The extensor hallucis capsularis tendon

NewsBot · Apr 20, 2014

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THE EXTENSOR HALLUCIS CAPSULARIS TENDON–A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF ITS OCCURRENCE AND FUNCTION
T. Bayer, N. Kolodziejski, G. Flueckiger
Foot and Ankle Surgery; Available online 16 April 2014

Background
There is inhomogeneous data about the hallucal extensor apparatus and the occurrence of accessory tendon slips and their function. We performed this study to clarify its anatomical features and make conclusions about its function.
Methods
Investigations were performed prospectively during operative correction of severe hallux valgus and interphalangeus in 60 consecutive cases. The occurrence, topographic location and size of accessory extensor tendons as well as the insertion patterns were recorded. After dissection traction of the accessory tendon was carried out to gain information about its function.
Results
In contradiction to previous studies reporting numerous variations in the distal attachments of the hallucal extensor apparatus with different accessory tendons described, our investigations showed constant anatomical features. In all but one case (98.3%) there was an accessory medial extensor hallucis longus tendon adjacent to the main tendon, always inserting on the dorsomedial aspect of the metatarsophalangeal joint capsule. We therefore chose the terminology extensor hallucis capsularis (EHC) used in previous studies. The intraoperative testing of the tendon showed it to exert a pretension of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint capsule.
Conclusion
Our study showed consistent anatomical features with an occurrence of the EHC tendon in 98.3%. We determined that its function is to pretension the MTP joint capsule, therefore avoiding capsular impingement during hallucal extension. The high incidence of the EHC tendon in our study may also postulate a correlation with MTP joint deformities and further cadaveric studies will be necessary to evaluate a possible predisposition for hallux valgus genesis.
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Admin2 · Apr 20, 2014

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Anatomical Variations of the Flexor Hallucis Longus and Flexor Digitorum Longus

NewsBot · Jun 17, 2017

The accessory tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle and its correlation to hallux valgus deformity: a cadaveric study
Natsis, K., Konstantinidis, G.A., Symeonidis, P.D. et al.
Surg Radiol Anat (2017). doi:10.1007/s00276-017-1881-4

Purpose
The accessory tendon (AT) of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) is a common anatomic variation, whose clinical significance remains debatable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and morphology of accessory EHL tendons in cadavers and to examine any possible correlation to the occurrence and severity of hallux valgus (HV) deformity.

Methods
We examined any possible correlation between the AT presence and the cadavers’ age and the HV deformity in 98 female adult cadaveric feet. The HV and intermetatarsal (IMA) angles were measured and compared with the relative angle between the primary EHL tendon and AT as well as the length of the AT.

Results
AT was present in 26.5% and HV deformity existed in 36.7% of all feet. There was a high prevalence (65.4%) of HV deformity in feet with AT, but the HV angle and IMA were similar in feet with AT and without AT. No significant correlations were found between AT morphological characteristics and the cadavers’ age or the HV angle and IMA.

Conclusions
In conclusion, there is a high incidence of HV deformity in cadaveric feet with AT of EHL (almost 2/3), but there is no correlation between the severity of the HV deformity and the presence or characteristics of the AT.
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NewsBot · Aug 29, 2018

A Review of Extensor Hallucis Longus Variants Featuring a Novel Extensor Primi Internodii Hallucis Muscle Merging With Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Matthew J.ZdillaDC et al
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery; 23 August 2018

The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscle/tendon complex has been used in a variety of tendon transfer and tenodesis surgeries to correct iatrogenic hallux varus deformity, equinovarus foot deformity, clawed hallux associated with a cavus foot, and dynamic hyperextension of the hallux and, even, to prevent pedal imbalance after transmetatarsal amputation. Although it is usually considered a unipennate muscle inserting into the dorsum of the base of the distal phalanx of the hallux, a vast majority of EHL muscles possess ≥1 accessory tendinous slips that insert into other neighboring bones, muscles, or tendons, which can complicate these surgeries. The present report reviewed the reported data on EHL variants and describe a new variant, in which the tendons of the extensor primi internodii hallucis muscle of Wood and extensor hallucis brevis muscle merged together proximal to the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint, a site of rupture for extensor tendons of the foot. The reported variant might have contributed to the development of the clawed hallux seen in our patient and could complicate its operative management by mimicking the normal extensor digitorum longus tendon. Knowledge of the EHL variants and the particular muscular pattern described in the present review could improve the diagnosis and tendon transfer and tenodesis operative planning and outcomes.
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NewsBot · Oct 16, 2020

Independent muscle of extensor hallucis capsularis: a cadaveric case report
Jeong-Hyun Park, Yu-Jin Choi, Kwang-Rak Park, Digud Kim, Hyung-Wook Kwon, Mijeong Lee & Jaeho Cho
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2020)

Extensor hallucis capsularis (EHC) is an accessory tendon located medially to extensor halluces longus (EHL) tendon. Most EHC is known to originate as a tendinous slip of the EHL tendon, although it may be splitted from the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon or the extensor halluces brevis (EHB) tendon. During routine dissection of a 49-year-old male cadaver, independent muscle bellies of EHC were discovered bilaterally. The EHL muscle arose from the middle anteromedial aspect of fibula, lateral to the origin of TA muscle and medial to extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. An additional muscle bellies were separated from EHL muscle at the point of 6 cm away from EHL origin in the right leg, and 3 cm away in the left. They coursed downward as EHC to reach the first metatarsophalangeal joint capsule. This muscle, unlike the variations identified to date, is considered to extend to EHC, and the name “extensor hallucis capsularis muscle” is offered. This kind of variation may be important for investigating the development of deformity at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, such as hallux valgus.
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NewsBot · Jun 9, 2021

Anatomical Study of the Accessory Tendon of the Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle and Its Clinical Application
Yue Li et al
Clin Orthop Surg. 2021 Jun;13(2):261-265

Backgroud: The accessory tendon of the extensor hallucis longus (ATEHL) muscle is a common abnormal structure, and its clinical significance remains debatable. In this study, we provide the incidence of the ATEHL and characterize its morphological types in Asian cadavers and investigate its clinical applications.

Methods: The tendons from 50 adult cadaveric feet, fixed in 10% formalin, were analyzed. We measured the length and width of both the ATEHL and the extensor hallucis brevis (EHB).

Results: All dissected specimens had an ATEHL. The first metatarsophalangeal joint was surrounded by an accessory tendon that inserted onto the joint capsule and the dorsal base of the proximal phalanx. We classified the ATEHL into 3 types based on their directions. Differences in ATEHL type based on sex were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: We found an ATEHL in all cadaveric specimens in this study. We surmise that the ATEHL acts as an antagonist with the EHB when the toe is extending, which might help prevent the occurrence of hallux valgus deformity.
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NewsBot · Feb 23, 2022

Case report of the double headed extensor hallucis longus
K Ruzik et al
Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2022 Feb 21

Background: We present a case report of double-headed extensor hallucis longus (EHL) with potential clinical significance.

Materials and methods: Cadaveric dissection of the right lower limb of a 70-year-old female at death was performed for research and teaching purposes at the Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz. The limb was dissected using standard techniques according to a strictly specified protocol. Each head and tendon of the muscle was photographed and subjected to further measurements.

Results: During dissection, an unusual type of EHL muscle was observed. It consisted of two muscle bellies, a main tendon and an accessory tendon. Both muscle bellies were located on anterior surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane. The main tendon insertion was located on the dorsal aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe, while the accessory tendon insertion was located medially.

Conclusions: The EHL muscle is highly morphologically variable at both the point of origin and the insertion. Knowledge of its variationsis connected to several pathologies such as foot drop, tendonitis, tendon rupture, and anterior compartment syndrome.
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NewsBot · Aug 29, 2022

Anatomical Characteristics of Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon Variations and Its Clinical Implications: A Korean Cadaveric Study
Jeong-Hyun Park et al
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 10;19(16):9833

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the morphological characteristics of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) tendon variation using larger-scale dissection of Korean cadavers and to classify the types of variation along with incidence. A total of 158 feet from adult formalin-fixed cadavers (50 males, 29 females) were dissected. The morphological characteristics and measurements of the EHL tendon variants were evaluated. Three types of the EHL tendon variation were classified, wherein the most common type was Type 2 (106 feet, 67.1%), Type 3 (3 feet, 1.9%) was the rarest type, and Type 1 without accessory tendon was found in 49 feet (31.0%). Type 2K (11 feet, 7%) and Type 3K (1 foot, 0.6%) were described as new subtypes. The present study suggests morphological characteristics of the EHL tendon variation in Korean populations and high morphological variability of the EHL tendon along with the possibility of differences according to race or ethnicity and gender. Furthermore, a newly updated classification complemented by new subtypes of variation will help foot and ankle surgeons in diagnosis and surgical planning with hallux problems.
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