017). "Race riot at sea – 1972 Kitty Hawk incident fueled fleet-wide unrest". Navy Times.
     
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    12 October 1810 – The citizens of Munich hold the first Oktoberfest.

    Oktoberfest

    Oktoberfest (German pronunciation: [ɔkˈtoːbɐˌfɛst] ; Bavarian: Wiesn, Oktobafest) is the world's largest Volksfest, featuring a beer festival and a travelling carnival, and is held annually in Munich, Bavaria, from mid- or late-September to the first Sunday in October, with more than six million international and national visitors attending the event. Locally, it is called d'Wiesn, after the colloquial name for the fairgrounds, Theresienwiese. Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since the year 1810. Other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations that are modeled after the original Munich event.

    During the event, large quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed: in 2014, 7.7 million litres (2,000,000 US gal) were served.[1][2] Visitors also enjoy numerous attractions, such as amusement rides, side stalls, and games. There is also a wide variety of traditional foods available.

    Oktoberfest originally took place in the 16-day period leading up to the first Sunday in October. In 1994, this longstanding schedule was modified in response to German reunification. As a result, if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or the 2nd, then the festival runs until 3 October (German Unity Day). Thus, the festival now runs for 17 days when the first Sunday is 2 October and 18 days when it is 1 October. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October (4 October), to mark the event's bicentennial.

    1. ^ "Oktoberfest Beer Consumption". 19 October 2014.
    2. ^ "Oktoberfest in Munich: poured amount of beer 2020". Statista. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
     
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    13 October 1972Aeroflot Flight 217 crashes outside Moscow, killing 174.

    Aeroflot Flight 217

    Aeroflot Flight 217 was a non-scheduled international passenger flight from Orly Airport in Paris to Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, with a stopover at Shosseynaya Airport (now Pulkovo Airport) in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). On 13 October 1972, the Ilyushin Il-62 airliner operating the flight crashed on approach to Sheremetyevo, with the loss of all 164 passengers and crew of 10. At the time, it was the world's deadliest civil aviation disaster, until it was surpassed by the Kano air disaster in 1973.[1] As of 2023, this remains the second-deadliest accident involving an Il-62, after LOT Flight 5055, and the second-deadliest on Russian soil, after Aeroflot Flight 3352.[2][3][4]

    1. ^ Leddington, Roger (16 October 1972). "Death toll at 176 in Russian crash". Nashua Telegraph. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
    2. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin 62 CCCP-86671 Moskva-Sheremetyevo Airport (SVO)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 8 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
    3. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin 62M SP-LBG Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
    4. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev 154B-1 CCCP-85243 Omsk Airport (OMS)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
     
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    14 October 2017 – A massive truck bombing in Somalia kills 358 people and injures more than 400 others

    14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings

    On 14 October 2017, two truck bombings took place in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, killing at least 587 people and injuring 316 others.[1] Almost all of the casualties were caused by one of the trucks, which detonated when the driver, while attempting to escape from security officials, crashed through a barrier and exploded in the Hodan District, destroying a hotel. The intended target of the attack is believed to have been a secure compound housing international agencies and troops. The second blast happened close by, killing two people. A third explosives-laden truck was captured by police.[citation needed]

    Though no organisation claimed responsibility, officials stated that a key member of the cell that carried it out had informed them that Islamist group al-Shabaab was responsible.[3]

    The attack is the deadliest in Somalia's history, surpassing the 2011 Mogadishu bombing that killed 100 people. It is the second deadliest terrorist attack in African history, and the continent's deadliest bombing.[4][5] In response to the bombings, Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed declared three days of mourning.[6]

    1. ^ a b c "Committee: 1000 dead in Oct 14 terror attack". Hiiraan Online. 5 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
    2. ^ Guled, Abdi (29 December 2019). "Somalia bombing kills dozens; airstrikes target militants". apnews.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference graun17oct was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference veconomist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ "Death toll from Mogadishu truck bombing rises to 512". BNO News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
    6. ^ "Somalia Declares Three Days of Mourning for Mogadishu Attack". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
     
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    15 October 1888 – The "From Hell" letter allegedly sent by Jack the Ripper is received by investigators.

    From Hell letter

    The "From Hell" letter (also known as the "Lusk letter")[1][2] was a letter sent with half of a preserved human kidney to George Lusk, the chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, in October 1888.[3] The author of this letter claimed to be the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, who had murdered and mutilated at least four women in the Whitechapel and Spitalfields districts of London in the two months prior to Lusk receiving this letter, and whose vigilance committee Lusk led in civilian efforts to assist the police in identifying and apprehending the perpetrator.[2]

    The letter was postmarked 15 October 1888 and was received by Lusk the following day.[4] An examination of the kidney revealed the individual from whom the organ originated had suffered from Bright's disease.[5] The author of this letter claimed to have fried and eaten the other half.[6]

    Police, press, and public alike received many letters claiming to be from the Whitechapel Murderer, with investigators at one stage having to deal with an estimated 1,000 letters related to the case. However, the "From Hell" letter is one of the few articles of correspondence that has received serious consideration as to actually being genuine.[7] Nonetheless, opinions remain divided with regards to the letter's authenticity.[2]

    The murders committed by Jack the Ripper have attracted much attention in popular culture for decades, with several factual and fictional works directly making reference to the "From Hell" letter.[8]

    1. ^ Grove, Sophie (9 June 2008). "You Don't Know Jack: A New Museum Exhibition Opens the Case File on Jack the Ripper—and Affords a Grim Look at the London of the Time: A City Made for Murder". Newsweek. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
    2. ^ a b c Jones, Christopher (2008). The Maybrick A to Z. Countyvise Ltd. Publishers. pp. 162–165. ISBN 978-1-906-82300-9.
    3. ^ Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-844-54982-5 p. 160
    4. ^ Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences ISBN 978-1-134-17580-2 p. 127
    5. ^ Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-844-54982-5 p. 52
    6. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170; Fido, pp. 78–80
    7. ^ Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-844-54982-5 p. 161
    8. ^ "Jack the Ripper". MysteryQuest. Season 1. Episode 8. 11 November 2009. History Channel.
     
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    16 October 1975 – The Australian Coalition sparks a constitutional crisis when they vote to defer funding for the government's annual budget.

    1975 Australian constitutional crisis

    The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, also known simply as the Dismissal, culminated on 11 November 1975 with the dismissal from office of the prime minister, Gough Whitlam of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), by Sir John Kerr, the Governor-General who then commissioned the leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser of the Liberal Party, as prime minister. It has been described as the greatest political and constitutional crisis in Australian history.

    The Labor Party under Gough Whitlam came to power in the election of 1972, ending 23 consecutive years of Liberal-Country Coalition government. Labor won a majority in the House of Representatives of 67 seats to the Coalition's 58 seats, but faced a hostile Senate. In May 1974, after the Senate voted to reject six of Labor's non-supply bills, Whitlam advised then-Governor General, Sir Paul Hasluck, to call a double dissolution election. The election saw Labor re-elected with its House of Representatives majority reduced from 9 to 5 seats, although it gained seats in the Senate. With the two houses of Parliament still deadlocked, pursuant to section 57 of the Australian Constitution, Whitlam was able to narrowly secure passage of the six "trigger bills" of the earlier double dissolution election in a joint sitting of Parliament on 6–7 August 1974, the only such sitting held in Australia's history.

    Whitlam's tenure in office proved highly turbulent and controversial, and in October 1975, the Opposition under Malcolm Fraser used its control of the Senate to defer passage of appropriation bills needed to finance government expenditure, which had already been passed by the House of Representatives. Fraser and the Opposition stated that they would continue to block supply in the Senate unless Whitlam called a fresh election for the House of Representatives, and urged Governor-General Sir John Kerr, who had been appointed governor-general on Whitlam's advice in July 1974, to dismiss Whitlam unless Whitlam acceded to their demand. Whitlam believed that Kerr would not dismiss him as prime minister, and Kerr did nothing to make Whitlam believe that he might be dismissed.

    On 11 November 1975, the crisis came to a head as Whitlam went to seek Kerr's approval to call a half-Senate election in an attempt to break the parliamentary deadlock. Kerr did not accept Whitlam's request, and instead dismissed him as prime minister and appointed the leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser, as caretaker prime minister on the understanding that Fraser would immediately call a general election. Acting quickly before all ALP parliamentarians became aware of the change of government, Fraser and his parliamentary allies were able to secure passage of the supply bills through the Senate and advised Kerr to dissolve Parliament for a double dissolution election. Fraser and his Liberal-Country Coalition were elected with a massive majority in the federal election held the following month.

    The events of the Dismissal led to only minor constitutional change. The Senate retained its power to block supply, and the governor-general the power to dismiss government ministers; however, these powers have not since been used to force a government from office. Despite being denied by both Kerr and Whitlam, allegations have repeatedly been made about CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal, but remain unsubstantiated. Kerr was widely criticised by Labor supporters for his actions, resigned early as governor-general, and lived much of his remaining life abroad.

     
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    17 October 1933 – Albert Einstein flees Nazi Germany and moves to the United States.

    Albert Einstein

    Albert Einstein (/ˈnstn/ EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛɐt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century.[1][5] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[6] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[7] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[8][9] In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time.[10] His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.[11]

    Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg)[note 1] the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.[note 1]

    In 1933, while he was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews,[12] Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.[13] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally viewed the idea of nuclear weapons with great dismay.[14]

    In 1905, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.[15] These outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity—a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field—and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole.[16][17] The middle part of his career also saw him making important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. Firstly, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice".[18] Secondly, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism too. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.

    1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference frs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "The Gold Medal" (PDF). Royal Astronomical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
    3. ^ "Membership directory". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference NDxay was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference YangHamilton2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference LnLVo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nobel Prize was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference xZQWt was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference 3UiiT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ "Physics: past, present, future". Physics World. 6 December 1999. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
    11. ^ Cite error: The named reference wordnetweb.princeton.edu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference zE9Bz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference BoyerDubofsky2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ "Albert Einstein on nuclear weapons | Wise International". wiseinternational.org. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
    15. ^ Galison (2000), p. 377.
    16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nobel was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT-20151124 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    18. ^ Robinson, Andrew (30 April 2018). "Did Einstein really say that?". Nature. 557 (30): 30. Bibcode:2018Natur.557...30R. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05004-4. S2CID 14013938. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2021.


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    18 October 1963Félicette, a black and white female Parisian stray cat becomes the first cat launched into space.

    Félicette

    Félicette (French pronunciation: [felisɛt]) was a stray Parisian cat that became the first feline launched into space on 18 October 1963 as part of the French space program. She was one of 14 female cats trained for spaceflight. The cats had electrodes implanted onto their skulls so their neurological activity could be monitored throughout the flight. Electrical impulses were applied to the brain and a leg during the flight to stimulate responses. The capsule was recovered 13 minutes after the rocket was ignited. Most of the data from the mission were of good quality, and Félicette survived the flight but was euthanized two months later for the examination of her brain.

    Félicette had the designation of C 341 before the flight, and after the flight the media gave her the name Félix, after Félix the Cat. Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches de Médecine Aéronautique (CERMA) modified this to the feminine Félicette and adopted it as her official name. She has been commemorated on postage stamps around the world and a statue with her likeness is on display at the International Space University. France's feline biological rocket payloads were preceded by rats and followed by monkeys.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference chatte was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    19 October 2003Mother Teresa is beatified by Pope John Paul II.

    Mother Teresa

    Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒi.u]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa,[a] was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. Born in Skopje, then part of the Ottoman Empire,[b] at the age of 18 she moved to Ireland and later to India, where she lived most of her life. On 4 September 2016, she was canonised by the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is her feast day.

    Mother Teresa founded Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation, which grew to have over 4,500 nuns across 133 countries as of 2012.[6] The congregation manages homes for people who are dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy, and tuberculosis. The congregation also runs soup kitchens, dispensaries, mobile clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor."[7]

    Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Mother Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work, but was criticised for her views on abortion and contraception, as well as the poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography, written by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992, and she has been the subject of many other works. On 6 September 2017, Mother Teresa and Saint Francis Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.

    1. ^ "St. Teresa of Kolkata". Catholic News Agency. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
    2. ^ Banerjee, Manik (6 September 2017). "Vatican declares Mother Teresa a patron saint of Calcutta". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
    3. ^ "Mother Teresa to be named co-patron of Calcutta Archdiocese on first canonization anniversary". First Post. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2017. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cannon2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ "Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2" [When Mother Teresa came to Tirana/2]. Shqiptari i Italisë (in Albanian). 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
    6. ^ Poplin, Mary (2011). Finding Calcutta: What Mother Teresa Taught Me About Meaningful Work and Service. InterVarsity Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8308-6848-3. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
    7. ^ Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
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    20 October 1982 – During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death in the Luzhniki disaster.

    Luzhniki disaster

    55°42′57″N 37°33′13″E / 55.71583°N 37.55361°E / 55.71583; 37.55361

    The Luzhniki disaster was a deadly crowd crush that took place at the Grand Sports Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium (Russian: Большая спортивная арена Центрального стадиона им. В. И. Ленина, now known as Luzhniki Stadium) in Moscow during the 1982–83 UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem on 20 October 1982. According to the official enquiry, 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans,[1][2][3] mostly adolescents,[4] died in the crush, which made it Russia's worst sporting disaster.[5] The number of fatalities in this crush was not officially revealed until seven years later, in 1989. Until then, this figure varied in press reports from 3 to 340 fatalities. The circumstances of this disaster are similar to those of the second Ibrox disaster in Scotland.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference iz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference ize was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference lan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Мемориал памяти погибших (in Russian). Moscow: Проект "Двадцатое число". 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference jw was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    21 October 1987 – The Jaffna hospital massacre is carried out by Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka, killing 70 ethnic Tamil patients, doctors and nurses.

    Jaffna hospital massacre

    The Jaffna hospital massacre occurred on October 21 and 22, 1987, during the Sri Lankan Civil War, when troops of the Indian Peace Keeping Force entered the premises of the Jaffna Teaching Hospital in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, an island nation in South Asia, and killed between 60 and 70 patients and staff.[4] The rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,[7] the government of Sri Lanka,[1] and independent observers such as the University Teachers for Human Rights[3] and others[2][5][6][8] have called it a massacre of civilians.

    However, the Indian Army maintains that the soldiers were fired upon[9] and the Indian army officer in charge of the military operations, Lt. Gen. Depinder Singh, claimed that these civilians were killed in a crossfire between soldiers and rebels.[10] Soldiers responsible for this massacre were not prosecuted by the Indian government.[3]

    1. ^ a b Dayasri, Gomin (2008-04-26). "Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence". Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-12-19. These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately
    2. ^ a b c d e Krishna, Sankaran (2005). Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 190–2. ISBN 0-8166-3330-4.
    3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference UTHR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ a b Somasundaram, Daya; Jamunanantha, CS (2002). de Jong, Joop (ed.). Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context. Springer. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-30646709-7.
    5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Dejong was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Richardson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ "Jaffna Hospital massacre". LTTE peace secretariat. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
    8. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference PP was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ghosh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    22 October 1859 – Spain declares war on Morocco.

    Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)

     
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    23 October 1707 – The First Parliament of Great Britain convenes.

    First Parliament of Great Britain

    The first Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain was established in 1707 after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland. It was in fact the 4th and last session of the 2nd Parliament of Queen Anne suitably renamed: no fresh elections were held in England or in Wales, and the existing members of the House of Commons of England sat as members of the new House of Commons of Great Britain. In Scotland, prior to the union coming into effect, the Scottish Parliament appointed sixteen peers (see Scottish representative peers) and 45 Members of Parliaments to join their English counterparts at Westminster.

     
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    24 October 1945 – The United Nations Charter comes into effect

    Charter of the United Nations

    The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is its second biggest centre after the UN headquarters in New York City.

    The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the foundational treaty of the United Nations.[1] It establishes the purposes, governing structure, and overall framework of the UN system, including its six principal organs: the Secretariat, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Trusteeship Council.

    The UN Charter mandates the UN and its member states to maintain international peace and security, uphold international law, achieve "higher standards of living" for their citizens, address "economic, social, health, and related problems", and promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion".[2] As a charter and constituent treaty, its rules and obligations are binding on all members and supersede those of other treaties.[1][3]

    During the Second World War, the Alliesformally known as the United Nations—agreed to establish a new postwar international organization.[4] Pursuant to this goal, the UN Charter was discussed, prepared, and drafted during the San Francisco Conference that began 25 April 1945, which involved most of the world's sovereign nations.[5] Following two-thirds approval of each part, the final text was unanimously adopted by delegates and opened for signature on 26 June 1945;[6][7] it was signed in San Francisco, United States, by 50 of the 51 original member countries.[6][Note 1]

    The Charter entered into force on 24 October 1945, following ratification by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security CouncilChina,[Note 2] France,[Note 3] the Soviet Union,[Note 4] the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a majority of the other signatories; this is considered the official starting date of the United Nations, with the first session of the General Assembly, representing all 51 initial members, opening in London the following January. The General Assembly formally recognized 24 October as United Nations Day in 1947, and declared it an official international holiday in 1971. With 193 parties, most countries have now ratified the Charter.

    1. ^ a b "Introductory Note". United Nations Organization. Archived from the original on 9 May 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
    2. ^ Christopher N. J. Roberts (June 2017). "William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949)". Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte [Sources on the History of Human Rights]. Human Rights Working Group in the 20th Century. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
    3. ^ "Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions". Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ a b "1945: The San Francisco Conference". United Nations Organization. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
    7. ^ "United Nations Conference on International Organization Proceedings". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 20 October 2019.


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    25 October 1949 – The Battle of Guningtou in the Taiwan Strait begins.

    Battle of Guningtou

    The Battle of Kuningtou[4] or Battle of Guningtou (Chinese: 古寧頭之役; pinyin: Gǔníngtóu zhī yì; Wade–Giles: Ku3-ning2-t’ou2 chih1 i4), also known as the Battle of Kinmen (金門戰役; Jīnmén Zhànyì), was fought over Kinmen in the Taiwan Strait during the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The failure of the Communists to take the island left it in the hands of the Kuomintang (Nationalists) and crushed their chances of taking Taiwan to destroy the Nationalists completely in the war.[5][6][7]

    1. ^ "Gallery: The Battle That Saved Taiwan". August 7, 2012.
    2. ^ 老衲 (2002). "古寧頭之役的回顧". 四海一家軍事網. Archived from the original on June 8, 2004. Retrieved June 1, 2004. Chinese language only. See 戰果
    3. ^ 老衲 [2002]. See 戰果.
    4. ^ "Chiang Kai-shek (1st–5th terms)". Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved September 29, 2019. 1949-10-26 Taiwan wins victory in Battle of Kuningtou against Chinese Communists in Kinmen.
    5. ^ "金門古寧頭戰役(一)". YouTube (in Chinese). September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023.
    6. ^ "金門古寧頭戰役(二)". YouTube (in Chinese). September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023.
    7. ^ "金門古寧頭戰役(三)". YouTube (in Chinese). September 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023.
     
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    26 October 2002 – Approximately 50 Chechen terrorists and 150 hostages die when Russian special forces troops storm a theater building in Moscow, which had been occupied by the terrorists during a musical performance three days before.

    Moscow theater hostage crisis

    The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater in Moscow by Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, resulting in the taking of 912 hostages. The attackers, led by Movsar Barayev, claimed allegiance to the Islamist separatist movement in Chechnya.[1] They demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The crisis was resolved when Russian security services released sleeping gas into the building, and subsequentally stormed it, killing all 40 hostage takers. 132 hostages died, largely due to the effects of the gas.[2][3][4]

    Due to the layout of the theater, special forces would have had to fight through 30 metres (100 ft) of corridor and advance up a well-defended staircase before they could reach the hall in which the hostages were held. The attackers had numerous explosives, with the most powerful in the center of the auditorium. Spetsnaz operators from Federal Security Service (FSB) Alpha and Vympel, supported by a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) SOBR unit, pumped a chemical agent into the building's ventilation system and began the rescue operation.[5]

    The identity of the gas was not disclosed at the time, although it was believed to have been a fentanyl derivative.[6] A study published in 2012 concluded that it had been a mixture of carfentanil and remifentanil.[7] The same study pointed out that in a 2011 case at the European Court of Human Rights, the Russian government stated that the aerosol used was a mixture of a fentanyl derivative and a chemical compound with a narcotic action.[8]

    1. ^ Engleman, Eric (1 November 2002). "Chechen Warlord Claims Hostage Siege". AP News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023.
    2. ^ Satter, David (13 December 2011). It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past. Yale University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0300111453.
    3. ^ "Gas 'killed Moscow hostages'". 27 October 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
    4. ^ "Moscow court begins siege claims". BBC News. 24 December 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
    5. ^ "90 Hostages Killed in Moscow Theater (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
    6. ^ MacKenzie, Debora (29 October 2002). "Mystery of Russian gas deepens". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    7. ^ Riches, James R.; Read, Robert W.; Black, Robin M.; Cooper, Nicholas J.; Timperley, Christopher M. (20 September 2012). "Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 36 (9): 647–656. doi:10.1093/jat/bks078. ISSN 1945-2403. PMID 23002178. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018.
    8. ^ "Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use". 20 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022 – via academic.oup.com.
     
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    26 October 2002 – Approximately 50 Chechen terrorists and 150 hostages die when Russian special forces troops storm a theater building in Moscow, which had been occupied by the terrorists during a musical performance three days before.

    Moscow theater hostage crisis

    The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater in Moscow by Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, resulting in the taking of 912 hostages. The attackers, led by Movsar Barayev, claimed allegiance to the Islamist separatist movement in Chechnya.[1] They demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The crisis was resolved when Russian security services released sleeping gas into the building, and subsequentally stormed it, killing all 40 hostage takers. 132 hostages died, largely due to the effects of the gas.[2][3][4]

    Due to the layout of the theater, special forces would have had to fight through 30 metres (100 ft) of corridor and advance up a well-defended staircase before they could reach the hall in which the hostages were held. The attackers had numerous explosives, with the most powerful in the center of the auditorium. Spetsnaz operators from Federal Security Service (FSB) Alpha and Vympel, supported by a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) SOBR unit, pumped a chemical agent into the building's ventilation system and began the rescue operation.[5]

    The identity of the gas was not disclosed at the time, although it was believed to have been a fentanyl derivative.[6] A study published in 2012 concluded that it had been a mixture of carfentanil and remifentanil.[7] The same study pointed out that in a 2011 case at the European Court of Human Rights, the Russian government stated that the aerosol used was a mixture of a fentanyl derivative and a chemical compound with a narcotic action.[8]

    1. ^ Engleman, Eric (1 November 2002). "Chechen Warlord Claims Hostage Siege". AP News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023.
    2. ^ Satter, David (13 December 2011). It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past. Yale University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0300111453.
    3. ^ "Gas 'killed Moscow hostages'". 27 October 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
    4. ^ "Moscow court begins siege claims". BBC News. 24 December 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2008.
    5. ^ "90 Hostages Killed in Moscow Theater (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
    6. ^ MacKenzie, Debora (29 October 2002). "Mystery of Russian gas deepens". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    7. ^ Riches, James R.; Read, Robert W.; Black, Robin M.; Cooper, Nicholas J.; Timperley, Christopher M. (20 September 2012). "Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 36 (9): 647–656. doi:10.1093/jat/bks078. ISSN 1945-2403. PMID 23002178. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018.
    8. ^ "Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use". 20 September 2012. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022 – via academic.oup.com.
     
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    27 October 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.

    Battle of the Milvian Bridge

    The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312 AD. It takes its name from the Milvian Bridge, an important route over the Tiber. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle; his body was later taken from the river and decapitated, and his head was paraded through the streets of Rome on the day following the battle before being taken to Africa.[2]

    According to Christian chroniclers Eusebius of Caesarea and Lactantius, the battle marked the beginning of Constantine's conversion to Christianity. Eusebius of Caesarea recounts that Constantine and his soldiers had a vision sent by the Christian God. This was interpreted as a promise of victory if the sign of the Chi Rho, the first two letters of Christ's name in Greek, was painted on the soldiers' shields. The Arch of Constantine, erected in celebration of the victory, certainly attributes Constantine's success to divine intervention; however, the monument does not display any overtly Christian symbolism.

    1. ^ a b Cowen, p. 77
    2. ^ Kristensen, Troels Myrup. "Maxentius' Head and the Rituals of Civil War". p. 326. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
     
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    28 October 1726 – The novel Gulliver's Travels is published.

    Gulliver's Travels

    Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships is a 1726 prose satire[1][2] by the Anglo-Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, satirising both human nature and the "travellers' tales" literary subgenre. It is Swift's best-known full-length work and a classic of English literature. Swift claimed that he wrote Gulliver's Travels "to vex the world rather than divert it".

    The book was an immediate success. The English dramatist John Gay remarked, "It is universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery."[3] In 2015, Robert McCrum released his selection list of the 100 best novels of all time, where he called Gulliver's Travels "a satirical masterpiece".[4]

    1. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2003). DeMaria, Robert J (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. Penguin. p. xi. ISBN 9780141439495.
    2. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2009). Rawson, Claude (ed.). Gulliver's Travels. W. W. Norton. p. 875. ISBN 978-0-393-93065-8.
    3. ^ Gay, John (17 November 1726). "Letter to Jonathan Swift". Communion Arts Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
    4. ^ "The 100 best novels written in English: the full list". The Guardian. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
     
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    29 October 2005Bombings in Delhi, India kill more than 60.

    2005 Delhi bombings

    India map showing Delhi

    The 2005 Delhi bombings occurred on 29 October 2005 in Delhi, India, killing 62 people and injuring at least 210 others[1] in three explosions. The bombings came only two days before the important festival of Diwali, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains. The bombs were triggered in two markets in central and south Delhi and in a bus south of the city. The Pakistani Islamist terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba claimed responsibility for the attacks under the pseudonym of Islamic Inquilab Mahaz.[2] The Indian Mujahideen is also suspected of involvement.[3]

    President A P J Abdul Kalam condemned the blasts in Delhi and sent condolences to the bereaved and other victims. Kalam appealed to the people "to maintain calm and help the agencies in relief and rescue work." Parts of India were moved to higher alert following the blasts.

    1. ^ "Delhi blasts death toll at 62". Archived from the original on 5 November 2005.
    2. ^ "Incident Summary for GTDID: 200510290001". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
    3. ^ Das, Shaswati (19 April 2018). "NIA arrests Indian Mujahideen operative Ariz Khan wanted in 2005 Delhi blasts case". mint. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
     
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    30 October 1938Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing anxiety in some of the audience in the United States.

    The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)

    "The War of the Worlds" was a Halloween episode of the radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air directed and narrated by Orson Welles as an adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds (1898) that was performed and broadcast live at 8 pm ET on October 30, 1938, over the CBS Radio Network. The episode is famous for inciting a panic by convincing some members of the listening audience that a Martian invasion was taking place, though the scale of panic is disputed, as the program had relatively few listeners.[1]

    The episode begins with an introductory monologue based closely on the opening of the source novel, after which the program takes on the format of an evening of typical radio programming being periodically interrupted by news bulletins. The first few bulletins interrupt a program of live music and are relatively calm reports of unusual explosions on Mars followed by a seemingly unrelated report of an unknown object falling on a farm in Grovers Mill, New Jersey. The crisis escalates dramatically when a on-scene reporter at Grovers Mill describes creatures emerging from what is evidently an alien spacecraft. The aliens employ a heat ray against police and onlookers, and the radio correspondent describes the attack in increasing panic until his audio feed abruptly goes dead. This is followed by a rapid series of news updates detailing the beginning of a devastating alien invasion and the US military's futile efforts to stop it. The first portion of the episode climaxes with a live report from a rooftop in Manhattan, from where a correspondent describes citizens fleeing from poison smoke released by towering Martian "war machines" until he coughs and falls silent. Only then does the program take its first break, about thirty minutes after Welles's introduction.

    The second portion of the show shifts to a more conventional radio drama format that follows a survivor (played by Welles) dealing with the aftermath of the invasion and the ongoing Martian occupation of Earth. The final segment lasts for about sixteen minutes, and like the original novel, concludes with the revelation that the Martians have been defeated by microbes rather than by humans. The broadcast ends with a brief "out of character" announcement by Welles in which he compares the show to "dressing up in a sheet and jumping out of a bush and saying 'boo!'"

    Welles's "War of the Worlds" broadcast has become famous for convincing some of its listeners that a Martian invasion was actually taking place due to the "breaking news" style of storytelling employed in the first half of the show. The illusion of realism was supported by the Mercury Theatre on the Air's lack of commercial interruptions, which meant that the first break in the drama came after all of the alarming "news" reports had taken place. Popular legend holds that some of the radio audience may have been listening to The Chase and Sanborn Hour with Edgar Bergen on NBC and tuned in to "The War of the Worlds" during a musical interlude, thereby missing the clear introduction indicating that the show was a work of science fiction. Modern research suggests that this happened only in rare instances.[2]: 67–69 

    In the days after the adaptation, widespread outrage was expressed in the media. The program's news-bulletin format was described as deceptive by some newspapers and public figures, leading to an outcry against the broadcasters and calls for regulation by the FCC. Welles apologized at a hastily-called news conference the next morning, and no punitive action was taken. The broadcast and subsequent publicity brought the 23-year-old Welles to the attention of the general public and gave him the reputation of an innovative storyteller and "trickster".[1][3]

    1. ^ a b Pooley, Jefferson; Socolow, Michael (October 28, 2013). "The Myth of the War of the Worlds Panic". Slate. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
    2. ^ Schwartz, A. Brad (2015). Broadcast Hysteria: Orson Welles's War of the Worlds and the Art of Fake News. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-3161-0.
    3. ^ Tonguette, Peter (Fall 2018). "The Fake News of Orson Welles: The War of the Worlds at 80". Humanities: The National Endowment for the Humanities. 39 (4). Retrieved July 5, 2022.
     
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    31 October 1998Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.

    Iraq disarmament crisis

    Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving a presentation to the United Nations Security Council
    A UN weapons inspector in Iraq

    The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003.

    Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, including against its own Kurdish population. France and the Soviet Union assisted Iraq in the development of its nuclear program, but its primary facility was destroyed by Israel in 1981 in a surprise air strike.

    After the Gulf War in 1990, the United Nations Special Commission located and destroyed large quantities of Iraqi chemical weapons and related equipment and materials with varying degrees of Iraqi cooperation and obstruction, but the Iraqi cooperation later diminished in 1998.[1] The disarmament issue remained tense throughout the 1990s with U.S. at the UN, repeatedly demanding Iraq to allow inspections teams to its facilities. These crises reached their climax in 2002-2003, when U.S. President George W. Bush demanded a complete end to what he alleged was Iraqi production of weapons of mass destruction, and reasoned with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein to comply with UN Resolutions requiring UN weapons inspectors unfettered access to areas those inspectors thought might have weapons production facilities.

    Since the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq had been restricted by the United Nations (UN) from developing or possessing such weapons. It was also required to permit inspections to confirm Iraqi compliance. Bush repeatedly backed demands for unfettered inspection and disarmament with threats of invasion. On 20 March 2003, a multinational alliance containing the armed forces of the United States and United Kingdom launched an invasion of Iraq. After the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq in 2011, a number of failed Iraqi peace initiatives were revealed.

    1. ^ Cleminson, Ronald. What Happened to Saddam's Weapons of Mass Destruction? Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Arms Control Association. September 2003
     
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    1 November 1956 – The Springhill mining disaster in Springhill, Nova Scotia kills 39 miners; 88 are rescued.

    Springhill mining disaster

     

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