Response to midsole hardness is variable during running

NewsBot · May 17, 2006

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Midsole material-related force control during heel-toe running.
Res Sports Med. 2006 Jan-Mar;14(1):1-17

The impact maximum and rearfoot eversion have been used as indicators of load on internal structures in running. The midsole hardness of a typical running shoe was varied systematically to determine the relationship between external ground reaction force (GRF), in-shoe force, and kinematic variables. Eight subjects were tested during overground running at 4 m/s. Rearfoot movement as well as in-shoe forces and external GRF varied nonsystematically with midsole hardness. Kinematic parameters such as knee flexion and foot velocity at touchdown (TD), also varied nonsystematically with altered midsole hardness. Results demonstrate that considerable variations of in-shoe loading occur that were not depicted by external GRF measurements alone. Individuals apparently use different strategies of mechanical and neuromuscular adaptation in response to footwear modifications. In conclusion, shoe design effects on impact forces or other factors relating to injuries depend on the individual and therefore cannot be generalized.
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Simon Spooner · May 18, 2006

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NewsBot · Dec 31, 2019

Effect of midsole structures on cushioning properties of running shoes
Wee, Raynor Pen Yi
Thesis 2019

The study investigated the effect of midsole structures on heel cushioning properties of running shoes. Test specimens of different structures were made using EVA foam. Test specimens were subjected to a vertical impact test of 5.0 J with a spherical striker. For the first phase, three different structures, namely, column, hole and row were used for comparison. They were compared against each other and against a control which was an uncut piece of foam. For the second phase, three column structures with different cross-sectional areas, namely, low, medium and high, were compared against each other. For the third phase, a foot last was used as a striker and the experiment was scaled to the heel of a foot. Three different column structures with different number of columns were compared against each other. Using data from the impact trials, the linear loading rate, relative energy dissipated, and peak force were calculated. The linear loading rate was used as the indicator for cushioning performance. For Phase 1, the column structure was found to have the best cushioning properties amongst the three midsole structures. For Phase 2, the low cross-sectional area column structure was found to have the best cushioning properties amongst the three midsole structures with different cross-sectional areas. For Phase 3, the size of columns did not affect the linear loading rate of the three different midsole structures, when total cross-sectional area was kept constant. Findings suggest that a decrease in cross-sectional area leads to a decrease in linear loading rate, indicating that cushioning performance was improved.
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NewsBot · May 15, 2020

Do the Mechanical Properties of Midsole Affect Body Shock and Stabilization for Lower Extremity During Running?
Sunghe Ha; Sihyun Ryu; Ho Jong Gil
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea . Apr2020, Vol. 39 Issue 2, p99-108. 10p.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the mechanical properties of midsole and stabilization strategies for lower extremity during running. Background: Since stabilization strategies for a human body are to be adjusted according to the mechanical properties of the shoes, such properties of shoes that a runner wears need to be taken into consideration. Method: Mechanical characteristics regarding the midsole cushioning properties (thickness [mm], dwell time [ms], peak acceleration [g], and energy return [%]) of each shoe were investigated by means of an impact tester. Twelve-male participated in the biomechanical experiment. They wore 12 different shoes and ran on the treadmill. To examine the relation between the mechanical properties of midsole and biomechanical variables during running, Pearson's correlation coefficient was referenced. Results: It turned out that the shoe thickness, dwell time, and peak acceleration were in correlation with one another. During running, the initial maximum vertical ground reaction force (GRF), the Initial peak time of vertical GRF, the loading rate, the cross timing of the braking and propulsion were in correlation with mechanical properties of midsole. The inversion-eversion angle of the ankle joint at the moment of toe off was in correlation with the thickness. The internal rotation-external rotation angle of the knee joint at heel contact was in correlation with the dwell time. Conclusion: While the thickness and dwell time of midsole play positive roles in reducing shock on a human body, there is a significant possibility that they affect the stabilization of the joint of the lower extremity negatively. Application: Midsole thickness and dwell time may reduce the impact on the lower extremity.
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NewsBot · Jun 15, 2023

The influence of footwear midsole thickness on running biomechanics and running economy in female and male runners
Zach B. Barrons,John W. Wannop &Darren J. Stefanyshyn
Footwear Science: 09 Jun 2023

Despite being an intricate part of advanced footwear technology, the impact of midsole thickness is not well understood. While some individuals have speculated an increased midsole thickness might bequeath an unfair performance advantage, others have suggested it may have a detrimental impact on frontal plane ankle stability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of midsole thickness on running economy, and frontal plane ankle stability. Twenty one recreational runners (ten female, and eleven male) participated in this study, performing five-minute treadmill running trials in four footwear conditions. The footwear conditions were nearly identical except for their midsole thicknesses which ranged from 35- to 50-mm in increments of 5-mm. Midsole thickness was not found to influence the energetic cost of running however, it was found to decrease frontal plane ankle stability. Given these results World Athletic restrictions on midsole thickness may be unnecessary and worthy of reconsideration.
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NewsBot · Nov 1, 2023

Influence of different midsole foam in advanced footwear technology use on running economy and biomechanics in trained runners
Víctor Rodrigo-Carranza, Wouter Hoogkamer, José María González-Ravé, Sergio Horta-Muñoz, María del Carmen Serna-Moreno, Ana Romero-Gutierrez, Fernando González-Mohíno
19 October 2023

Background
Ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyether block amide (PEBA) are recently the most widely used materials for advanced footwear technology (AFT) that has been shown to improve running economy (RE). This study investigated the effects of these midsole materials on RE and biomechanics, in both fresh and worn state (after 450 km).

Methods
Twenty-two male trained runners participated in this study. Subjects ran four 4-min trials at 13 km‧h−1 with both fresh EVA and PEBA AFT and with the same models with 450 km of wear using a randomized crossover experimental design. We measured energy cost of running (W/kg), spatiotemporal, and neuromuscular parameters.

Results
There were significant differences in RE between conditions (p = 0.01; n2 = 0.17).

There was a significant increase in energy cost in the worn PEBA condition compared with new (15.21 ± 1.01 and 14.87 ± 0.99 W/kg; p < 0.05; ES = 0.54), without differences between worn EVA (15.13 ± 1.14 W/kg; p > 0.05), and new EVA (15.15 ± 1.13 w/kg; ES = 0.02). The increase in energy cost between new and worn was significantly higher for the PEBA shoes (0.32 ± 0.38 W/kg) but without significant increase for the EVA shoes (0.06 ± 0.58 W/kg) (p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) with changes in step frequency and step length. The new PEBA shoes had lower energy cost than the new EVA shoes (p < 0.05; ES = 0.27) with significant differences between conditions in contact time.

Conclusion
There is a clear RE advantage of incorporating PEBA versus EVA in an AFT when the models are new. However, after 450 km of use, the PEBA and EVA shoes had similar RE.
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NewsBot · Feb 22, 2024

The influence of midsole thickness on running turns
Zach B. Barrons,John W. Wannop&Darren J. Stefanyshyn
14 Feb 2024

Running race courses typically feature numerous turns, an element of a race typically neglected. If a thick midsole were to decrease frontal plane ankle stability, it could potentially lead to a misalignment of lower limb joints, thereby affecting turn running and overall race performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of midsole thickness on turn running performance and peak frontal plane ankle angle. Thirteen recreational athletes participated in this study, which examined the effects of two footwear conditions: one with a 35-mm thick midsole and the other with a 50-mm thick midsole. Participants performed ten running trials around each of three turns of radii 3, 6 and 9 m. No significant differences were found between footwear conditions with respect to time to completion (p = 0.028), centre of mass velocity (p = 0.179) or frontal plane ankle angle (p = 0.935) across any of the three turns. These findings would suggest footwear manufactures need not consider the impact of midsole thickness on turn running performance when designing advanced footwear technology (AFT) and consumers need not avoid a substantial stack height when purchasing running shoes.
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NewsBot · Feb 22, 2024

Effect of midsole hardness and surface type cushioning on landing impact in heel-strike runners
Zihan Yang et al
Journal of Biomechanics; Volume 165, March 2024, 111996

High loading impact associated with heel strikes causes running injuries. This study aimed to investigate how loading impact is affected by midsole hardness and running surface type. Twelve young rear-foot runners ran at a fixed speed along an 18 m runway wearing shoes with different midsole hardness (Asker C-45, C-50, C-55, C-60, from soft to hard) and on two different surfaces (rubber and concrete). We quantified vertical average loading rate (VALR) and vertical impact peak force (VIPF). We conducted midsole × surface repeated-measures ANOVA on loading impact measures, and one-sample t-tests to compare VALR with a threshold value (80 BW·s−1). Midsole hardness and surface type mainly affected VALR. Although no significant effect of these variables was observed for VIPF magnitude, there were effects on time to VIPF and steps with VIPF. Several combinations of midsole and surface hardness reduced VALR below 80 BW·s−1: Asker C-45 with both surfaces, and Asker C-50 with a rubber surface. The combination of softer midsole and surface effectively reduced loading rates as shown by increased time to VIPF and reduced VALR. Combining softer midsole and surface results in the greatest cushioning, which demonstrates the benefit of considering both factors in reducing running injuries.
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