Acute:chronic workload ratio and lower extremity overuse injuries

NewsBot · Aug 19, 2021

Misuse of the term ‘load’ in sport and exercise science
Craig A. Staunton et al
August 18, 2021

Despite the International System of Units (SI), as well as several publications guiding researchers on correct use of terminology, there continues to be widespread misuse of mechanical terms such as ‘work’ in sport and exercise science. A growing concern is the misuse of the term ‘load’. Terms such as ‘training load’ and ‘PlayerLoad’ are popular in sport and exercise science vernacular. However, a ‘load’ is a mechanical variable which, when used appropriately, describes a force and therefore should be accompanied with the SI-derived unit of the newton (N). It is tempting to accept popular terms and nomenclature as scientific. However, scientists are obliged to abide by the SI and must pay close attention to scientific constructs. This communication presents a critical reflection on the use of the term ‘load’ in sport and exercise science. We present ways in which the use of this term breaches principles of science and provide practical solutions for ongoing use in research and practice.
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NewsBot · Oct 13, 2021

When progressing training loads, what are the considerations for healthy and injured athletes?

NewsBot · Oct 14, 2021

In-season monotony, strain and acute/chronic workload of perceived exertion, global positioning system running based variables between player positions of a top elite soccer team
Rafael Oliveira, Alexandre Martins, Hadi Nobari, Matilde Nalha, Bruno Mendes, Filipe Manuel Clemente & João Paulo Brito
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 13, Article number: 126 (2021)

Background
The interpretation of the load variations across a period seems important to control the weekly progression or variation of the load, or to identify within- micro and mesocycle variations. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the in-season variations of training monotony, training strain, and acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance and high-speed running (HSR) according to playing positions in an elite soccer team.

Methods
Seventeen professional players from an European First League team participated in this study. They were divided four central defenders (CD), three wide defenders (WD), four central midfielders (CM), three wide midfielders (WM) and three strikers (ST). The players were monitored daily over a 41-week period of competition where 52 matches occurred during the 2015–2016 in-season. Through the collection of s-RPE, total distance and HSR, training monotony, training strain and ACWR were calculated for each measure, respectively. Data were analysed across ten mesocycles (M: 1–10).

Results
The main results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for TMs-RPE between CD vs. ST (moderate effect) in M2; between CD vs. CM (moderate effect) for TS of s-RPE; between CD vs. ST moderate effect) in M6 for ACWR of s-RPE. In addition, there was significant difference between CM vs. ST (moderate effect) in M2 for TS of TD; between WD vs. ST (moderate effect) in M3 for ACWR of TD. Moreover, there were significant differences for TM of HSR between CD vs. WD (very large effect); CD vs. WD (moderate effect) in M4 for TS of HSR.

Conclusions
The present study presents new insights to coaches and technical staff about the variation profiling of TM, TS, and ACWR calculated with internal and external load measures, between player positions during 10 mesocycles.
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NewsBot · Oct 16, 2021

The Association Between the Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio and Running-Related Injuries in Dutch Runners: A Prospective Cohort Study
Gustavo Nakaoka, Saulo Delfino Barboza, Evert Verhagen, Willem van Mechelen & Luiz Hespanhol
Sports Medicine volume 51, pages2437–2447 (2021)

Objective
To investigate the association between the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) and running-related injuries (RRI).

Methods
This is a secondary analysis using a database composed of data from three studies conducted with the same RRI surveillance system. Longitudinal data comprising running exposure (workload) and RRI were collected biweekly during the respective cohorts’ follow-up (18–65 weeks). ACWR was calculated as the most recent (i.e., acute) external workload (last 2 weeks) divided by the average external (i.e., chronic) workload of the last 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks. Three methods were used to calculate the ACWR: uncoupled, coupled and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA). Bayesian logistic mixed models were used to analyse the data.

Results
The sample was composed of 435 runners. Runners whose ACWR was under 0.70 had about 10% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (9.6%; 95% credible interval [CrI] 7.5–12.4), while those whose ACWR was higher than 1.38 had about 1% predicted probability of sustaining RRI (1.3%; 95% CrI 0.7–1.7). The association between the ACWR and RRI was significant, varying from a small to a moderate association (1–10%). The higher the ACWR, the lower the RRI risk.

Conclusions
The ACWR showed an inversely proportional association with RRI risk that can be represented by a smooth L-shaped, second-order, polynomial decay curve. The ACWR using hours or kilometres yielded similar results. The coupled and uncoupled methods revealed similar associations with RRIs. The uncoupled method presented the best discrimination for ACWR strata. The EWMA method yielded sparse and non-significant results
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NewsBot · Nov 3, 2021

Increased Lower Extremity Injury Risk Associated With Player Load and Distance in Collegiate Women’s Soccer
Michelle Xiao, BS, Jessica N. Nguyen, BS, Calvin E. Hwang, MD, ...
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine October 26, 2021

Background:
There is limited research regarding the impact of workload on injury risk specific to women’s soccer. Wearable global positioning system (GPS) units can track workload metrics such as total distance traveled and player load during games and training sessions. These metrics can be useful in predicting injury risk.

Purpose:
To examine the relationship between injury risk and player workload as collected from wearable GPS units in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I women’s soccer players.

Study Design:
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:
Lower extremity injury incidence and GPS workload data (player load, total distance, and high-speed distance) for 65 NCAA Division I women’s soccer players were collected over 3 seasons. Accumulated 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week loads and acute-to-chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were classified into discrete ranges by z-scores. ACWR was calculated using rolling averages and exponentially weighted moving averages (EWMA) models. Binary logistic regression models were used to compare the 7:28 rolling average and EWMA ACWRs between injured and noninjured players for all GPS/accelerometer variables. The prior 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week accumulated loads for all GPS/accelerometer variables were compared between the injured and uninjured cohorts using 2-sample t tests.

Results:
There were a total of 53 lower extremity injuries that resulted in lost time recorded (5.76/1000 hours “on-legs” exposure time; 34 noncontact and 19 contact injuries). The prior 2-week (7242 vs 6613 m/s2; P = .02), 3-week (10,533 vs 9718 m/s2; P = .02), and 4-week (13,819 vs 12,892 m/s2; P = .04) accumulated player loads and 2-week (62.40 vs 57.25 km; P = .04), 3-week (90.97 vs 84.10 km; P = .03), and 4-week (119.31 vs 111.38 km; P = .05) accumulated total distances were significantly higher for injured players compared with noninjured players during the same time frames. There were no significant differences in player load, total distance, or high-speed distance ACWR between injured and noninjured players for both the rolling averages and EWMA calculations.

Conclusion:
Higher accumulated player load and total distance, but not ACWR, were associated with injury in women’s soccer players.
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NewsBot · Mar 29, 2022

Are acute:chronic workload ratios of perceived exertion and running based variables sensible to detect variations between player positions over the season? A soccer team study
Hadi Nobari, Ersan Arslan, Alexandre Duarte Martins & Rafael Oliveira
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 14, Article number: 51 (2022)

Background
The aim of this study was to describe and compare the in-season variations of acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) coupled, uncoupled, and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SPRINT) in three different periods of an elite soccer season according to player positions.

Methods
Twenty male elite players (age: 29.4 ± 4.4) from an Asian First League team were daily monitored for twenty consecutive weeks during the 2017–2018 in-season. Forty-seven trainings and twenty matches were monitored using global positioning system units (GPS) to collect TD, HSRD and SPRINT. Through the collection of s-RPE, TD, HSRD, and SPRINT by ACWR and EWMA were calculated for each training session.

Results
The results revealed that according to different periods of the season, workload measures observed in mid-season were meaningfully higher compared with early-season (g = ranging from 0.53 to 4.98) except for EWMASPRINT. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater scores in workload measures compared to the defenders and midfielders (g = ranging from 0.41 to 5.42).

Conclusions
These findings may provide detailed information for coaches and sports scientists regarding the variations of acute and chronic workload ratio and external loading in-season and between player positions in an elite soccer team.
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NewsBot · Apr 15, 2022

The Current State of Subjective Training Load Monitoring: Follow-Up and Future Directions
Joseph O. C. Coyne, Aaron J. Coutts, Robert U. Newton & G. Gregory Haff
Sports Medicine - Open volume 8, Article number: 53 (2022)

This article addresses several key issues that have been raised related to subjective training load (TL) monitoring. These key issues include how TL is calculated if subjective TL can be used to model sports performance and where subjective TL monitoring fits into an overall decision-making framework for practitioners. Regarding how TL is calculated, there is conjecture over the most appropriate (1) acute and chronic period lengths, (2) smoothing methods for TL data and (3) change in TL measures (e.g., training stress balance (TSB), differential load, acute-to-chronic workload ratio). Variable selection procedures with measures of model-fit, like the Akaike Information Criterion, are suggested as a potential answer to these calculation issues with examples provided using datasets from two different groups of elite athletes prior to and during competition at the 2016 Olympic Games. Regarding using subjective TL to model sports performance, further examples using linear mixed models and the previously mentioned datasets are provided to illustrate possible practical interpretations of model results for coaches (e.g., ensuring TSB increases during a taper for improved performance). An overall decision-making framework for determining training interventions is also provided with context given to where subjective TL measures may fit within this framework and the determination if subjective measures are needed with TL monitoring for different sporting situations. Lastly, relevant practical recommendations (e.g., using validated scales and training coaches and athletes in their use) are provided to ensure subjective TL monitoring is used as effectively as possible along with recommendations for future research.
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NewsBot · May 1, 2022

Feasibility and usability of GPS data in exploring associations between training load and running-related knee injuries in recreational runners
Kyra L. A. Cloosterman, Tryntsje Fokkema, Robert-Jan de Vos, Ben van Oeveren, Sita M. A. Bierma-Zeinstra & Marienke van Middelkoop
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 14, Article number: 78 (2022)

Background
The purpose of the present study was to explore the feasibility of collecting GPS data and the usability of GPS data to evaluate associations between the training load and onset of running-related knee injuries (RRKIs).

Methods
Participants of the INSPIRE-trial, a randomized-controlled trial on running injury prevention, were asked to participate in this study. At baseline, demographic variables were collected. Follow-up questionnaires assessed information on RRKIs. Participants with a new reported RRKI and uninjured participants were sent a GPS export request. Weekly GPS-based training distances were used to calculate Acute:Chronic Workload Ratios (ACWRs).

Results
A total of 240 participants (62.7%) tracked their running training sessions with the use of a GPS-enabled device or platform and were willing to share their GPS data. From the participants (N = 144) who received a GPS export request, 50.0% successfully shared their data. The majority (69.4%) of the shared GPS data were usable for analyses (N = 50). GPS data were used to present weekly ACWRs of participants with and without an RRKI eight weeks prior to RRKI onset or running event.

Conclusions
It seems feasible to collect GPS data from GPS-enabled devices and platforms used by recreational runners. The results indicate that GPS data is usable to calculate weekly ACWRs to evaluate associations between training load and onset of RRKIs in recreational runners. Therefore, GPS-based ACWR measures can be used for future studies to evaluate associations between training load and onset of RRIs.
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NewsBot · May 4, 2022

Misuse of the term ‘load’ in sport and exercise science
Craig A. Staunton, Grant Abt, Dan Weaving, Daniel W.T. Wundersitz
VOLUME 25, ISSUE 5, P439-444, MAY 01, 2022

Despite the International System of Units (SI), as well as several publications guiding researchers on correct use of terminology, there continues to be widespread misuse of mechanical terms such as ‘work’ in sport and exercise science. A growing concern is the misuse of the term ‘load’. Terms such as ‘training load’ and ‘PlayerLoad’ are popular in sport and exercise science vernacular. However, a ‘load’ is a mechanical variable which, when used appropriately, describes a force and therefore should be accompanied with the SI-derived unit of the newton (N). It is tempting to accept popular terms and nomenclature as scientific. However, scientists are obliged to abide by the SI and must pay close attention to scientific constructs. This communication presents a critical reflection on the use of the term ‘load’ in sport and exercise science. We present ways in which the use of this term breaches principles of science and provide practical solutions for ongoing use in research and practice.
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The ‘training load’ construct: Why it is appropriate and scientific
Franco M. Impellizzeri et al
VOLUME 25, ISSUE 5, P445-448, MAY 01, 2022

A recent paper called for the abandonment of the term load (and training load) when used outside its mechanical meaning, claiming it is “unscientific” and “breaches scientific principles.” In this article, we explain why its use does not breach any scientific principles and we clarify the process of labelling, conceptualising and operationalising a construct. Training load is simply a label attributed to a higher-order construct overarching other interrelated sub-dimensions. This multi-level structure provides a framework (nomological network) to support the research process and also practical applications. Load is a word, and therefore cannot be “unscientific”. The “use” or “misuse” of words and terms entirely depends upon definitions that should be based on current understanding. Misuse occurs when a term is decontextualised or interpreted according to a unilateral perspective. The field of mechanics does not have a monopoly on the term load (or other common terms such as work, stress and fatigue), which are legitimately used in many scientific areas and with various meanings. The ‘obligation’ to rely on terms abiding by the Système International d'Unités (SI) when describing a construct is inappropriate. The SI relates to how we can measure, not describe training load; i.e., SI is relevant to its operational and not its constitutive (descriptive) definition. Discussions regarding shared and standardised descriptions and definitions are more relevant than discussions about discarding terms in sport and exercise science. Researchers (and practitioners) can continue to use the term training load as it does not breach any scientific principles.
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NewsBot · May 8, 2022

Decoupling of Internal and External Workload During a Marathon: An Analysis of Durability in 82,303 Recreational Runners
Barry Smyth, Ed Maunder, Samuel Meyler, Ben Hunter & Daniel Muniz-Pumares
Sports Medicine (2022)

Aim
This study characterised the decoupling of internal-to-external workload in marathon running and investigated whether decoupling magnitude and onset could improve predictions of marathon performance.

Methods
The decoupling of internal-to-external workload was calculated in 82,303 marathon runners (13,125 female). Internal workload was determined as a percentage of maximum heart rate, and external workload as speed relative to estimated critical speed (CS). Decoupling magnitude (i.e., decoupling in the 35–40 km segment relative to the 5–10 km segment) was classified as low (< 1.1), moderate (≥ 1.1 but < 1.2) or high (≥ 1.2). Decoupling onset was calculated when decoupling exceeded 1.025.

Results
The overall internal-to-external workload decoupling experienced was 1.16 ± 0.22, first detected 25.2 ± 9.9 km into marathon running. The low decoupling group (34.5% of runners) completed the marathon at a faster relative speed (88 ± 6% CS), had better marathon performance (217.3 ± 33.1 min), and first experienced decoupling later in the marathon (33.4 ± 9.0 km) compared to those in the moderate (32.7% of runners, 86 ± 6% CS, 224.9 ± 31.7 min, and 22.6 ± 7.7 km), and high decoupling groups (32.8% runners, 82 ± 7% CS, 238.5 ± 30.7 min, and 19.1 ± 6.8 km; all p < 0.01). Compared to females, males’ decoupling magnitude was greater (1.17 ± 0.22 vs. 1.12 ± 0.16; p < 0.01) and occurred earlier (25.0 ± 9.8 vs. 26.3 ± 10.6 km; p < 0.01). Marathon performance was associated with the magnitude and onset of decoupling, and when included in marathon performance models utilising CS and the curvature constant, prediction error was reduced from 6.45 to 5.16%.

Conclusion
Durability characteristics, assessed as internal-to-external workload ratio, show considerable inter-individual variability, and both its magnitude and onset are associated with marathon performance.
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NewsBot · Jun 11, 2022

The Role of Workload Management in Injury Prevention, Athletic, and Academic Performance in the Student-Athlete
Miranda-Comas, Gerardo MD et al
Current Sports Medicine Reports: June 2022 - Volume 21 - Issue 6 - p 186-191

Workload plays important roles in sports-related injury and athletic performance by influencing exposure to external injury risk factors and potential events, promoting changes in fitness level, which involves positive adaptations to training that may lead to improved performance, and/or stimulating fatigue which leads to negative effects in the body that may increase the risk of injury and negatively affect performance. In addition to the physical stress and significant time required for practice and training, student athletes also face subjective stressors. The total workload affects injury risk, but acute changes or spikes in external and/or internal loads seem to affect injury risk the most. These also may lead to poor recovery practices that may affect physical and academic performance. It is important for the medical team, coaches, parents, and the student athlete to understand the vulnerability of this population to increased amounts of workload and its positive and negative effects.
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NewsBot · Jun 20, 2022

Causal effects, workload and injury risk: The importance of specifying the research question
Ian Shrier et al
April 01, 2022

Objectives
To illustrate why the research question determines whether and how sport medicine investigators should adjust for workload when interested in interventions or causal risk factors for injury.
Design
Theoretical conceptualization.
Methods
We use current concepts of causal inference to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of adjusting for workload through different analytic approaches when evaluating causal effects on injury risk.
Results
When a risk factor of interest changes workload, including workload in the regression will cause bias. When workload represents time-at-risk (e.g. games played, minutes run), including workload as an offset in Poisson regression provides a comparison of injury rates (injuries per unit time). This is equivalent to including log(workload) as an independent variable with the coefficient fixed to 1. If workload is included as an independent variable instead of an offset, using log(workload) rather than workload is more consistent with theory. This practice is similar to the principles of allometric scaling. When workload represents a combination of both time-at-risk and intensity, such as with session ratings of perceived exertion, the optimal analytical strategy may require modeling time-at-risk and intensity separately rather than as one factor.
Conclusions
Whether to account for recent workload or not, and how to account for recent workload, depends on the research question and the causal assumptions, both of which should be explicitly stated.
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NewsBot · Jul 31, 2022

Re-thinking athlete training loads: would you rather have one big rock or lots of little rocks dropped on your foot?
Andrew Renfree et al
Research in Sports Medicine

Determination of athlete training loads is of great interest to sport practitioners and is widely used in the prescription and monitoring of physical conditioning programmes. Although a number of methods of load quantification are used, a common feature is that total load calculations are the product of exercise intensity and duration. We argue that these methods may be limited, however, as they do not account for non-linearities in the biological response to stress, with the end result being that they fail to fully account for the load imposed by high-intensity or interval-based training sessions. We end with a call for sport scientists to develop novel method of training load quantification to better deal with this issue.
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NewsBot · Aug 4, 2022

The relationship between external and internal load parameters in 3 × 3 basketball tournaments
C. Willberg, B. Wieland, L. Rettenmaier, M. Behringer & K. Zentgraf
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 14, Article number: 152 (2022)

Purpose
3 × 3 basketball games are characterized by high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and a high number of changes of direction and jumps. It is played in tournament form with multiple games per day. Therefore, optimal regeneration is crucial for maintaining a high performance level over the course of the tournament. To elucidate how load of a match affects the athletes' bodies (i.e., internal load), muscular responses to the load of 3 × 3 games were analyzed. We aimed to investigate changes in contractility of the m. rectus femoris (RF) and m. gastrocnemius medialis (GC) in response to the load of single 3 × 3 games and a 3 × 3 tournament.

Methods
Inertial movement analysis was conducted to capture game load in 3 × 3. Changes in contractility were measured using tensiomyography (TMG). During a two-day tournament, TMG measurements were conducted in the morning and after each game. Additionally, off-game performance analysis consisting of jump and change-of-direction (COD) tests was conducted the day before the tournament.

Results
Significant changes of the muscle contractility were found for GC with TMG values being higher in the baseline than in the post-game measurements. In contrast to athletes of the GC group, athletes of the RF group responded with either decreased or increased muscle contractility after a single 3 × 3 game. A significant correlation between external and internal load parameters could not be shown. Concerning off-game performance, significant correlations can be reported for COD test duration, CMJ height and ∆Vc as well as COD test duration and ∆Dm. No systematic changes in muscle contractility were found over the course of the tournament in RF and GC.

Conclusion
The athletes' external 3 × 3 game load and their performance level did not seem to affect muscular contractility after a single 3 × 3 game or a complete 3 × 3 tournament within this investigation. This might indicate that elite athletes can resist external load without relevant local muscular fatigue. With respect to the course of the tournament, it can therefore be concluded that the breaks between games seem to be sufficient to return to the initial level of muscle contractility.
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NewsBot · Sep 18, 2022

Is Cumulative Load Associated with Injuries in Youth Team Sport? A Systematic Review
Katie Sniffen, Kemba Noel-London, Melody Schaeffer & Oluwatoyosi Owoeye
Sports Medicine - Open volume 8, Article number: 117 (2022)

Background
High cumulative external and internal load may predispose athletes to increased risk for injury across a variety of sports, competition levels, and age groups. However, evidence of an association between cumulative load and injury in youth sport remains inconclusive. The objective of this study was to determine the current evidence for cumulative load and injury risk relationships in youth team sport through a systematic review of the existing literature.

Methods
A systematic review of the literature was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL for relevant articles published between January 2010 and April 2021. The authors conducted independent review and quality assessment of the eligible studies. Eleven articles evaluating youth (less than 18 years old) team sport were included for qualitative synthesis.

Results
Fifty-nine percent (n = 39/66) of the relationships assessed revealed an association between cumulative load and injury across the team sports studied, including the presence of load–injury associations in 84% (n = 16/19) of assessments in youth soccer. Of those relationships where an association was present, 79% (n = 31/39) were positive associations between cumulative load and injury. Risk of bias assessment scores ranged from three to six out of seven possible (median = 5) for cohort studies and from four to seven out of 10 possible (median = 5.5) for cross-sectional studies.

Conclusions
There is some evidence for a positive association between load and injury in youth team sport. Youth soccer was the most studied team sport, and a substantial number of positive load–injury associations were reported. Current evidence lacks consistency in the measures and metrics used in defining load–injury relationships.
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NewsBot · Oct 31, 2022

External loading of common training drills: Ranking drills to design progressive return-to-run programs
CelesteGoodson et al
Physical Therapy in Sport 30 October 2022

Highlights
•Post injury return-to-run protocols should include a gradual loading progression.
•Training drills can be used to gradually increase loading.
•This study ranked common training drills by vertical reaction force.
•Ranking of drills benefits practitioners of both sport and pelvic floor specialties.
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Return-to-run protocols following lower extremity injuries commonly include a gradual training and loading progression to allow positive adaptation of musculoskeletal tissue. Before full return to running, training drills designed to provide a low to high external loading progression (i.e., vertical forces) may therefore minimize the risks of re-injury. However, the magnitude of external loading among various training drills has not yet been quantified.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to quantify peak vertical forces of multiple common training drills and rank each of them in order from lowest to highest peak vertical force.

Design
/Participants: 11 experienced runners completed five trials of 46 training drills while in-shoe vertical reaction force (vRF) was measured with wireless force insoles.

Main outcome measures
Average peak vRF was calculated for each drill across all participants. Drills were also grouped by vRF into four categories intended for use by clinicians as stages of rehabilitation.

Results
46 training drills were ranked in order from least to greatest vRF. The drill with the highest average peak vRF was “Ladder Single Leg Hop Forward”, at 2.80 BW. The drill with the lowest average peak vRF was “Squat Mini Jump”, at 1.02 BW.

Conclusions
These data provide valuable information for clinicians, coaches and pelvic floor practitioners when programming rehabilitation and return-to-run training progressions for runners coming back from lower extremity or pelvic injuries.
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NewsBot · Feb 23, 2023

Comparing Two Methods of Acute: Chronic Workload Calculations in Girls’ Youth Volleyball
Claire Schumann et al
Sports 2023, 11(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11030051

Monitoring training load using acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) enables coaches to maximize fitness potential while mitigating injury risks by maintaining an optimal ACWR range. There are two methods of determining ACWR: rolling average (RA) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA). This study aimed to (1) compare weekly changes in kinetic energy (KE) output in female youth athletes (n = 24) during the high school (HSVB) and club volleyball (CVB) seasons and (2) evaluate the agreement in RA and EWMA ACWR calculations during the HSVB and CVB seasons. Weekly load was measured using a wearable device, and RA and EWMA ACWRs were calculated using KE. The HSVB data showed spikes in ACWR at the onset of the season and during one week mid-season (p = 0.001–0.015), but most weeks were in the optimal ACWR range. The CVB data had greater weekly variations throughout the season (p < 0.05), and many weeks were outside of the optimal ACWR range. There were moderate correlations between the two ACWR methods (HSVB: r = 0.756, p < 0.001; CVB: r = 0.646, p < 0.001). Both methods can be used as a monitoring tool for consistent training like that in HSVB, but more research is needed to investigate appropriate methods for an inconsistent season like that of CVB.
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NewsBot · Mar 10, 2023

Re-thinking athlete training loads: little rocks and big rocks can be understood with a multivariable approach

NewsBot · Apr 7, 2023

Understanding Training Load as Exposure and Dose
Franco M. Impellizzeri, Ian Shrier, Shaun J. McLaren, Aaron J. Coutts, Alan McCall, Katie Slattery, Annie C. Jeffries & Judd T. Kalkhoven
Sports Medicine (2023)

Various terms used in sport and exercise science, and medicine, are derived from other fields such as epidemiology, pharmacology and causal inference. Conceptual and nomological frameworks have described training load as a multidimensional construct manifested by two causally related subdimensions: external and internal training load. In this article, we explain how the concepts of training load and its subdimensions can be aligned to classifications used in occupational medicine and epidemiology, where exposure can also be differentiated into external and internal dose. The meanings of terms used in epidemiology such as exposure, external dose, internal dose and dose–response are therefore explored from a causal perspective and their underlying concepts are contextualised to the physical training process. We also explain how these concepts can assist in the validation process of training load measures. Specifically, to optimise training (i.e. within a causal context), a measure of exposure should be reflective of the mediating mechanisms of the primary outcome. Additionally, understanding the difference between intermediate and surrogate outcomes allows for the correct investigation of the effects of exposure measures and their interpretation in research and applied settings. Finally, whilst the dose–response relationship can provide evidence of the validity of a measure, conceptual and computational differentiation between causal (explanatory) and non-causal (descriptive and predictive) dose–response relationships is needed. Regardless of how sophisticated or “advanced” a training load measure (and metric) appears, in a causal context, if it cannot be connected to a plausible mediator of a relevant response (outcome), it is likely of little use in practice to support and optimise the training process.
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NewsBot · Jun 5, 2023

Many Pieces to the Puzzle: A New Holistic Workload Approach to Designing Practice in Sports
Luke Champion, Kane Middleton & Clare MacMahon
Sports Medicine - Open volume 9, Article number: 38 (2023)

Representative learning design (RLD) in sport is a well-established concept in both theory and practice. The goal of RLD is to faithfully replicate competition environments in training settings to benefit improvement in athletic performance. There is currently little research that considers how representative an activity needs to be to facilitate learning transfer, and how that level of representativeness might fluctuate between activities or sessions, and across competitive cycles. Similarly, there is no existing research that specifically considers the elevated workload (in cognitive and physical load) of highly representative training, and the potential impacts of chronic overuse of these highly demanding activities. This paper addresses these limitations, making a case for the application of RLD that considers the level of representativeness (fidelity) and the demands placed on athletes (load) from both a cognitive and physical perspective. This paper also suggests several categorisations of training activities that are based on their relative representativeness, level of imposed demands, and the intended outcomes of the activity with reference to the perception–action cycle. The two core concepts of fidelity and load are combined for a new approach to representative training that allows practitioners to balance the benefits of representative training with the risks of imposing excessive load on athletes.
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NewsBot · Jul 26, 2023

Load Management: What It Is and What It Is Not!

Acute:chronic workload ratio and lower extremity overuse injuries

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Acute:chronic workload ratio and lower extremity overuse injuries

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