Limb posture at initial contact influences loading patterns when running

NewsBot · Aug 28, 2014

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Ability of Sagittal Kinematic Variables to Estimate Ground Reaction Forces and Joint Kinetics in Running.
Wille C, Lenhart R, Wang S, Thelen D, Heiderscheit B.
J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014 Aug 25:2-17.
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Study Design Controlled laboratory study, cross sectional design.

Objective To determine if sagittal kinematic variables can be used to estimate select running kinetics.

Background Excessive loading during running has been implicated in a variety of injuries, yet this information is typically not assessed during a standard clinical examination. Developing a clinically feasible strategy to estimate ground reaction forces and joint kinetics may improve the ability to identify those at an increased risk of injury.

Methods Three-dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces of 45 participants were recorded during treadmill running at self-selected speed. Kinematic variables used to estimate specific kinetic metrics included: vertical excursion of the center of mass, foot inclination angle at initial contact, horizontal distance between the center of mass and heel at initial contact, knee flexion angle at initial contact, and peak knee flexion angle during stance. Linear mixed effects models were fitted to explore the association between the kinetic and kinematic measures, including step rate and gender, with final models created using backward variable selection.

Results Models were developed to estimate peak knee extensor moment (R2=0.43), energy absorbed at the knee during loading response (R2=0.58), peak patellofemoral joint reaction force (R2=0.55), peak vertical ground reaction force (R2=0.48), braking impulse (R2=0.50), and average vertical loading rate (R2=0.04).

Conclusions Our findings suggest that insights into important running kinetics can be obtained from a subset of sagittal plane kinematics common to a clinical running analysis. Of note, the limb posture at initial contact influenced subsequent loading patterns in stance.
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Admin2 · Aug 28, 2014

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NewsBot · Apr 8, 2016

Foot strike pattern differently affects the axial and transverse components of shock acceleration and attenuation in downhill trail running
Marlene Giandolini, Nicolas Horvais, J?r?my Rossi, Guillaume Y. Millet, Pierre Samozino, Jean-Beno?t Morin
Jnl Biomech; Article in Press

Trail runners are exposed to a high number of shocks, including high-intensity shocks on downhill sections leading to greater risk of osseous overuse injury. The type of foot strike pattern (FSP) is known to influence impact severity and lower-limb kinematics. Our purpose was to investigate the influence of FSP on axial and transverse components of shock acceleration and attenuation during an intense downhill trail run (DTR). Twenty-three trail runners performed a 6.5-km DTR (1264 m of negative elevation change) as fast as possible. Four tri-axial accelerometers were attached to the heel, metatarsals, tibia and sacrum. Accelerations were continuously recorded at 1344 Hz and analyzed over six sections (~400 steps per subject). Heel and metatarsal accelerations were used to identify the FSP. Axial, transverse and resultant peak accelerations, median frequencies and shock attenuation within the impact-related frequency range (12-20 Hz) were assessed between tibia and sacrum. Multiple linear regressions showed that anterior (i.e. forefoot) FSPs were associated with higher peak axial acceleration and median frequency at the tibia, lower transverse median frequencies at the tibia and sacrum, and lower transverse peak acceleration at the sacrum. For resultant acceleration, higher tibial median frequency but lower sacral peak acceleration were reported with forefoot striking. FSP therefore differently affects the components of impact shock acceleration. Although a forefoot strike reduces impact severity and impact frequency content along the transverse axis, a rearfoot strike decreases them in the axial direction. Globally, the attenuation of axial and resultant impact-related vibrations was improved using anterior FSPs.
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NewsBot · Jun 8, 2016

Hip Kinematics During Late Swing Predict Peak Values During the Stance Phase of Running
Jia Liu et al
Presented at the ACSM Annual Meeting; Boston 2016

Excessive hip internal rotation and hip adduction angles during running are thought to contribute to various knee injuries. Although most studies have focused on stance phase kinematics, it is not clear if swing phase hip kinematics prior to foot contact influence stance phase kinematics during running.
PURPOSE: To determine if peak frontal and transverse plane hip kinematics during the late swing phase of running are predictive of peak stance phase kinematic values. METHODS: 18 healthy females and 17 healthy males participated. Hip joint kinematics during running (both swing and stance phases) were collected using an 11-camera motion capture system at a sampling rate of 250 Hz. RESULTS: With respect to the frontal plane, hip adduction at initial contact predicted peak hip adduction during stance (r=0.636, R2=0.404, p<0.001). Similarly, hip internal rotation at initial contact was predictive of peak hip internal rotation during stance (r=0.874, R2=0.7636, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that hip joint position at initial contact, which is a continuation of late swing, is predictive of peak stance phase kinematics. As such, we propose that that position of the hip at late swing likely biases hip kinematics during stance. Future studies should consider potential causes of abnormal hip kinematics during late swing to better understand abnormal hip kinematics during the stance phase of running.
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