Taekwondo

NewsBot · Aug 28, 2013

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Acute Effects of Static Stretching, Active Warm Up, or Passive Warm Up on Flexibility of the Plantar Flexor Muscles of Iranian Professional Female Taekwondo Athletes
September 2013, Vol. 21, No. 3 , Pages 263-268
Leila Nuri, Nastaran Ghotbi, and Soghrat Faghihzadeh

Objectives: Muscle flexibility is an important component of injury prevention in athletes. Active warm-up, passive warm-up and static stretching are different methods for increasing flexibility. Little clinical evidence is available regarding which of these methods has a greater role in increasing flexibility. This study was performed to compare acute effects of the above methods on the flexibility of the plantar flexor muscles of professional female taekwondo athletes.

Methods: Female professional taekwondo athletes were randomly classified into three intervention protocol groups [active warm-up, passive warm-up, or static stretching, respectively]. Passive and active range of motion [ROM] was measured using a universal goniometer before and immediately after performing each of the designated flexibility protocols.

Results: Thirty female athletes participated, providing 10 subjects for each group. There were no differences in age or body mass index between groups. The static-stretching protocol significantly increased active [p = 0.001] and passive [p = 0.001] ROM. The active warm-up protocol did not change either the active or passive ROM [p > 0.05]. The passive warm up protocol increased only the active ROM [p = 0.04]. Post hoc testing showed a significant difference not only between static stretching and active warm-up groups [p = 0.000], but also between static stretching and passive warm-up groups [p = 0.000]. There was no significant difference between the passive and active warm-up groups [p > 0.05].

Conclusions: Static stretching only protocol increased flexibility more than active and passive warm-up only protocols.
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Admin2 · Aug 28, 2013

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NewsBot · Feb 18, 2014

Epidemiology of injuries in elite taekwondo athletes: two Olympic periods cross-sectional retrospective study.
Altarriba-Bartes A, Drobnic F, Til L, Malliaropoulos N, Montoro JB, Irurtia A.
BMJ Open. 2014 Feb 14;4(2):e004605.

OBJECTIVE:
Taekwondo injuries differ according to the characteristics of the athletes and the competition. This analytical cross-sectional retrospective cohort study aimed to describe reported taekwondo injuries and to determine the prevalence, characteristics and possible risk factors for injuries sustained by athletes of the Spanish national team. In addition, we compared each identified risk factor-age, weight category, annual quarter, injury timing and competition difficulty level-with its relation to injury location and type.
SETTINGS:
Injury occurrences in taekwondo athletes of the Spanish national team during two Olympic periods at the High Performance Centre in Barcelona were analysed.
PARTICIPANTS:
48 taekwondo athletes (22 male, 26 female; age range 15-31 years) were studied; 1678 injury episodes occurred. Inclusion criteria were: (1) having trained with the national taekwondo group for a minimum of one sports season; (2) being a member of the Spanish national team.
RESULTS:
Independently of sex or Olympic period, the anatomical sites with most injury episodes were knee (21.3%), foot (17.0%), ankle (12.2%), thigh (11.4%) and lower leg (8.8%). Contusions (29.3%) and cartilage (17.6%) and joint (15.7%) injuries were the prevalent types of injury. Chronological age, weight category and annual quarter can be considered risk factors for sustaining injuries in male and female elite taekwondists according to their location and type (p≤0.001).
CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides epidemiological information that will help to inform future injury surveillance studies and the development of prevention strategies and recommendations to reduce the number of injuries in taekwondo competition.
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NewsBot · Mar 13, 2014

PROFILE OF JUDO INJURIES: THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE
Reylin San Juan
Br J Sports Med 2014;48:656 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.258
Abstracts from the IOC World Conference on Prevention of Injury & Illness in Sport, Monaco 2014

Background Epidemiological studies on judo injuries in Western countries have been carried out before. Scant information is available on judo competition injuries in the Philippines.

Objective To assess injury rates in Filipino young and adult judo athletes.

Design Prospective.

Setting Data were collected at the 2012 Philippine National Games in Dumaguete City, Philippines using a standardized questionnaire.

Participants Subjects were senior men (n=102) and Senior Women (n=40) as well as junior men (n=42) and Junior Women (n=25). The tournament was open to all eligible judo athletes in the country, including members from the National Team. Junior category was 19 years old and below, while the senior division was open.

Risk factor assessment Competition injuries were assessed by the tournament physician.

Main outcome measurements Injury rate per athlete-exposures (A-E).

Results The injury rate for the men was 140.63/1,000 A-E (95% CI: 75.66–205.60) and for the women, 52.24/1,000 A-E (95% CI: 13.54.90.94). For the boys, the rate was 177.08 (95% CI: 92.90–261.26) and for the girls, 31.25 (95% CI: 12.06–74.56). The upper limbs were most susceptible to injury in both men and women with injury rates of 70.31/1,000 A-E (95% CI: 24.37–116.25) and 37.31/1,000 A-E (95% CI: 4.60–70.02), respectively.

Conclusions There was no difference in injury rate between the men and the boys. There also was no difference in injury rate between women and girls.
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NewsBot · Jul 8, 2014

Effect of stance position on kick performance in taekwondo.
Estevan I, Jandacka D, Falco C.
J Sports Sci. 2013;31(16):1815-22

In taekwondo, the stance position can potentially affect kick performance. The aim of this study was to analyse mechanical variables in the roundhouse kick in taekwondo according to three stance positions (0°, 45°, 90°). Nine experienced taekwondo athletes performed consecutive kicking trials in a random order according to these three relative positions of the feet on the ground. Measurements for the mechanical analysis were performed using two 3D force plates and an eight-camera motion capture system. The taekwondo athletes' reaction and execution times were shorter when starting from the 0° and 45° stance positions than from the 90° position (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ground reaction force was negatively correlated with execution time and positively with velocity of thigh and shank. Our results suggest that the stance position affects the execution technique of taekwondo athletes' kicks. It is suggested that athletes should not adopt the 90° stance position because it will not enable them to achieve the best performance in the roundhouse kick.
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NewsBot · Nov 12, 2015

Comparison of Lower Limb Segments Kinematics in a Taekwondo Kick. An Approach to the Proximal to Distal Motion.
Estevan I et al
J Hum Kinet. 2015 Oct 14;47:41-9. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0060

In taekwondo, there is a lack of consensus about how the kick sequence occurs. The aim of this study was to analyse the peak velocity (resultant and value in each plane) of lower limb segments (thigh, shank and foot), and the time to reach this peak velocity in the kicking lower limb during the execution of the roundhouse kick technique. Ten experienced taekwondo athletes (five males and five females; mean age of 25.3 ?5.1 years; mean experience of 12.9 ?5.3 years) participated voluntarily in this study performing consecutive kicking trials to a target located at their sternum height. Measurements for the kinematic analysis were performed using two 3D force plates and an eight camera motion capture system. The results showed that the proximal segment reached a lower peak velocity (resultant and in each plane) than distal segments (except the peak velocity in the frontal plane where the thigh and shank presented similar values), with the distal segment taking the longest to reach this peak velocity (p < 0.01). Also, at the instant every segment reached the peak velocity, the velocity of the distal segment was higher than the proximal one (p < 0.01). It provides evidence about the sequential movement of the kicking lower limb segments. In conclusion, during the roundhouse kick in taekwondo inter-segment motion seems to be based on a proximo-distal pattern.
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NewsBot · Feb 6, 2016

Analysis of injuries in taekwondo athletes
MinJoon Ji
Journal of P; hysical Therapy Science Vol. 28 (2016) No. 1 January p. 231-234

[Purpose] The present study aims to provide fundamental information on injuries in taekwondo by investigating the categories of injuries that occur in taekwondo and determining the locations of these injuries.
[Subjects and Methods] The data of 512 taekwondo athletes were collected. The sampling method was convenience sampling along with non-probability sampling extraction methods. Questionnaire forms were used to obtain the data.
[Results] The foot, knee, ankle, thigh, and head were most frequently injured while practicing taekwondo, and contusions, strains, and sprains were the main injuries diagnosed.
[Conclusion] It is desirable to decrease the possibility of injuries to the lower extremities for extending participation in taekwondo. Other than the lower extremities, injuries of other specific body parts including the head or neck could be important factors limiting the duration of participation. Therefore, it is necessary to cope with these problems before practicing taekwondo.
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NewsBot · Feb 24, 2016

Target effect on the kinematics of Taekwondo Roundhouse Kick - is the presence of a physical target a stimulus, influencing muscle-power generation?
Wąsik J, Shan G
Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2015;17(4):115-20.

Taekwondo is famous for its powerful kicking techniques and the roundhouse kick is the most frequently used one. In earlier literature, the influence of a physical target (exiting or not) on kicking power generation has not been given much attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of roundhouse kick execution and its factors related to power generation. 6 ITF taekwondo practitioners voluntarily participated in this study. They were asked to perform kicks with and without a physical target. The first kick aimed at breaking a board while the second one was a kick into the air. A Smart-D motion capture system (BTS S.p.A., Italy) was used to quantitatively determine their kinematic characteristics during each kick. The main findings showed that kicks aiming at a breaking board were significantly slower than kicks without a physical target (maximal kick-foot velocities were 10.61 ? 0.86 m/s and 14.61 ? 0.67 m/s, respectively, p < 0.01), but the kicking time of the former was shorter (0.58 ? 0.01 s and 0.67 ? 0.01, respectively, p < 0.01). The results suggest that a physical target will negatively influence the kick-foot velocity, which is not necessarily a disadvantage for creating a high quality kick. Possible motor control mechanisms are discussed for the phenomenon. The study made it clear: trainings with and without physical targets would develop different motor control patterns. More studies are needed for identifying the effectiveness of different controls and efficiencies of their training.
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NewsBot · Feb 2, 2017

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TAEKWONDO INJURIES: 1-YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Bo Ae Son et al
Br J Sports Med 2017;51:391 doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.273

Background Taekwondo black belt population of Korea is among nation's best. However, there is no well-organized injury surveillance system (ISS) in Korea.

Objective To analyse epidemiological data of youth Taekwondo injury to compare and examine injury incidence of adult athletes.

Design Prospective epidemiological study.

Setting Taekwondo competition and practice of 2016 season in Korea.

Patients (or Participants) Eighty two middle, 76 high school, and 82 university Taekwondo athletes who registered officially for Korea Taekwondo Association participated in the study.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors) The athletes with injuries to examine potential risk factors.

Main Outcome Measurements Chi-square tests were used to compare rate of injury between gender and level. Injury rates per athletic exposure (A-E), odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidential intervals (CI) were conducted.

Results Among the 243 registered athletes (33.5% female), a total of 155 injuries, 117 injuries occurred during 476,983 A-E 0.24 injuries per 1,000 AEs during training and 38 injuries during 1,036 per 1,063 AEs; 38.6 per 1,000 A-E during competition were reported. The majority of injury location was ankle (23.4%). Contusion (22.7%) was the most common types of injury. Injury rate was not significantly different between male and female. Youth athletes demonstrated significantly higher injury incidence (OR 2.16; CI: 1.24 to 3.78) as compared to that of adult athletes. However, adult athletes are more likely to have more severe injuries (OR 3.57; CI: 1.46 to 8.70).

Conclusions This injury surveillance study provides an essential epidemiological information that will help clinicians to consider and develop prevention strategies to reduce injuries for both youth and adult athletes during training/competitions. Future research should evaluate injuries during match with same athletic population based on prospectively collecting ISS data.
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NewsBot · Nov 10, 2017

Injuries in female and male elite taekwondo athletes: a 10-year prospective, epidemiological study of 1466 injuries sustained during 250 000 training hours
Ki Jun Park, Brian Byung Song
Br J Sports Med Published Online First: 10 November 2017

Objectives We aimed to determine the injury patterns associated with training activities in elite South Korean taekwondo athletes training for the Olympic Games.

Methods We collected data prospectively from 2007 to 2016 at the Korea National Training Center in Seoul, South Korea. A sports injury was defined as acute or chronic musculoskeletal signs and symptoms due to taekwondo activities during training sessions. Athletes were assessed by an on-site sports medicine specialist. The elite taekwondo athletes were stratified according to sex, weight class (flyweight, featherweight, welterweight and heavyweight), injury location (body region and site) and injury severity (mild or level I, requiring treatment for 1–3 days; moderate or level II, requiring treatment for 4–7 days; or severe or level III, requiring treatment for ≥8 days).

Results Athlete exposure was 56 160 training sessions that took 249 600 hours. 1466 injuries were recorded in 283 athletes, with an average of 4.6 injuries per athlete annually. Of these, more than half (56%) were mild injuries, with most injuries occurring in the lower extremities (65.5%), followed by injuries to the trunk (16%), upper extremities (14%) and head and neck area (4%). Among these athletes, women had higher injury rates in the featherweight and welterweight categories (P≤0.0001), but there were no sex differences in other weight categories. In general, female athletes and male athletes experienced a comparable risk of injury (relative ratio: 1.55; 95% CI 0.89 to 2.68).

Conclusion In elite South Korean taekwondo athletes, most injuries occur in the lower extremities and were graded as minor. Injury severity depended on weight class.
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NewsBot · Nov 21, 2019

Injury Incidence Rates and Profiles in Elite Taekwondo during Competition and Training
Markus Geßlein, Johannes Rüther, Hermann Josef Bail, Philipp Schuster, Werner Krutsch, Alexander Karl Wolpert
Int J Sports Med

This study aimed to investigate exposure adjusted injury incidence rates and profiles associated with training and competition in an elite taekwondo athlete population. 82 athletes were investigated for injuries over a period of 5 years. Individual fight time exposure for training and competition was recorded. The type and location of the injuries were classified and exposure-adjusted injury incidence rates (IIR) were calculated per 1000 h for training and competition. 66 athletes with a mean age of 19.3±4.2 years and 172 injuries were included in the final data assessment. The exposure adjusted IIR was significantly higher during competition (p<0.001) with a rate ratio of 6.33 (95% CI 4.58–8.69). Ankle and foot region as well as hand and wrist were most affected with significant higher IIR in competition (p<0.001). Joint injuries, fractures, and bruising occurred the most. Fractures occurred mainly to the hand and wrist region. Future investigations should focus on exposure adjusted injury data including analyses of the detailed mechanism leading to especially severe injuries to improve specific injury prevention in competition and promote evolution of protective gear.
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NewsBot · May 21, 2020

Musculoskeletal Injuries in Taekwondo Athletes: A Nationwide Study in Portugal
Beatriz Minghelli et al
Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2020 May 15;66(2):124-132

Objective: Taekwondo is a martial art that emphasizes blows using the feet and fists, and it is characterized by direct and continuous body contact, which subjects their practitioners to a higher number of injuries. This study aimed to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese taekwondo athletes and analyze its associated factors.

Methods: The sample included 341 taekwondo athletes, aged between 4 and 62 years (18.77±12.77 years), 237 (69.5%) were male, and 104 (30.5%) female. A questionnaire was administered at a national level in taekwondo training and competitions via interview.

Results: One hundred and thirty-two (38.7%) taekwondo athletes reported having suffered an injury since they began their practice, totaling 294 injuries. Seventy-six (22.3%) athletes had an injury in the previous 12-months period, with a total of 112 injuries. There were 2.15 injuries per 1,000 hours of taekwondo training. The most common of all injuries was muscle injury (strain, contusion) (58.6%), in the foot and fingers (18.9%). The attack technique (28.8%) was the most prevalent injury mechanism. Adult athletes presented a higher risk of sustaining taekwondo-related injuries than adolescents (odds ratio = 3.91; 95%CI: 1.13-13.55; p=0.032), and athletes who trained more than 1 hour had a risk 4.20 times greater (95%CI: 1.44-12.29; p=0.009) than those who trained up to 1 hour per session.

Conclusions: Injuries were frequent among Portuguese taekwondo athletes, with specific body areas affected, mainly caused by the attack technique. It is necessary to create injury prevention strategies, including specific training and the use of protective equipment.
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NewsBot · May 23, 2021

Biomechanical Parameters that May Influence Lower Limb Injury during Landing in Taekwondo
Sihyun Ryu, Taek-Kyun Lee
Medicina (Kaunas). 2021 Apr 12;57(4):373

Background and Objectives: The jumping kick of Taekwondo was a unilateral exercise that repeatedly moves in one direction. The exercise was exposed to the risk of injury due to the heavy ground reaction force and load in the landing. The first purpose of this study was to compare the impact force (IF), peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), vertical loading rate (VLR), vertical stiffness (VS), and landing foot angle (LFA) during the landing of the jumping kick according to the experience of lower injury. The second purpose of this study was to investigate the lower extremities' strength and the bilateral/ipsilateral asymmetry between the groups; Material and Methods: Ten injury-experience athletes (IG, age: 21.0 ± 0.8 years; height: 170.5 ± 4.1 cm; body weight: 66.7 ± 6.0 kg; career: 8.1 ± 5.0 years) and seven non-injury experience athletes (NG, age: 22.9 ± 4.0 years; height: 173.4 ± 3.1 cm; body weight: 67.9 ± 7.9 kg; career: 8.3 ± 5.0 years) participated; Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups in the landing and lower extremity muscle strength impact variables. However, in the bilateral asymmetry of the ankle plantar flexor and the ipsilateral asymmetry of the hip abductor/adductor, IG was statistically larger than NG (p < 0.05). The landing foot angle also showed negative correlation to all impact variables (IF, PVGRF, VLR, and VS) (p < 0.05); Conclusions: It is desirable to place the landing foot down at a wide angle to prevent injury in performing Taekwondo jumping kicks. Although NGs have been shown to have better muscle strength symmetry and balance in some areas compared to IG, further research is needed to determine whether they are effective in preventing injury.
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NewsBot · Jan 21, 2022

Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Taekwondo Athletes: A 4-Year Descriptive Analysis
Maximilian Willauschus et al
Orthop J Sports Med. 2021 Dec 15;9(12)

Background: Foot and ankle injuries are a common but underestimated problem in taekwondo. Detailed data on injury incidence rates (IIRs), patterns, and injury mechanism are missing.

Purpose: The primary aims were to evaluate the prevalence of foot and ankle injuries and the exposure-adjusted IIR of elite taekwondo athletes during matches while training (ie, sparring) and in competitions. The secondary aims were to evaluate injury site, type, sport-specific mechanism, and time loss.

Study design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: Athletes from a single national Olympic taekwondo training center were assessed prospectively for foot and ankle injuries over 4 years (between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019). Data were collected regarding number and type of injuries, anatomic location, and total exposure time during training and competition for each athlete. Injury mechanism and dominant foot were assessed via personal interview. Time loss from sport was analyzed retrospectively. The injury prevalence and IIR were calculated. Correlation between mechanism and injury type, location, and dominant foot was evaluated. Time loss according to location and injury type was assessed. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to test for differences in sex, age, and taekwondo experience and for comparison of injury location and type, injury mechanism, and side dominance, respectively. Training and competition IIRs and prevalence were calculated with 95% CIs (for Poisson rates).

Results: From an initial 107 athletes, 79 (73.8%) were included in the final data set. Of these athletes, 38 were injured (n = 112 injuries) for a prevalence of 48.1% (95% CI, 43%-52%). The overall IIR of the ankle joint was 13.14 injuries per 1000 athletes (95% CI, 1.5-25.9) and was significantly higher during competition versus training (P < .001). Ankle joint injuries were most common (n = 71; 63%). Significantly more noncontact versus contact ankle ligament injuries (n = 46; 83%) occurred (P < .001). The forefoot (n = 18; 66%) was mainly affected by contact injuries (P < .001). Time loss was the highest for midfoot fractures (mean ± SD, 23.0 ± 0.6 days; range, 23-24 days).

Conclusion: Noncontact ligamentous ankle injuries were most common, with a higher incidence during competition. Improvement of strength, endurance, and postural stability under strain is recommended for prevention.
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NewsBot · Jan 26, 2022

Comparisons of musculoskeletal injuries among three different modalities of Taekwondo (Kyorugi, Poomsae, and Shibum): a one-year follow-up prospective epidemiologic study
Hyunji Doo et al
Research in Sports Medicine: 14 Dec 2021

The purpose of the study was to report the injury rates and characteristics (body location, type, mechanism, and severity) of musculoskeletal injuries in Kyorugi, Poomsae, and Shibum. A total of 137 Korean collegiate Taekwondo players – Kyorugi (n = 44), Poomsae (n = 46), and Shibum (n = 47) – were prospectively studied in 2019. Injury rates per 1,000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and time-exposures (TEs) during training and competition were calculated. Additionally, body location, type, mechanism, and severity of injury were analysed. The highest injury rate was recorded in Poomsae (172.0/1,000 AEs and 79.5/1,000 TEs) followed by Kyorugi (47.1/1,000 AEs and 25.9/1,000 TEs) and Shibum (57.5/1,000 AEs and 17.0/1,000 TEs). The frequently injured body location was the thigh (Kyorugi = 17%; Poomsae = 25%; Shibum = 18%). The common injury types were muscle cramps/spasms in Kyorugi (33%) and Poomsae (59%), and sprain in Shibum (41%). The common injury mechanisms were gradual onset in Kyorugi (40%) and Shibum (49%), and non-contact trauma in Poomsae (91%). Regarding the severity, the number of days from the injury onset to recovery > 1 week were higher in the order of Kyorugi (78%), Shibum (54%), and Poomsae (28%). Our data provide preliminary evidence that different injury prevention strategies should be applied to each modality of Taekwondo.
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NewsBot · May 4, 2023

Taekwondo Athlete's Bilateral Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Case Report
Jun Young Lee et al
Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Apr 8;59(4):733

(1) Background: Achilles tendon rupture is a common sports injury that may result in severe disability. The overall incidence of Achilles tendon rupture is increasing as a result of growing sports participation. However, cases of spontaneous bilateral Achilles tendon rupture with no underlying disease or risk factors, such as systemic inflammatory disease, steroid or (fluoro)quinolone antibiotics use, are rare. (2) Objective: Here, we report a case of a Taekwondo athlete's bilateral Achilles tendon rupture after kicking and landing. By sharing the experience of treatment and the patient's course, we suggest one of the possible treatment options and the need to establish a treatment method. (3) Procedure: A 23-year-old male Taekwondo athlete visited the hospital, presenting foot plantar flexion failure and severe pain in both tarsal joints, which had occurred upon kicking and landing on both feet earlier that day. During surgery, no degenerative changes or denaturation were observed in the ruptured areas of the Achilles tendons. Bilateral surgery was performed using the modified Bunnel method on the right side and minimum-section suturing on the left side was performed using the Achillon system, followed by lower limb casting. (4) Result: Good outcomes were observed on both sides at 19 months postoperatively. (5) Conclusion: The possibility of bilateral Achilles tendon rupture during exercise in young subjects with no risk factors should be acknowledged, especially in association with landing. In addition, in athletes, even if there is a possibility of complications, surgical treatment should be considered for functional recovery.
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NewsBot · May 16, 2023

Effect of Foot Orthoses on Dynamic Balance in Taekwondo Athletes with Flexible Flatfoot: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ali Yalfani et al
The Foot 8 May 2023, 102042

Background
Flexible flatfoot (FFF) cause biomechanical and sensorimotor disorders of the foot and ankle complex and reduce of postural stability. Postural stability is an important movement skill that affects the performance of taekwondo (TKD) athletes and can lead to fall injuries. The purpose of this study is the effect 12-week application of foot orthosis (FOs) on dynamic balance in TKD athletes with FFF.

Method
In this trial, 30 girls of the TKD athletes with FFF were recruited. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 subjects in each group). The experimental group used FOs with medial longitudinal arch support for 12 weeks, and the control group did not have any intervention. The outcome measures include navicular drop and balance in three directions: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral and overall stability. Covariance analysis was used to compare the results between two groups.

Results
The covariance results showed that the experimental group compared to the control group with a high effect size had a significant difference in reducing of navicular drop (P=0.000, ηp2=0.512), anterior-posterior sway (P=0.000, (ηp2=0.397) medial-lateral sway (P= 0.019, ηp2= 0.186) and overall stability sway (P=0.008, ηp2= 0.232).

Conclusions
The FOs with medial longitudinal arch support leads to FFF correction and provides mechanical stability of the foot and ankle complex. Also, the impulses sent from plantar receptors are increased and a better understanding of postural sway is transmitted to the central nervous system and balance strategies are improved.
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NewsBot · Mar 5, 2024

Effect of foot orthoses on plantar pressure symmetry in taekwondo athletes with flexible flatfoot: A randomized controlled trial
Ali Yalfani et al
Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 28 February 2024

Background
Flexible flatfoot cause plantar pressure asymmetry due to faulty biomechanics of the foot and ankle complex. Finally, this faulty kinetic leads to the transfer of harmful forces to the proximal joints. As a result, the subjects with flexible flatfoot are exposed to the risk of overuse injuries. The aim of our study is to the effect of foot orthoses on plantar pressure symmetry in taekwondo athletes with flexible flatfoot.

Material and Methods
We enrolled 30 taekwondo teenage girls with flexible flatfoot. Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group used silicone foot orthoses with medial longitudinal arch support for 12 weeks. The control group had no intervention. The outcome included the recording of plantar pressure as double-leg with eyes closed. Covariance analysis was used to compare the results between groups.

Results
The covariance test shows that the experimental group compared to the control group with a high effect size in the right-left plantar pressure symmetry (p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.779), the forefoot and rear-foot pressure symmetrical of the right foot (p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.619) and the forefoot and back-foot pressure symmetrical of the left foot (p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.541) had a significant effect.

Conclusions
The results show that the foot orthoses application for 12 weeks balanced the plantar pressure through foot posture correction and restored medial longitudinal arch function. Therefore, restoring the medial longitudinal arch function facilitates the Windlass mechanism; Consequently, the plantar pressure and contact in the forefoot, midfoot, and rear foot are balanced.
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NewsBot · Apr 24, 2024

Comparison of Lower Extremity Alignment among Taekwondo Athletes of Various Subdisciplines
Mi-ock Han et al
Medicina 2024, 60(3), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030493

Background and Objectives: Studies analyzing lower extremity alignment (LEA) LEA among taekwondo subdisciplines athletes are lacking. This study compared LEA in the dominant and nondominant legs intaekwondo athletes. Materials and Methods: Twelve measurements of LEA were analyzed for 157 athletes (63 sparring, 50 demonstration, and 44 poomsae athletes) registered with the Korea Taekwondo Association. LEA was measured in the standing, supine, and prone positions using alignment application, a goniometer, a bubble inclinometer, a height gage, and a palpation meter. Results: The analysis revealed that the dominant leg of poomsae athletes showed greater genu valgum alignment than that of sparring athletes (p < 0.01), whereas the dominant leg of sparring athletes showed greater rearfoot varum alignment than that of demonstration athletes (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the nondominant leg of poomsae athletes showed greater genu valgum alignment than that of sparring and demonstration athletes (p < 0.01), whereas the nondominant leg of sparring athletes showed greater rearfoot varum alignment than that of demonstration athletes (p < 0.01). In addition, demonstration athletes had better forefoot varus alignment than poomsae athletes (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study revealed that LEA characteristics vary among taekwondo athletes according to their subdiscipline. The results of this study would help in designing training programs tailored to each subdiscipline that would best address their LEA characteristics and help to prevent injuries
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