Cushioning properties of athletic socks

NewsBot · Jul 27, 2013

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The cushioning properties of athletic socks: An impact testing perspective
Tim Blackmore, David Jessop, Stewart Bruce-Low, Joanna Scurr
Clinical Biomechanics; Article in Press

Background
One of the aims of the sock/shoe unit is to reduce the severity of impact forces on the lower extremity although the injury prevention potential of the sock through the attenuation of impact force has yet to be established. This study aims to determine the effect of athletic socks and a sock/shoe unit on peak impact force, time to peak impact force and loading rate using an impact testing methodology.

Methods
An impact testing system with a gravity driven vertical impact striker (8.5kg) fitted with a load cell (10,000Hz) which was released from 0.05m to impact the specimen on the vertical axis (impact velocity=0.99m·s−1) was used throughout the study.

Findings
All socks reduced peak impact force by between 6% and 20% when compared to a no sock control condition. Furthermore, large significant correlation coefficients (r=.62 to .72) were observed between thickness and peak impact force, time to peak impact force and loading rate in the sock only condition.

Interpretation
Athletic socks demonstrate cushioning properties under impact testing conditions.
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Admin2 · Jul 28, 2013

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NewsBot · Jan 18, 2017

Effect of socks structures on plantar dynamic pressure distribution.
Soltanzadeh Z et al
Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2016 Nov;230(11):1043-1050. doi: 10.1177/0954411916671544.

A major purpose of investigating the plantar pressure in patients with pain or those at risk for skin injury is to reduce the pressure below metatarsal heads, specially first and second metatarsal heads. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of the socks structures on the changes in plantar dynamic pressure. In this study, seven socks types with different structures for the sole area were produced. The Gaitview® AFA-50 system, a force plate, was used to measure the plantar dynamic pressure of 10 participants. The barefoot plantar dynamic pressure distribution was compared with the plantar dynamic pressure distribution with socks by two independent samples test on various zones of the foot and on different genders using SPSS software. Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine specific significant differences. The obtained results showed that the main trend was to redistribute the plantar dynamic pressure from the higher plantar pressure zones (toe and first through forth metatarsal bone regions) were decreased and as a result the plantar pressure toward the relatively lower pressure zones (fifth metatarsal bone and midfoot regions). In comparison with the barefoot condition, the cross miss structure reduced the mean pressure in the critical region of the foot (first metatarsal) for male and female subjects ( p < 0.05) and also the mock rib structure reduced the mean pressure for female subjects ( p < 0.05). In general, the results suggested wearing the socks because the socks make the plantar pressure redistributed from high to low plantar pressure zones. The results of this research indicated that wearing socks with cross miss and mock rib structures will reduce the mean plantar pressure values in forefoot area in comparison with the barefoot condition.
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NewsBot · Mar 9, 2017

Plantar Static Pressure Distribution in Normal Feet Using Cotton Socks with Different Structures.
Zeynab Soltanzadeh, PhD, Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar, PhD, Mohammad Haghpanahi, PhD, Mohammd Reza Mohajeri-Tehrani, PhD
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association: January 2017, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 30-38.

Background: The major goal of investigating plantar pressure in patients with pain or those at risk for skin injury is to reduce pressure under prominent metatarsal heads, especially the first and second metatarsals. In research, the insole is used to reduce plantar pressure by increasing the contact area in the midfoot region, which, in turn, induces an uncomfortable feeling near the arch during walking. It is deduced that sock structure can redistribute plantar pressure distribution.

Methods: Seven sock types with seven structures (plain, single cross tuck, mock rib inlay, cross miss, mock rib, double cross tuck, and double cross miss) for the sole area were produced. A plantar pressure measurement device was used to measure plantar static pressure in ten participants. The barefoot plantar pressure distribution was compared with the plantar pressure distribution with socks.

Results: In the seven sock samples, the mean plantar pressure of the cross miss and mock rib structures at high plantar pressure zones (toe and first through fourth metatarsal bone regions) were decreased, and, as a result, the pressure shifted to relatively low pressure zones (fifth metatarsal bone and midfoot regions).

Conclusions: These results indicate that wearing socks with cross miss and mock rib structures will reduce mean plantar pressure values compared with the barefoot condition in high plantar pressure zones. In general, the results suggest that mean plantar pressure is redistributed from high to low plantar pressure zones.
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NewsBot · Jul 29, 2022

A Novel Method to Measure the Static Coefficient of Friction for Socks
Jinsu Eun et al
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jul 25;22(15):5525.

Mechanical testers have commonly been used to measure the frictional properties of socks. However, the friction values may be susceptible to the level of stretchiness of tested fabrics or human variability. Thus, the aim of this study was to propose a novel method that enables friction measurement of socks in a sock-wearing condition with less human variability effects. Five socks with different frictional properties were chosen. Three experimental ramp tests were performed with an artificial structure shaped like the foot-ankle complex (last) and a ramp tester to quantify the static coefficient of friction (COF) at the foot against sock, at the sock against an insole, and the foot wearing socks against the insole, respectively. The angle where the last slipped while the ramp surface was gradually inclined was used to compute the static COF values for each sock. The reliability was 0.99, and COF values ranged from 0.271 to 0.861 at the foot-sock interface, 0.342 to 0.639 at the sock-insole interface, and 0.310 to 0.614 in the third test. Socks with different frictional properties were successfully distinguished each other. Thus, the suggested protocol could be a reliable option for measuring the static COF values in the tension similar with it found in a sock-waring condition with reduced effects of human variability.
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