Correlation between maximum in-shoe plantar pressures and clubhead speed in amateur golfers.

NewsBot · Jul 11, 2014

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Correlation between maximum in-shoe plantar pressures and clubhead speed in amateur golfers.
Pataky TC.
J Sports Sci. 2014 Jul 10:1-7.

Abstract Disagreements exist in the literature regarding the manner in which weight should be dynamically shared during the golf swing, both within-feet and between the back- and target-foot, to generate maximal clubhead speed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether preferential foot-loading locations underlie weight sharing by examining the correlation between clubhead speed and maximum plantar pressure (PP) distributions. Thirty-two amateur golfers with handicap indexes ranging from 2.7 to 25 performed 10 driver swings on artificial turf following a warm-up. PP distributions were recorded at 100 Hz, and clubhead speed was recorded using a ball-tracking Doppler radar system. Maximum PPs were extracted from a 2-s window approximately centred on ball contact and were regressed against clubhead speed. Significance was assessed over the entire foot surface using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), a spatially continuous technique. SPM revealed, at relatively high anatomical resolution, significant positive correlations between clubhead speed and PPs in the lateral target-foot (P < 0.05). This suggests that not only weight transfer but also weight-transfer location may be an important determinant of clubhead speed in amateur golfers.
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Admin2 · Jul 11, 2014

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NewsBot · Oct 16, 2016

Comparison of centre of gravity and centre of pressure patterns in the golf swing.
Smith AC et al
Eur J Sport Sci. 2016 Oct 13:1-11

Analysing the centre of pressure (COP) and centre of gravity (COG) could reveal stabilising strategies used by golfers throughout the golf swing. This study identified and compared golfers' COP and COG patterns throughout the golf swing in medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions using principal component analysis (PCA) and examined their relationship to clubhead velocity. Three-dimensional marker trajectories were collected using Vicon motion analysis and force plate data from two Kistler force plates for 22 low-handicap golfers during drives. Golfers' COG and COP were expressed as a percentage distance between their feet. PCA was performed on COG and COP in ML and AP directions. Relationships between principal component (PC) scores were examined using Pearson correlation and regression analysis used to examine the relationship with clubhead velocity. ML COP movements varied in magnitude (PC1), rate of change and timing (PC2 and PC3). The COP and COG PC1 scores were strongly correlated in both directions (ML: r = 0.90, P < .05; AP: r = 0.81, P < .05). Clubhead velocity, explained by three PCs (74%), related to timing and rate of change in COPML near downswing (PC2 and PC3) and timing of COGML late backswing (PC2). The relationship between COPML and COGML PC1 scores identified extremes of COP and COG patterns in golfers and could indicate a golfer's dynamic balance. Golfers with earlier movement of COP to the front foot (PC2) and rate of change (PC3) patterns in ML COP, prior to the downswing, may be more likely to generate higher clubhead velocity.
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NewsBot · Mar 18, 2019

"Lead and Trail Legs Ground Reaction Forces and Timing During the Golf Swing with Different Clubs in Average Golfers"
Maria António Castro et al
13 December, 2018

The current study described medial-lateral anterior-posterior and vertical maximal GRF and the time in phase when that peak occurred during a golf swing performed by average golfers with three different clubs. Concerning the maximal GRF in both lead and trail leg, our study shows that the swing with the three clubs used is similar. Significant differences occur in the anterior-posterior peak GRF at the downswing just for the trail leg. This study approached the time of peak GRF occurrence normalized for all subjects allowing to better compare different phase durations. Differences in time of peak are mostly found close to the moment of impact, acceleration (pitching wedge and 7-iron) and early follow through for the vertical GRF lead leg. We also found significant differences during the backswing with pitching wedge and 4-iron, for the anterior-posterior GRF trail leg, during the backswing between pitching wedge and 4-iron, during the forward swing and acceleration between pitching wedge and 4-iron and finally in the early follow-through between pitching wedge and 7-iron on medial lateral GRF trail leg. GRF peak and timing knowledge when using different clubs may assist coaches and golfers when deciding strategies to optimize performance as well as in understanding the swing impact in the body and the risk it represents to suffer an injury. Decisions concerning maintaining sport activity or returning to sport must take into account that in anterior-posterior plane the use of clubs for short, intermediate or long distance implies different maximal GRF.
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NewsBot · May 2, 2019

Effects of the golfer–ground interaction on clubhead speed in skilled male golfers
Ki Hoon Han, Christopher Como, Jemin Kim, Sangwoo Lee, Jaewoong Kim, Dae Kyoo Kim
Sports Biomechanics : 01 May 2019

The purposes of this study were to characterise the golfer–ground interactions during the swing and to identify meaningful associations between the golfer–ground interaction force/moment parameters and the maximum clubhead speed in 63 highly skilled male golfers (handicap ≤ 3). Golfers performed shots in 3 club conditions (driver, 5-iron and pitching wedge) which were captured by an optical motion capture system and 2 force plates. In addition to the ground reaction forces (GRFs), 3 different golfer–ground interaction moments (GRF moments, pivoting moments and foot contact moments) were computed. The GRF moment about the forward/backward (F/B) axis and the pivoting moment about the vertical axis were identified as the primary moments. Significant (p < 0.05) correlations of peak force parameters (all components in the lead foot and F/B component in the trail foot) and peak moment parameters (lead-foot GRF moment and trail-foot pivoting moment) to clubhead speed were found. The lead-foot was responsible for generating the GRF moment, while the trail foot contributed to the pivoting moment more. The instant the lead arm becomes parallel to the ground was identified as the point of maximum angular effort, and the loading onto the lead-foot near this point was critical in generating both peak moments.
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NewsBot · May 11, 2019

The effect of uphill and downhill slopes on centre of pressure movement, alignment and shot outcome in mid-handicap golfers.
Hiley MJ et al
Sports Biomech. 2019 May 9:1-17

The aim of the study was to examine changes in centre of pressure (COP) movement, alignment and shot outcome during golf shots from flat, uphill, and downhill slopes by mid-handicap golfers. Twelve male golfers hit balls with a six-iron from the flat and 5° slopes while kinematics and kinetics of the swing were collected. A launch monitor measured performance outcomes. A shift in the COP was found during the backswing when playing on a slope, but disappeared during the downswing. Golfers attempted to align the body perpendicular to the slope at the start of the swing resulting in COP movement towards the lower foot, but were not able to maintain this throughout the swing, like low handicap golfers. There was no significant difference in stance width, but golfers placed the ball closer to the uphill foot on a slope. Ball speed was not significantly affected by the slope, but launch angle and ball spin were. Golfers were more likely to hit shots to the left from an uphill slope and to the right for a downhill slope. No consistent compensatory adjustments in alignment at address were found, with differences in final ball position due to lateral spin.
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NewsBot · Mar 2, 2024

Associations Between Physical Characteristics and Golf Clubhead Speed: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Alex Brennan, Andrew Murray, Margo Mountjoy, John Hellstrom, Dan Coughlan, Jack Wells, Simon Brearley, Alex Ehlert, Paul Jarvis, Anthony Turner & Chris Bishop
29 February 2024

Background
Historically, golf does not have a strong tradition of fitness testing and physical training. However, in recent years, both players and practitioners have started to recognise the value of a fitter and healthier body, owing to its potential positive impacts on performance, namely clubhead speed (CHS).

Objective
The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the associations between CHS (as measured using a driver) and a variety of physical characteristics.

Methods
A systematic literature search with meta-analysis was conducted using Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and PubMed databases. Inclusion criteria required studies to have (1) determined the association between physical characteristics assessed in at least one physical test and CHS, (2) included golfers of any skill level but they had to be free from injury and (3) been peer-reviewed and published in the English language. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index tool and heterogeneity assessed via the Q statistic and I2. To provide summary effects for each of the physical characteristics and their associations with CHS, a random effects model was used where z-transformed r values (i.e. zr) were computed to enable effect size pooling within the meta-analysis.

Results
Of the 3039 studies initially identified, 20 were included in the final analysis. CHS was significantly associated with lower body strength (zr = 0.47 [95% confidence intervals {CI} 0.24–0.69]), upper body strength (zr = 0.48 [95% CI 0.28–0.68]), jump displacement (zr = 0.53 [95% CI 0.28–0.78]), jump impulse (zr = 0.82 [95% CI 0.63–1.02]), jumping peak power (zr = 0.66 [95% CI 0.53–0.79]), upper body explosive strength (zr = 0.67 [95% CI 0.53–0.80]), anthropometry (zr = 0.43 [95% CI 0.29–0.58]) and muscle capacity (zr = 0.17 [95% CI 0.04–0.31]), but not flexibility (zr = − 0.04 [95% CI − 0.33 to 0.26]) or balance (zr = − 0.06 [95% CI − 0.46 to 0.34]).

Conclusions
The findings from this meta-analysis highlight a range of physical characteristics are associated with CHS. Whilst significant associations ranged from trivial to large, noteworthy information is that jump impulse produced the strongest association, upper body explosive strength showed noticeably larger associations than upper body strength, and flexibility was not significant. These findings can be used to ensure practitioners prioritise appropriate fitness testing protocols for golfers.
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