The effect of walking with high-heeled shoes on the leg venous pressure. Angiology. 2006 Aug-Sep;57(4):424-30
Potério-Filho J, Silveira SA, Potério GM, Fecuri RJ, de Almeida FH, Menezes FH
In the 1980's trainers were available with a 2-3 inch heel (may even have been higher). They originated in the USA, and were worn as a training aid to make the lower leg posterior muscle group work harder, and were much in favour, if only briefly, by some professional and semi-professional basketball players in the UK.
Having tried on a pair I can vouch for the fact that they worked (ie made that muscle group work harder).