Cylindrical massage device for arch pain

Kevin Kirby · Dec 16, 2007

musmed said: ↑

"As there is no such thing as mechanical there is no definition."

"I bet you never said mechanical anything 10 years ago. I certainly never read anything to do with the human body that mentioned the word."
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Paul:

I believe that the word "mechanical" has been used quite a lot within the last half century to describe the mechanics of the human body. Here you go Paul:

Dudley J. Morton said something mechanical 72 years ago!

Dudley J. Morton said:

"The structural strength which the entire first metatarsal segment has developed against stress permts the use of almost any degree of out-toeing without jeopardy to a well-constructed foot. Admittedly such a posture has no mechanical nor physiological basis to recommend it, because it increases unneccessarily the lateral security of body posture, and this at the expense of greater leverage efficiency for forward locomotion."

From: Morton DJ: The Human Foot: Its Evolution, Physiology and Functional Disorders. Columbia University Press. Morningside Heights, New York, 1935, pp. 148-149.
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Moments of force and mechanical power in jogging

David A. Winter
Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
Received 26 August 1982. Available online 19 March 2004.

Abstract
A saggital plane biomechanical analysis of 11 slow jogging trials yielded joint moments of force, power curves and positive and negative work at each of the joints of the lower limb. The following can be summarized:

1. 1. The total moment of force pattern of the lower limb was primarily extensor during stance and flexor during swing. The hip had an extensor peak at 20%, the knee at 40% and the ankle at 60% of stance.
2. 2. The variability of the moment patterns across all trials was considerably less than that seen during natural walking.
3. 3. Two power bursts were seen at the ankle, absorption early in stance followed by a dominant generation peak during late push-off. The average peak of power generation was 800 W with individual maximums exceeding 1500 W.
4. 4. Power patterns for all trials showed the knee to have five distinct phases: an initial shock absorbing peak during weight acceptance, a small generation burst during early push-off, a major absorption pattern during late push-off continuing until maximum knee flexion, a third absorption peak decelerating the leg and foot prior to impact, and a final small positive burst as the knee flexors rotate the leg posteriorly to further reduce the forward velocity of the foot prior to heel contact.
5. 5. Power patterns at the hip were neither large nor consistent indicating the dual role of hip flexors and extensors relative to the trunk and lower limb stability.
6. 6. Positive work done by the ankle plantarflexors averaged three times that done by the knee extensors, and in some joggers the ankle muscles generated eight times that of the knee muscles.
7. 7. Over the entire stride the knee muscles absorbed 3.6 times as much energy as they generated; the ankle muscles generated 2.9 times as much as they absorbed.
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Effects of foot orthotics upon the ankle and knee mechanical alignment
Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 22, Issue 10, 1989, Page 1046
Richard Lefebvre and Jean P. Boucher
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An angular velocity profile in cycling derived from mechanical energy analysis

M. L. Hull , Steve Kautz and Andrew Beard
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
Received 16 November 1990. Available online 4 April 2004.

Abstract
The contributions of this article are twofold. One is a procedure for determining the angular velocity profile in seated cycling that maintains the total mechanical energy of both legs constant. A five-bar linkage model (thigh, shank, foot, crank and frame) of seated (fixed hip) cycling served for the derivation of the equations to compute potential and kinetic energies of the leg segments over a complete crank cycle. With experimentally collected pedal angle data as input, these equations were used to compute the total combined mechanical energy (sum of potential and kinetic energies of the segments of both legs) for constant angular velocity pedalling at 90 rpm. Total energy varied indicating the presence of internal work. Motivated by a desire to test the hypothesis that reducing internal work in cycling will reduce energy expenditure, a procedure was developed for determining the angular velocity profile that eliminated any change in total energy. Using data recorded from five subjects, this procedure was used to determine a reference profile for an average equivalent cadence of 90 rpm. The pahse of this profile is such that highest and lowest angular velocities occur when the cranks are near vertical and horizontal respectively.

The second contribution is the testing of the hypothesis that the reference angular velocity profile serves to effectively reduce internal work for the subjects whose data were used to develop this profile over the range of pedalling rates (80–100 rpm) naturally preferred. In this range, the internal work was decreased a minimum of 48% relative to the internal work associated with constant angular velocity pedalling. The acceptance of this hypothesis has relevance to the protocol for future experiments which explore the effect of reduced internal work on energy expenditure in cycling.
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In vitro mechanical testing of the ligaments of the human foot
Journal of Biomechanics, Volume 25, Issue 7, July 1992, Page 816
Lloyd T. Walker and Alexander C. Nicol
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An evaluation of the kinematics of gait by minimum energy

Royce Beckett and Kurng Chang
Department of Mechanics & Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 52240, U.S.A.
Department of Mechanics & Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 52240, U.S.A.
Received 13 July 1967. Available online 19 March 2004.

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of the motion of the leg and foot in the swing phase of a step. The analysis is based on the hypothesis that the behavior will be such as to minimize the amount of mechanical work done. Results of the analysis are the geometric position of the leg and the equivalent forces in the hip and knee joints as functions of time. Also included is the amount of work done as a function of cadence. Comparison is made with experimental results that are available in the literature.
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EMG to force processing III: Estimation of model parameters for the human triceps surae muscle and assessment of the accuracy by means of a torque plate

A. L. Hof and Jw. Van den Berg
Laboratory for Medical Physics, State University Groningen, Bloemsingel 10, 9712 KZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
Received 9 April 1981. Available online 19 March 2004.

Abstract
The parameters of the active state and the series-elastic component of the Hill muscle model were estimated for the human calf muscles by means of a ‘torque plate’ on seven normal subjects. Together with the results of the calfergometer experiments (Part II) this yields the complete set of parameters for the EMG to force processor based on the Hill model (Part I).

The accuracy of the processor was assessed by means of a set of severe test contractions in which the subjects tilted on one foot at various velocities (slow to as fast as possible). The mechanical work and the integrated torque ∫ M dt were calculated for these contractions, M being the torque calculated by the EMG processor and the measured angular velocity. These values of the work and the integrated torque were compared to those obtained with the measured torque Mm instead of M.

The relative error, for positive work, negative work, and integrated torque was + 6.2% ± 14% (means ± s.d.). Data on the peak values of M – Mm are also given.
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Factors determining changes in lower limb energy during swing in treadmill running

A. E. Chapman and G. E. Caldwell
Department of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6
Received 26 August 1982. Available online 19 March 2004.

Abstract
This investigation determined the manner in which the lower limb is supplied with mechanical energy in the recovery phase of treadmill sprinting. This was done by following energy input to each limb segment through joint force power and muscle moment power. Joint force power and concentric muscle moment power at the hip are responsible for changes in limb energy although eccentric knee muscle moment power continually reduces total limb energy. In early recovery energy is transmitted distally to raise all segmental energies. In late recovery energy lost from shank and foot is transmitted proximally to the hip without loss in thigh energy. Interlimb exchanges of energy indicate that energy lost in late recovery is transmitted across the pelvis to provide a gain in energy in the opposite limb in early recovery. Much of the loss in limb energy appears to result from the presence of two joint muscles.
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Physical properties of cross-linked polyethylene foam (Plastazote) under clinical conditions

R. J. Minns and A. D. Craxford
Regional Medical Physics Department, Durham Unit, Dryburn Hospital, Durham, U.K.
The University Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K.

Available online 20 March 2004.

Abstract
Cross-linked polyethylene foam (PlastazoteTM) has been used in the management of painful foot disorders occurring in a number of disease processes. A series of mechanical tests have been performed under varying clinically encountered conditions to show a relationship between the deformation of the material and the load applied to it. This has allowed the development of a method of assessment of the footprint impressed in a weight-bearing insole, and may help to clarify the observed results of treatment.
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Coordination in vertical jumping

Maarten F. Bobbert and Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau
Department of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Free University of, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, 100 MC, The Netherlands
Received 10 February 1986; Revised 19 June 1987. Available online 4 April 2004.

Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate for vertical jumping the relationships between muscle actions, movement pattern and jumping achievement. Ten skilled jumpers performed jumps with preparatory countermovement. Ground reaction forces and cinematographic data were recorded. In addition, myoelectric activity (EMG) was recorded from seven leg muscles. EMG-signals were rectified and low-pass filtered to obtain EMG-levels. The latter, which were assumed to reflect activation levels, rose to a plateau in the sequence m. semitendinosus, long head of m. biceps femoris, m. gluteus maximus, m. vastus medialis, m. rectus femoris, m. soleus, m. gastrocnemius. It was attempted to link the EMG-pattern to the purpose of the push-off, namely to maximize the effective energy (Ey) of the mass center of the body (MCB). The term Ey designates the sum of the potential energy of MCB and the kinetic energy due to the vertical velocity of MCB. One of the requirements for maximization of Ey is that the mono-articular extensor muscles release as much energy as possible before toe-off occurs. It is argued that this requirement can only be satisfied if the vertical velocity differences between the proximal and distal ends of body segments reach their peaks in a sequence. The sequence that is realized by the pattern of muscular activation is upper body, upper legs, lower legs, feet. Another important requirement is that the mechanical energy released by the muscles is optimally used. This requirement can be satisfied by transportation of energy via the biarticular m. rectus femoris and m. gastrocnemius.
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Simon Spooner · Dec 16, 2007

musmed said: ↑

I bet you never said mechanical anything 10 years ago. I certainly never read anything to do with the human body that mentioned the word.
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While I agree that the term "mechanical" has appeared in the medical literature repeatedly for the best part of a century, maybe we aren't all as well read as you are Kevin. Paul just said that he's not read anything to do with the human body that mentioned the word. Perhaps he's simply just not well read enough to have come across these terms before. Just because someones reading range is limited is no reason to berate. But I guess if you write on forums like this in coded language, people sometimes get the wrong impression.

Simon
p*ss*ng it down in Plymouth

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