Treadmill vs overground running

NewsBot · Nov 5, 2024

Self-selected speed provides more accurate human gait kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters than overground simulated speed on a treadmill: a cross-sectional study
Federico Roggio, Bruno Trovato, Martina Sortino, Michele Vecchio & Giuseppe Musumeci
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 16, Article number: 226 (2024)

Background
Walking speed, a key element of gait analysis, is essential for evaluating the biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system and is typically assessed on flat surfaces, such as walkways or treadmills. While many authors have compared the differences and similarities between treadmill and overground walking, no studies have yet investigated the differences between treadmill gait analysis at self-selected speed (SS) and overground simulated speed (OS). The hypothesis is that accurate kinematic measurements depend on selecting the correct gait speed; however, a mismatch between the perceived comfortable treadmill speed and actual overground speed may affect the accuracy of treadmill gait analyses. This study aimed to assess treadmill gait in healthy young adults by comparing the SS with the OS. The objectives were to determine whether participants could match SS with OS on a treadmill, examine sex differences in gait kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters (KSP) at different speeds, and identify which speed better reflects natural gait kinematics.

Methods
A total of 60 healthy men and 70 healthy women, aged 22–35 years, participated in this cross-sectional study to investigate the gait kinematics and spatiotemporal differences between the SS and OS. Student’s t-test, Bonferroni adjustment, Cohen’s effect size, and quadratic regression were employed to analyse differences across walking speeds and groups.

Results
A discrepancy between OS and SS was observed in 66.4% of the participants. Our findings revealed that the adjusted R² values for KSP at SS were consistently greater than those at OS, suggesting that SS offers a more robust and accurate representation of gait kinematics, whereas OS is less reliable.

Conclusions
These findings underscore the importance of individualized speed selection in gait analysis, as it significantly impacts the accuracy of kinematic and spatiotemporal measurements. This insight is pivotal for clinicians and researchers to develop more effective rehabilitation strategies and comprehensively understand gait dynamics.
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NewsBot · Dec 3, 2024 at 7:46 PM

Biomechanical differences and variability during sustained motorized treadmill running versus outdoor overground running using wearable sensors
Alexandra F. DeJong Lempke et al
Journal of Biomechanics
Volume 178, January 2025, 112443

This study aimed to compare running biomechanics and biomechanical variability across 3 run segments and between conditions for 5-km outdoor overground and indoor treadmill running. Seventy-one recreationally-active adults (31F, 40 M; age: 37 ± 11 years; body mass index: 22.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2) completed aerobic fitness assessments at baseline (VO2max), outdoor overground 5 km runs on a standardized route, and indoor treadmill 5 km runs on a motorized system (12.6 ± 4.9 days apart). Wearable sensors recorded step-by-step spatiotemporal, kinetic, and kinematic biomechanics. Repeated measures analyses of covariance were used to compare mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of sensor-derived metrics across run segments, conditions, and limbs (covariates: pace, VO2max). Tukey’s post-hoc tests with mean differences and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used to determine the difference magnitudes across comparisons. Most biomechanical measures significantly differed between running conditions (p < 0.001); contact time (mean difference and standard error: 8 ± 3 ms; d = 0.20), stride length (0.20 ± 0.12 m; d: 0.31), kinetics (shock, impact, braking; 0.17–1.30 g; d-range: 0.36–0.57), and pronation velocity (138 ± 16°/s; d: 0.61) were all higher during indoor treadmill running. Indoor treadmill running biomechanics CV were significantly higher for most measures compared to outdoor overground running (p < 0.001; d-range: 0.18–0.52). Only spatiotemporal measures and CV significantly differed across run segments (d-range: 0.16–0.68). Clinicians should expect that indoor treadmill biomechanics, particularly kinetic and pronation, will be significantly higher than patients’ outdoor overground running biomechanics and tailor subsequent recommendations accordingly. Furthermore, clinicians should expect that indoor treadmill running analyses may result in more variable biomechanics, potentially attributed to consistent speed and surface, and tailor assessments to preferred run environments.
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NewsBot · Dec 6, 2024 at 5:05 AM

Stride-to-Stride Variability While Prolonged Running on a Treadmill and Over-Ground
Iqbal, Zaheen Ahmed
Thesis

Long-distance running offers both health benefits and an increased risk of running-related
injuries due to the strain on joints. Understanding how the body responds to different running
environments is crucial for preventing injuries in long-distance runners. Due to the limitations
of traditional gait monitoring systems there is a research gap in long-term gait monitoring in
natural settings to understand how gait patterns changes with duration and surface of running
and runner's body response different demands of running environments and surfaces during
prolonged running outside controlled environments in laboratories. This doctoral thesis focuses
on analyzing the stride-to-stride variability during prolonged running, specifically investigating
how stride variability changes with running duration and surface type (treadmill vs. overground) during sagittal plane motions using inertial measurement units. Eleven runners (2
females) were instructed to run on treadmill and over-ground track and 7 inertial measurement
units (APDM Inc., Portland, OR, USA) were used to measure stride time and lower limb joint
angles throughout 30-min running at the preferred speed. Coefficient of variation was used to
calculate variability of stride time and lower limb joint angles in different phases of gait cycle.
Coordination and its variability were calculated using continuous relative phase for knee-hip,
ankle-knee, and ankle-hip joint couplings of the dominant side in overall gait cycle as well as
stance and swing phases. A two-way 2 x 2 repeated-measures mixed-design analysis of
variance was used to compare the mean and variability of all the parameters between initial
and final 5 minutes of running and the two running surfaces (treadmill and over-ground) with
statistical significance set at p less than 0.05. Post-hoc analysis was conducted using the
Bonferroni correction. Key results indicate no significant differences in stride time or its
variability between two running durations or surfaces. However, higher variability was
observed in different joint angles during over-ground running and in the initial duration of the
run, aligning with the study's hypothesis. Analysis of lower limb joint coordination revealed
significant differences in joint coordination at specific gait phases, with increased coordination
observed in the final duration of running and during fatigue-induced conditions. There were no
significant differences in coordination variability between two running durations or surfaces.
In conclusion, this study underscores the significance of investigating gait organization and
control during long-distance running in natural settings outside the laboratory. The
comprehensive approach taken in this research provides valuable insights into the interaction
between the body and the environment in explaining variations in spatial-temporal gait
parameters. This study provides insights into gait motor control under fatigue and tailor
interventions for injury prevention and performance improvement for various groups of
runners. This study also supports the potential for future research to utilize inertial
measurement units in outdoor settings for long-term data collection on running biomechanics,
with larger-scale studies involving diverse populations and running conditions to enhance the
understanding of human movement complexities.
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Treadmill vs overground running

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

Overground vs treadmill gait

Injuries in Treadmill Runners

The effect of different running shoes on treadmill running mechanics and muscle activity

Metabolic cost of running is greater on a treadmill with a stiffer running platform.

Zebris instrumented treadmill

Treadmill running with heavier shoes tied to slower race times

Treadmill for gait analysis

Share This Page

Treadmill vs overground running

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

Overground vs treadmill gait

Injuries in Treadmill Runners

The effect of different running shoes on treadmill running mechanics and muscle activity

Metabolic cost of running is greater on a treadmill with a stiffer running platform.

Zebris instrumented treadmill

Treadmill running with heavier shoes tied to slower race times

Treadmill for gait analysis

Share This Page

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