Medial Longitudinal Arch Mechanics Before and After a 45 Minute Run

NewsBot · Jun 28, 2014

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Medial Longitudinal Arch Mechanics Before and After a 45 Minute Run.
Elizabeth R. Boyer, Erin Ward, and Timothy R. Derrick
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association In-Press.

BACKGROUND:Medial longitudinal arch integrity following prolonged running has yet to be well documented. Our purpose was to quantify changes in medial longitudinal arch kinematics before and after a 45 minute run in healthy recreational runners.

METHODS:Thirty runners performed barefoot seated, standing, and running trials before and after a 45 minute shod treadmill run. Navicular displacement, arch lengthening, and arch height index were used to quantify arch deformation, and arch rigidity index was used to quantify arch stiffness.

RESULTS:There was no statistical difference in navicular displacement (mean (95% CI): 5.6 (4.7-6.4)), arch lengthening (3.2 (2.6-3.9)), change in arch height index (0.015 (0.012-0.018)), or arch rigidity index (0.95 (0.94-0.96)) after the 45 minute run (all MANOVA P{greater than or equal to}0.065).

CONCLUSIONS:Since there was no statistically significant change in arch deformation or rigidity, either the structures of a healthy, intact medial longitudinal arch are capable of adapting to cyclical loading or they are capable of withstanding a 45 minute run without compromise.
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Admin2 · Jun 28, 2014

Related Threads:
Other threads tagged with effects of fatigue
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Shock absorption when fatigued
Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop
Metatarsal head pressures higher at end of marathon
Muscle fatigue affects tibial strain
Effects of fatigue on running form
Muscle fatigue as factor in stress fractures

mike weber · Jun 28, 2014

CONCLUSIONS:Since there was no statistically significant change in arch deformation or rigidity, either the structures of a healthy, intact medial longitudinal arch are capable of adapting to cyclical loading or they are capable of withstanding a 45 minute run without compromise.

__________________

You would have to assume, the 2nd part ofnthe sentence to be true, there will be a " breaking " point at which the structures which control the positions which were measured for the paper go through plastic deformation and the shape of the medial longitudinal arch change.

We be individual dependent of course

mazzopod · Jun 30, 2014

I wonder what would have happened if the athletes selected were not runners. Would muscle fatigue have changed the results (tissue stress theory). Surely when body tissue is stressed there has to be a change which can result in injury, or who says that navicular drop displacement or arch lengthening will necessarily compromise foot function ? We often see runner with excessively pronated feet that are asintomatic and runners with "normal" running gait that suffer with plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinopathy.

NewsBot · Sep 24, 2016

Fatigue Effect on Linear Center of Pressure Measures during Gait in People with Flat Feet
Mohammad Ali Sanjari et al
Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. In press(In press)

Background: Flat foot, as one of the common foot deformities can affect gait biomechanics and risk of lower extremity injury. Fatigue, as a high load task, can also change biomechanical parameters of locomotion. Studying normal and flat footed individuals under high load tasks such as fatigue can elucidate their differences more easily.

Objectives: In this study, center of pressure (CoP) changes were studied between individuals with flat and normal feet after fatigue. CoP is one of the important gait measures which can show various biomechanical behaviors of different foot shapes.

Methods: Seventeen subjects with normal feet and 17 with flat feet walked across two force plates before and after a functional fatigue protocol. Standard deviation of CoP in mediolateral direction (SD of CoPx) and in anteroposterior direction (SD of CoPy), overall mean velocity of CoP and length of CoP construction line of both groups were analyzed. The values of SD of CoPy and length of CoP construction line were normalized to individual foot lengths prior to statistical analyses.

Results: There were no significant between-subject effects for all CoP measures. The only significant finding was the within-subject effect for the SD of CoPy (P = 0.008) with a large effect size (partial eta squared = 0.21). Fatigue resulted in lower SD of CoPy in both groups.

Conclusions: Lower SD of CoPy indicates less fluctuation of CoPy and a probable less center of mass movement which could reduce the risk of injury. Furthermore, the similar fatigue response in both groups of individuals with normal and flat feet indicates a similar biomechanical behavior despite their different foot arch height.
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mazzopod · Sep 24, 2016

mazzopod said: ↑

I wonder what would have happened if the athletes selected were not runners. Would muscle fatigue have changed the results (tissue stress theory). Surely when body tissue is stressed there has to be a change which can result in injury, or who says that navicular drop displacement or arch lengthening will necessarily compromise foot function ? We often see runner with excessively pronated feet that are asintomatic and runners with "normal" running gait that suffer with plantar fasciitis or achilles tendinopathy.
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Like to find a non runner that can run on a treadmill for 45 min ..!

NewsBot · Jun 1, 2019

THE EFFECT OF TIBIALIS POSTERIOR MUSCLE FATIQUE PROTOCOL ON THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC FOOT PARAMETERS
Azize Reda Tunç et al
Abstract

Background The tibialis posterior has a important key role as an invertor of the rearfoot. Also providing dynamic support across the midfoot. The value of the tibialis posterior shown by biomechanical research conducted on patients with posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction. One method of assessing a muscle’s contribution to a specific movement pattern is via fatigue-inducing exercise of that muscle. Consequently, to realize the role of tibialis posterior fatigue on foot mechanics it seems prudent to use an exercise that more selectively activates this muscle (1,2).

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate dynamic and static foot parametres changed by tibialis posterior muscle fatique protocol.

Methods Thirty patients were participated in this study. Socio-dermographic and descriptive characteristics of the participants were recorded. The changes on the dynamic and static parametres of foot were measured by pedobarography. The two exercises selected for the fatigue protocol are: 1-Unilateral heel raise 2-Close chain resisted foot adduction. Fatigue level was measured by Borg scale. Static and dynamic parameters obtained before and after fatigue protocol were compared.

Results The mean age of the patients was 24,88 ± 4,39 years, mean height was 171 ± 7,89 cm and mean weight was 68,7 ± 14,5 kg. We found significiant increase in the maximum pressure measurement of mid foot (p= 0,004). In the total contact area during the static position, there were no significant changes (p>0.05). Participants’ maximal pressure in the middle standing phase was changed from 19,78 ± 10,71 N/cm2 to 22.89 ± 13.03 N/cm2 after fatigue protocol in medial of middle foot (p=0.03).

Conclusion According to the results, there was a correlation between the fatique of tibialis posterior and the static and dynamic parameters of foot. The increase in the middle foot peak pressure distributions after the fatigue protocol of the tibialis posterior muscle can be explained as the increase of the angular amount of pronation and prolongation of the time with the middle standing phase. Increase in pressure forces of the middle foot and increase in percentages of the area cause increase of the weight in the front foot during the gait cycle. Thus, fatigue protocol causes similar effects as tibialis posterior muscle dysfunction.
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NewsBot · Oct 6, 2019

The effects of marathon running on three-dimensional knee kinematics during walking and running in recreational runners
FeiTianabNingweiLiaZhiZhengaQiuyueHuangaTingZhuaQiangLicWenjinWangaTsung-YuanTsaidShaobaiWanga
Gait & Posture; 3 October 2019

Highlights
•The effects of marathon running on 3D knee kinematics were observed
•Increased flexion at initial contact for running is an adaptive response
•Anteroposterior translation significantly increased for walking
•Knee varus rotation increased at stance for walking and running
•Increased varus rotation and anteroposterior translation may contribute to injury
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Background
Running-related musculoskeletal injuries are common. Knee injuries are most frequent, and often occur during or shortly after marathons.

Research question
The effects of a marathon on runners’ knee kinematics remain unclear. No studies have shown comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematic changes following a marathon. This study aimed to observe the effects of running a marathon on 3D knee kinematics and identify the phases of walking and running gait in which significant changes occur.

Methods
Based on an electronic survey, 10 healthy, recreational runners (20 knees) with similar running experience were included. Their 3D knee kinematics (during treadmill walking and running) were collected using a portable, optical motion capture system within 24 hours before and within 6 hours after running a marathon.

Results
All measurements after the marathon were compared with pre-marathon measurements. (1) For walking post-marathon: varus rotation increased by 1.8° [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–3.4, P = 0.036] at peak knee extension during stance; anterior translation increased by 2.2 mm (95% CI 0.3–4.1, P = 0.025) at initial contact; range of motion (ROM) in internal-external rotation increased less than 1°, P = 0.023; ROM in anteroposterior translation increased by 3.8 mm, P = 0.048. (2) For running post-marathon: flexion rotation increased by 1.6° (95% CI 0.2–2.9, P = 0.025) at initial contact; varus rotation increased by 2.0° (95% CI 0.2–3.8, P = 0.031) at peak knee extension during stance.

Significance
Significant differences in varus rotation and anterior translation were identified following a marathon, which could potentially contribute to injury. These results provide important information for runners and coaches about knee kinematic alterations following a marathon.
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NewsBot · Aug 2, 2021

Ultrasound Comparison of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle Between Normal and Hallux Valgus Feet After Long-Distance Running: A Pilot Study
Feng, Yong et al
Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, Volume 11, Number 8, August 2021, pp. 2106-2109(4)

Purpose: Previous research has indicated that the structure and function of abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH) would be adversely affected by hallux valgus (HV). However, the influence of long-distance running on AbdH in HV feet has not been explored. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to compare the imaging differences of AbdH between normal and HV feet after long-distance running. Methods: A total of 14 male adults were divided into two groups (Normal Foot Group (NFG), Hallux Valgus Group (HVG)) based on their foot morphology. A B-mode ultrasonic scanner was utilized for measuring AbdH thickness, cross-sectional area, and pennation angle before and after 5-km running test. Perceived soreness was monitored simultaneously using the visual analogue scale. Results: AbdH showed significantly differences between groups before and after the running test. Compared with NFG, HVG exhibited smaller value before the test while greater changes in all parameters although pennation angle failed to reach the significant level. Conclusions: These results further confirmed that HV could lead to the morphological alterations of AbdH. Also, AbdH of people with HV would endure more fatigue and soreness when performed the same long-distance running test with normal counterparts. Nevertheless, more studies are much needed for further verification.
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NewsBot · Oct 31, 2021

Effect of training volume on footstrike patterns over an exhaustive run
JanUrbaczka et al
Gait & Posture 30 October 2021

Highlights
•The runners’ training volume affects their footstrike patterns during an exhaustive run
•Highly trained runners maintain their ankle angle during an exhaustive run
•Non-highly-trained runners tend to land more posteriorly during an exhaustive run
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Background
Although footstrike pattern (FP) may not be a factor influencing running performance, 11 – 75% of world-class distance runners use a non-rearfoot FP. However, little attention has been paid to describe the effect of running volume on FP changes when a runner is fatigued.

Research question
Does the training volume provide an adequate stimulus to mitigate FP changes during an exhaustive run in non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners?

Methods
The objective of this study was to compare FP between non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners with a moderate training volume (MT) and a high training volume (HT) during an exhaustive run on a motorized treadmill. Based on their weekly training volume (distance), twenty-eight runners were arranged into two groups paired by height and age. At the first visit, runners underwent a VO2max test to acquire their velocity for the exhaustive run. During the second visit, biomechanical and physiological analysis of the beginning and the end phase of the exhaustive run was done.

Results
The frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle at the initial contact (IC), and the foot eversion ROM showed a significant interaction effect (P<0.05). Additionally, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, knee flexion angle at IC and foot eversion ROM showed a significant effect of fatigue (P<0.05). Finally, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, and the knee flexion angle showed significant group effects (P<0.05).

Significance
The training volume affects the footstrike pattern of non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners when they are fatigued. The highly trained runners maintained their ankle angle throughout the exhaustive running protocol, whereas the moderately trained group changed the frontal and sagittal plane characteristics of their footstrike pattern.
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NewsBot · Apr 6, 2022

Effect of Long-Distance Running on Inter-segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces: A Preliminary Study
Jialin Li et al
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Mar 4

Long-distance running has gained massive popularity in recent years, yet the intra-foot adaptations during this event remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the kinematic and ground reaction force alterations induced within the foot following a 5 and 10 km run using the Oxford Foot Model Ten marathon-experienced recreational runners participated in this study. Five-kilometer running led to more rearfoot dorsiflexion, rearfoot eversion, and rearfoot rotation while less forefoot plantarflexion during the stance phase. Increased rearfoot plantarflexion, while decreased forefoot plantarflexion, supination, adduction, and hallux plantarflexion were observed at 10 km. In addition, the forefoot space of footwear was found to play a role in hallux kinematics. Concerning GRFs, only a lesser propulsive force was presented after a 10 km run. Findings of this study showed that 5 km of running would induce excessive foot motion while 10 km of running may gradually change the foot posture and lead to reduced propulsive forces, which could potentially increase the risks of running-related injuries (RRI) due to overuse or fatigue. Nevertheless, further research is warranted, and this study could be used as a preliminary reference to evaluate and predict foot running-related injuries.
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NewsBot · Apr 13, 2022

Fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion: A means of functionally grouping runners?
Ben Langley
European Journal of Sport Science: 08 Apr 2022

Fatigue alters rearfoot kinematics on an individual basis and may offer a means of functionally grouping runners. This proof of concept study aimed to determine whether fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion could be used to functionally group runners. Sixteen male recreational runners had their frontal plane rearfoot kinematics recorded by a three-dimensional motion capture system before and after a 5km run. The magnitude of change in frontal plane rearfoot kinematics pre- to post-fatigue was calculated and K-means clustering used to identify functional groups based upon these changes. T tests with statistical parametric mapping were used to compare fatigue related changes both within and between clusters. Two clusters or functional groups were evident within the data set. Nine participants were allocated to cluster 1 and displayed small and insignificant changes in frontal plane rearfoot motion post fatigue. In contrast, the remaining seven participants were assigned to cluster 2 and displayed significant increases in rearfoot eversion between 3 and 84% of the stance phase post fatigue. These findings prove the concept that fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion can be used to functionally group participants. Additionally, the differing fatigue related changes reported by each group may alter the injury risk, training and footwear needs of each group.
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NewsBot · Apr 26, 2022

Effect of Long-Distance Running on Inter-segment Foot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces: A Preliminary Study
Jialin Li et al
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 833774.

Long-distance running has gained massive popularity in recent years, yet the intra-foot adaptations during this event remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the kinematic and ground reaction force alterations induced within the foot following a 5 and 10 km run using the Oxford Foot Model Ten marathon-experienced recreational runners participated in this study. Five-kilometer running led to more rearfoot dorsiflexion, rearfoot eversion, and rearfoot rotation while less forefoot plantarflexion during the stance phase. Increased rearfoot plantarflexion, while decreased forefoot plantarflexion, supination, adduction, and hallux plantarflexion were observed at 10 km. In addition, the forefoot space of footwear was found to play a role in hallux kinematics. Concerning GRFs, only a lesser propulsive force was presented after a 10 km run. Findings of this study showed that 5 km of running would induce excessive foot motion while 10 km of running may gradually change the foot posture and lead to reduced propulsive forces, which could potentially increase the risks of running-related injuries (RRI) due to overuse or fatigue. Nevertheless, further research is warranted, and this study could be used as a preliminary reference to evaluate and predict foot running-related injuries.
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NewsBot · Jan 13, 2024

A Short-Term Evaluation of Foot Pronation Tendency in Healthy Recreational Runners
María José Galloso-Lagos et al
Life (Basel). 2023 Nov 12;13(11):2202

Running is a highly physical activity, and it is related to injuries when there is an excessive pronation of the foot. This study evaluates, from a sample group of healthy recreational runners, if the foot tends to pronate after a period of running activity and when, with respect to a period of running compared to walking, evaluated during several phases: after 30, 45, and 60 min. This quasi-experimental study has been carried out on a total of 36 healthy recreational subjects. The subjects were evaluated during two different activities: running activity for a period of an hour with respect to normal walking activity. The main outcome measures were the foot posture index (FPI) and the navicular drop test (NDT), which were evaluated at p1 (the screening day), after 30 min of activity (p2), after 45 min of activity (p3), and finally after 60 min (p4) during running or walking activity. The analysis showed significant differences for the FPI and NDT variables in both groups and on both feet, comparing p1 and p4. These changes showed a significant relationship comparing p1 and p3 for the FPI variable, and for the NDT variable (p < 0.001) of the left foot and, with respect to the right foot, significance was shown to the FPI comparing the p1 and p2. A significant difference was found in the tendency to pronate the foot after a period of running compared to the same period of walking after 60 min of activity. Running produced an excessive pronation of the foot after 45 min of activity, evaluated with the FPI for both feet.
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NewsBot · Mar 5, 2024

A Short-Term Evaluation of Foot Pronation Tendency in Healthy Recreational Runners
María José Galloso-Lagos et al
Life 2023, 13(11), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112202

Running is a highly physical activity, and it is related to injuries when there is an excessive pronation of the foot. This study evaluates, from a sample group of healthy recreational runners, if the foot tends to pronate after a period of running activity and when, with respect to a period of running compared to walking, evaluated during several phases: after 30, 45, and 60 min. This quasi-experimental study has been carried out on a total of 36 healthy recreational subjects. The subjects were evaluated during two different activities: running activity for a period of an hour with respect to normal walking activity. The main outcome measures were the foot posture index (FPI) and the navicular drop test (NDT), which were evaluated at p1 (the screening day), after 30 min of activity (p2), after 45 min of activity (p3), and finally after 60 min (p4) during running or walking activity. The analysis showed significant differences for the FPI and NDT variables in both groups and on both feet, comparing p1 and p4. These changes showed a significant relationship comparing p1 and p3 for the FPI variable, and for the NDT variable (p < 0.001) of the left foot and, with respect to the right foot, significance was shown to the FPI comparing the p1 and p2. A significant difference was found in the tendency to pronate the foot after a period of running compared to the same period of walking after 60 min of activity. Running produced an excessive pronation of the foot after 45 min of activity, evaluated with the FPI for both feet.
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