Gait in scoliosis

NewsBot · Jun 6, 2013

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Asymmetrical gait in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.
Yang JH, Suh SW, Sung PS, Park WH.
Eur Spine J. 2013 Jun 4.

PURPOSE:
This study investigated side-to-side gait asymmetry in subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

METHODS:
There were 20 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and 20 age-matched control subjects, who participated in the study. To minimize confounding effects, we recruited patients with similar spinal curvature for the scoliosis group, and all participants are right hand dominant. The participants were instructed to ambulate on a 10 m walkway while barefoot. There were two force plates in the middle of the walkway. The ground reaction force (GRF) and angular displacements of six segments (foot, shank, thigh, pelvis, trunk, and head) were measured during one gait cycle based on the right and left lower extremities. To remove the positional information in the kinematic data, the derivative of angular displacement in each segment was calculated. To evaluate the side-to-side gait symmetry, we calculated the cross-correlation of each bilateral gait parameter.

RESULTS:
In the kinematics, the scoliosis group demonstrated asymmetrical gait in the frontal and transverse planes compared to the control group. In the GRF data, the scoliosis group demonstrated asymmetrical gait in the medial-lateral (M/L) direction compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicated that the scoliosis group produced an asymmetrical rotation pattern of the segments bilaterally in the frontal and transverse planes, resulting in asymmetrical GRF patterns in the M/L direction. This asymmetrical gait may be produced by changes in global postural control during gait and not simply by changes in control of only one or two specific segments.
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Admin2 · Jun 6, 2013

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NewsBot · Aug 12, 2014

Comparison of static plantar foot pressure between healthy subjects and patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Jeong-Uk Lee, Mee-Young Kim, Junghwan Kim
Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences; June 2014, Volume 6, Issue 2, pp 127-132

The objective of the present study was to compare changes in plantar foot pressure parameters during quiet standing between patients with adolescent idiopatic scoliosis (AIS) and healthy subjects. Twenty-one volunteers (AIS, n=10; healthy, n=11) were recruited for a simple blinded study. Using X-ray imaging, Cobb’s angle and pelvic height were measured in the monitor. Using a force plate, plantar foot pressure parameters were measured during quiet standing. In the analysis of Cobb’s angle and pelvic height, the AIS patients showed a significant increase compared to the healthy subjects. Furthermore, the regional plantar foot pressure of the AIS patients was significantly increased compared to that of the healthy subjects. These results suggest that AIS affects plantar foot pressure parameters. Therefore, the present data may contribute to our understanding of the body alignment of patients undergoing orthopedic physiotherapy.
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NewsBot · Aug 30, 2021

Foot posture and gait in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: three-dimensional morphological
analysis and biomechanics evaluation
Zhu Feilong et al
Source

BACKGROUND: The current studies of walking performance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients lack comparison among groups with different severity
levels and have ignored the impact of foot posture on walking.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the differences in foot posture and walking performance of patients with mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
compared with healthy peers and provide scientific basis for the function assessment and rehabilitation in the future.
METHODS: A total of 96 subjects were included in the study, including 64 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients and 32 healthy voluntary adolescents as
the healthy group. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients were subdivided into mild, moderate, and severe grades according to the Cobb angle, including
18 mild cases, 32 moderate cases and 14 severe cases. An experienced physiotherapist assessed a subject's foot posture according to the Foot Posture
Index. A 3D foot morphology scanner was used to scan for morphological parameters of the foot and GaitScan instrument for gait and plantar pressure data
collection. Comparative analysis was conducted between mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients and healthy adolescents, and the
characteristics of foot posture, balance, gait, and plantar pressure distribution were summarized.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In terms of foot morphology and posture, the foot arch index of the moderate and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
groups was significantly higher than the healthy group, and the foot posture index of the severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis group was significantly higher
than the healthy group (P < 0.05). (2) Regarding gait parameters, the severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis group had advanced loading response, and a
delayed terminal stance as compared with the healthy group (P < 0.05). The walking speed of the moderate and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis group
was slower than the healthy group, and the center of pressure excursion index increased significantly (P < 0.05). (3) Regarding plantar pressure distribution, the
pressure percentages of the medial and lateral heel of the severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis groups were significantly higher and lower than the healthy
group (P < 0.05). The percentage of the first metatarsal pressure in the severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis group was significantly higher than the healthy
group, and the percentage of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsal pressure was significantly lower than the healthy group (P < 0.05). (4) For the static balance,
the load ratio of the forefoot of severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients was significantly lower than the rear foot, and the load ratio of the left foot was
significantly lower than the right foot (P < 0.05). (5) It is concluded that the walking efficiency and stability of patients with moderate to severe adolescent
idiopathic scoliosis decreased significantly. Future studies on walking of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients should consider foot posture as an accompanied
factor, because foot posture may affect walking performance.
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NewsBot · Oct 31, 2021

A comparison of foot posture and walking performance in patients with mild, moderate, and severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Feilong Zhu,Qianqin Hong,Xiaoqi Guo,Dan Wang,Jie Chen,Qian Zhu,Chong Zhang,Wei Chen ,Ming Zhang
May 17, 2021

Background
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis. However, the underlying mechanisms linking spinal curvature in AIS to foot characteristics and walking performance remain unclear.

Objective
This study aimed to compare walking performance between adolescents with mild, moderate, and severe scoliosis and matched healthy peers with foot posture as covariates.

Methods
This cross-sectional study of 96 adolescents was conducted between April 2020 to October 2020 in China, with 32 healthy peers in the control group and 64 patients in the AIS group. Foot posture and morphology, plantar pressure distribution, and gait characteristics were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and a post hoc comparison of the mean differences between the different groups was performed. Multiple analyses of covariance adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, foot posture index (FPI), arch index (AI), and walking speed were performed.

Results
Of the 64 adolescents with scoliosis, 18 had mild AIS, 32 had moderate AIS, and 14 had severe AIS. The AI and FPI were much higher in the moderate and severe AIS groups (p = 0.018) and the severe AIS group (p<0.001), respectively, than in the control group. The severe AIS group had advanced and longer midstance (p = 0.014) and delayed propulsion phase (p = 0.013) than the control group. Patients with moderate and severe AIS had asymmetrical gait periods in the left and right limbs (p<0.05). Significant differences in the center-of-pressure excursion index (CPEI) were found between the moderate and severe AIS and control groups (p = 0.003).

Conclusion
Moderate and severe AIS significantly influenced walking performance; however, no significant differences were observed between adolescents with mild AIS and healthy controls. Thus, early intervention could target the prevention of specific functional deficits and prevent it from progressing to a severe state.
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NewsBot · Dec 19, 2025

Risk factors and postoperative comfort nursing in adolescents with flatfoot complicated by idiopathic scoliosis
Suzhen Jiang et al
Front Pediatr. 2025 Dec 3:13:1696612.

Objective: Adolescent flatfoot complicated by idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are common musculoskeletal disorders, yet their shared risk factors and postoperative management remain underexplored. Current study aims to investigate podiatric risk factors for AIS in flatfoot patients and evaluates the efficacy of comfort nursing on postoperative nausea and vomiting following corrective surgery.

Method: A two-phase study was conducted. First, 193 flatfoot patients were categorized into AIS (n = 144) and non-AIS (n = 49) groups to analyze risk factors via logistic regression. Second, the AIS patients undergoing PCS were randomized into a control group (routine care, n = 72) and a comfort nursing (CN) group (n = 72). The incidence, frequency, and severity of PONV, vital signs, medication use, and recovery outcomes were compared.

Results: Age, hallux valgus angle asymmetry (ΔHVA), and Meary's angle asymmetry (ΔMA) were identified as independent risk factors for AIS in flatfoot patients. The CN group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of PONV [13/72 (18.06%) vs. 35/72 (48.61%)] and lower frequency of episodes compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The CN intervention also resulted in significantly reduced pain VAS scores, improved vital signs (temperature and urine output), less severe PONV-related symptoms, decreased antiemetic use, and enhanced overall recovery and patient satisfaction (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Asymmetric foot morphology (ΔHVA and ΔMA) is a significant risk factor for AIS in adolescents with flatfoot. Implementing a multidimensional comfort nursing protocol effectively mitigates PONV, alleviates discomfort, and promotes postoperative recovery after PCS, suggesting that this approach could represent a valuable strategy for improving clinical outcomes in similar settings.
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NewsBot · Dec 20, 2025

Risk factors and foot biomechanical characteristics of idiopathic scoliosis: a cross-sectional study
Pengfei Sun et al
Sci Rep. 2025 May 15;15(1):16953.

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) caused by an unknown etiology is prevalent in primary and secondary school students. Early detection and prevention are challenging because of the limited knowledge about controllable risk factors and imbalances in body mechanics. In this study, we examined the potential causative factors of IS and its correlation with foot mechanics among 7-14 year-old students in northern Jiangsu Province, China. Based on a stratified whole cluster sampling, 4387 students were examined, of whom of whom 165 were diagnosed with scoliosis. Through logistic regression analysis, the following risk factors were identified: age group, female gender, thinness, unsuitable desk and chair heights, heavy schoolbags, backpack carried on one shoulder, daily sedentary time ≥ 10 h, daily playing electronic products time ≥ 2 h, daily physical activity time < 1 h, sports programs with unilateral limb power, lumbar and back fatigue, unequal thickness of worn soles on both feet and flat foot. When compared to healthy people, IS patients exhibit foot biomechanics characterized by a diagonal distribution of bilateral weight-bearing and walking instability, as well as poor balance function if they have an abnormal foot type, as in the case of flat foot. Our study revealed that the detection rate of scoliosis in primary and secondary school students in northern Jiangsu Province, China, is relatively is on the high side, so it is necessary to strengthen education and screening, concentrate on female students, and provide guidance on how to develop a healthy lifestyle and learning habits. Assessment of plantar pressure distribution and postural symmetry is an effective means of predicting scoliosis. Plantar pressure analysis can serve as an additional tool for assessing the risk of scoliosis.
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NewsBot · Dec 31, 2025

Examination of the coexistence of scoliosis and hallux valgus in females.
Sabır MA, Kayıkçı K, Taşkin R, Uğur F, Topal M, Çiftdemir M.
Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc., Published online XX XX, 2025. doi:10.5152/j.aott.2025.24058.

Objective: Both idiopathic scoliosis and hallux valgus are common in females, with risk factors including joint hypermobility, age, gender,
hormonal factors, and family history. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of co-occurrence of scoliosis and hallux valgus
and the severity of these 2 conditions.
Methods: Evaluation was made of 497 females who female police candidates presented at the hospital to obtain a health report between
January 1, 2023, and June 1, 2023 and met the study criteria. Cobb, kyphosis, hallux valgus, and intermetatarsal angles were measured from radiographs, and the data of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded.
Results: Of the 497 participants, scoliosis was observed in 22.3% and hallux valgus in 74.8%. The rate of hallux valgus was found to be significantly higher in the group with scoliosis than in the group without (P < .001). Individuals with scoliosis had approximately 3 times higher odds of having hallux valgus compared to those without scoliosis (OR: 3.08; 95% CI: 1.66-5.72; P < .05). When the groups with and without scoliosis were compared, the females with scoliosis were determined to be significantly younger (P = .007). No significant difference was seen between scoliosis and height (P = .766). The weight and BMI values of the females with scoliosis were found to be significantly lower compared to those without (P < .05).
Conclusion: The study results showed that hallux valgus was determined in 88.3% of the females with scoliosis, which was significantly higher than the rate of 71% in those without (P < .001). No difference was seen between the scoliosis apex orientation and the hallux valgus side (P = .511), thus showing similar orientations of the scoliosis apex and hallux valgus side. There is a need for further studies to examine possible etiological causes in more detail.
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NewsBot · Jan 24, 2026

The effect of orthotic treatment on plantar pressure distribution in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A prospective observational study
Wei Liu et al
Medicine (Baltimore). 2026 Jan 23;105(4):e47366.

Orthotic treatment is one of the most effective nonoperative methods for preventing scoliosis progression, most studies have proved that spinal orthoses could control or decrease spinal curvature to below the surgery threshold. However, few studies have investigated whether the plantar pressure distribution of patients with scoliosis could be affected by spinal orthoses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of spinal orthosis on the plantar pressure distribution in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Thirty patients with AIS who met the eligibility criteria were screened and intervened with customized Cheneau spinal orthoses in this prospective observational cohort study. Static and dynamic plantar pressure tests were performed with the FreeMed platform and Freestep plantar pressure analysis system before the initial orthosis fitting and after 6 months of orthosis wearing. The tests were repeated 3 times, and the mean values were used for the final analyses. The paired t-test and nonparametric analysis were used to analyze the differences in plantar pressure distribution characteristics before and after orthotic treatment. After 6 months of orthotic treatment, the off-orthosis correction rate was 19.5%. The percentage of pressure difference between the convex and concave side foot (8.67 ± 5.23%), and the force area difference between the convex and concave side foot (8.40 ± 5.10 cm2) were significantly reduced to 4.93 ± 4.98%, 5.63 ± 5.10 cm2, respectively (P = .006 and P = .037). For patients with double curves, the percentage of plantar pressure on the convex side foot, the percentage of pressure and force area difference between the convex and concave side were not significantly different. Furthermore, the total center of pressure (CoP) displacement was significantly decreased from 317.67 ± 71.54 mm to 278.13 ± 73.87 mm (P = .04). Wearing spinal orthoses can significantly improve the symmetry of plantar pressure distribution in patients with AIS.
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NewsBot · Apr 8, 2026 at 9:44 PM

Plantar Pressure-Paraspinal Surface Electromyography Associations and Within-Participant Surface Electromyography Changes Under Orthotic Insoles in Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Pilot Study
Peng Dou et al
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2026 Mar 19:S0003-9993(26)00611-8.

Objectives: To examine associations between plantar pressure and paraspinal surface electromyography amplitude in idiopathic scoliosis and to describe within-participant changes in paraspinal surface electromyography symmetry under ordinary (nonorthotic) versus orthotic insole conditions.

Design: A cross-sectional observational correlation study and a single-arm, within-participant repeated-measures comparison.

Setting: Hospital.

Participants: Twenty-four patients (N=24) with idiopathic scoliosis and without organic lower-limb or ankle disease.

Interventions: After baseline testing, participants wore customized biomechanical orthotic insoles in their usual footwear during daily activities for 1 week (familiarization period).

Main outcome measures: Regional plantar load distribution across predefined foot regions, expressed as a percentage of body weight, and paraspinal surface electromyography amplitude (root mean square) were measured; the symmetry index was calculated from bilateral root mean square values.

Results: The root mean square of the convex-side apical vertebra showed a moderate negative correlation with concave-side forefoot load (Spearman ρ=-0.55; P=.006) and a moderate positive correlation with convex-side rearfoot load (ρ=0.55; P=.005). During walking, symmetry index was significantly lower under the orthotic insole condition than under the ordinary condition (orthotic vs ordinary: 35.57% vs 46.35%; P=.004). No significant difference in standing symmetry index was observed between conditions (P=.408).

Conclusions: Plantar pressure distribution was associated with paraspinal muscle activation in idiopathic scoliosis, consistent with a potential foot-spine neuromuscular coupling relationship. Orthotic insoles were associated with greater paraspinal activation symmetry during walking; these findings may provide preliminary guidance for further exploration of integrated foot-spine rehabilitation strategies.
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NewsBot · Apr 8, 2026 at 9:51 PM

Foot plantar pressure characteristics during standing and gait in adolescents with moderate double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (Lenke type 3 and type 6): a case-control study
Yamin Xu et al
BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2026 Feb 27;27(1):279.

Objective: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is an idiopathic three-dimensional spinal deformity that predominantly affects adolescents during their peak growth period. This study aimed to understand the foot plantar pressure characteristics of individuals with Lenke 3 and 6 type AIS during standing and walking.

Method: This case-control study enrolled 84 adolescent females aged 10 to 18 years. Based on the coronal plane imaging findings of standing full-spine radiographs, the individuals were classified into three groups according to the Lenke classification system: the Lenke 3 AIS group (n = 28, right thoracic-left lumbar double curves, primary thoracic), the Lenke 6 AIS group (n = 28, left thoracic-right lumbar double curves, primary thoracolumbar), and the control group (n = 28, healthy adolescents free from AIS). The MatScan™ pressure mat was employed to collect the plantar pressure and center of pressure (COP) characteristics of the subjects during bipedal standing, as well as the temporal characteristics of ground reaction forces and foot impulse characteristics during walking. Subsequently, we analyzed the inter - group differences in plantar pressure parameters across the three cohorts.

Results: The Lenke 3 AIS group showed a significant decrease in forefoot pressure compared to the control group. In contrast, rearfoot pressure, peak pressure, and average pressure in the left foot increased significantly. Additionally, the COP characteristic exhibits significant differences (P < 0.05). The Lenke 6 AIS group showed significant differences compared to the control group in the rear foot pressure, peak pressure, and average pressure of the left and right feet (P < 0.05). Compared with the Lenke 3 AIS group, the Lenke 6 AIS group exhibited significantly increased pressure in the right foot and forefoot. During gait, the Lenke 6 AIS group heel impulse decreased significantly while the midfoot impulse increased significantly (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The Lenke 6 group exhibited more complex changes in plantar pressure. Both groups showed a decline in balance ability, but the Lenke 6 group showed a more severe decline, likely attributable to the larger lumbar curvature angle. Furthermore, both groups exhibited significant alterations in key biomechanical parameters, including energy absorption efficiency during ground contact and propulsive efficiency during push-off.
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Gait in scoliosis

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Gait in scoliosis

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NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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Weakened intrinsics, altered gait pattern, weaker intrinsics. A vicious circle?

Gait retraining for plantar fasciitis

Bladder Exstrophy and Gait

Effects of Limb Length Discrepancy on Spinal Motion During Gait

Effects of Biomimetic Shoes on Healthy Young Children's Gait

Out Toe Gait Pattern

The signed helical angle: A technique for characterizing midfoot motion during gait

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