Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control

NewsBot · May 16, 2006

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Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control.
Can J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;52(4):357-64

To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.
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Admin2 · May 16, 2006

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NewsBot · Jan 4, 2013

Microbiological and biochemical origins of human foot malodour
A. Gordon James, Diana Cox, Kathryn Worrall
Flavour and Fragrance Journal (Early View)

Although foot malodour is a common consumer problem, the range of products available to combat the condition is fairly limited. In part, this is due to an incomplete understanding of how the key odorants are generated by microorganisms resident on the skin. The aim of these studies was to identify the key chemical components of foot malodour, the organisms and metabolic pathways responsible for their production, and to develop model systems to study these processes in vitro. Using gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometry and sniff port detection, volatile fatty acids were implicated as foot malodorants, with isovaleric acid particularly prominent. l-Leucine was identified as the likely substrate, and the source of this branched amino acid postulated to be the degradation of foot callus. An in vitro assay was employed to screen a library of isolated foot bacteria for their ability to generate isovaleric acid from l-leucine. Staphylococcus species were found to be the main producers, while some Brevibacterium, Micrococcus and Kytococcus isolates fully catabolized isovaleric acid and l-leucine, indicating the dynamic nature of odour production. The degradation of foot callus by Kytococcus sedentarius was investigated, and an in vitro ‘foot malodour model’ developed, demonstrating the generation of isovaleric acid using a combination of partially purified K. sedentarius keratinases and a Staphylococcus species. The results of these studies provide new understanding on the microbiological and biochemical origins of foot malodour which, in turn, should lead to the development of novel deodorant systems for this part of the body.
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NewsBot · Jan 20, 2015

The Impact of Nanosilver Particles
On Foot - Odor Producing Microbes
Bassam Mashat and Abdel Hameed A. Awad
Current World Environment Vol. 9(3), 615-622 (2014)

Nanosilver applications have been implicated in paint, plastic, textile and medical industries.
Nanosilver particles absorb sweat and in turn avoid pungent smell of feet. The present study aims to
determine the antibacterial activity of Ag-coated different sock fabrics and comparing their efficacy
in reducing foot-borne resident bacteria. Synthesize of nanosilver particles was performed in various
concentrations by wet reduction method using silver nitrate and tri-sodium citrate. Coating of different
sock fabrics, cotton, nylon, and mixed cotton and nylon, was carried out by exposing these fabrics
to various silver concentrations for 24 hrs. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanosilver-finished
fabrics was checked by zone inhibition test and antibacterial test. The coated nylon fabric showed
better antimicrobial activity than other fabrics. There was no significant difference found between
antibacterial activity and type of fabric. Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited the smallest inhibition zone,
and the inhibition zone increased with increasing silver concentration. The inhibition zones varied
according to bacterial species, each species had its own minimum inhibition concentration. The
percentages of reduction ranged between 18-80%. Sarcina lutea was highly sensitive to nanosilver
particles. The effect of temperature, relative humidity, dirt and oil on the antibacterial activity of silver
coated fabrics should be studied in the future.
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NewsBot · Mar 28, 2018

Antimicrobial Essential Oil Combinations to Combat Foot Odour.
Orchard A et al
Planta Med. 2018 Mar 26. doi: 10.1055/a-0592-8022

Foot odour (bromodosis) is an embarrassing and perplexing condition mostly caused by bacteria of the Brevibacterium species. Essential oils are a credible option as an affordable treatment of odour and contribute towards antimicrobial efficacy. Therefore, this study sets out to investigate the antimicrobial activity of essential oil combinations against odour-causing bacteria. The broth microdilution method was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 119 essential oil combinations, and the fractional inhibitory index was calculated to determine the interactive profile. Combinations that resulted in synergy in 1 : 1 ratios were further evaluated in different concentrations, and isobolograms were plotted to determine the influence of the ratio on overall activity. Numerous combinations could be identified as having synergistic interactions against the Brevibacterium spp. and no antagonism was observed. The combination of Juniperus virginiana (juniper) and Styrax benzoin (benzoin) demonstrated synergy against all three Brevibacterium spp. tested and J. virginiana was the essential oil responsible for the majority of the synergistic interactions. The results reported here confirm the promising potential of the majority of these oils and selected combinations in treating and controlling bromodosis.
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NewsBot · Apr 27, 2022

Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C. Sm. and Tasmannia insipida
R.Br. ex. DC. Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Axillary and Foot
Odour Producing Bacteria
Aiden Wood, Ian E Cock
gn. Commn. 2022;12(2):74-83

Introduction: Tasmannia spp. extracts inhibit the growth of many bacterial
pathogens. They may also inhibit the growth of malodour producing
bacteria and thus be useful deodorant components, although this is yet
to be tested. Methods: T. lanceolata and T. insipida fruit and leaf solvent
extracts were investigated by disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC
assays against the most significant bacterial contributors to axillary and
plantar malodour formation. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia
franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of the
T. lanceolata methanolic berry extracts, coupled to high resolution timeof-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy was used for the identification and
characterisation of individual components in the extract. Results: The
methanolic and aqueous T. lanceolata and T. insipida fruit and leaf extracts
displayed noteworthy bacterial growth inhibitory activity against all of
the malodour forming bacteria tested. The T. lanceolata methanolic fruit
extract was particularly potent, with low MIC values recorded against
C. jeikeium (480µg/mL) and S. epidermidis (513µg/mL), as well as moderate
activity against P. acnes (1750µg/mL) and B. linens (1250µg/mL). Similar
MIC values were noted for the aqueous T. lanceolata fruit extract against
C. jeikeium and S. epidermidis, although this extract was ineffective against
the other bacteria tested. Similar, albeit less potent inhibitory profiles were
noted for the T. lanceolata and T. insipida leaf extracts against C. jeikeium
and S. epidermidis. All Tasmannia spp. extracts were nontoxic in the
Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the
methanolic leaf extract highlighted several notable compounds, including
polygodial, capsidiol, salutarisolide gallic acid and combretastatin A1 in
relative abundance. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata
and T. insipida fruit and leaf extracts and their potent growth inhibition of
axillary and plantar malodour producing bacteria indicate their potential as
deodorant components.
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NewsBot · Jul 24, 2023

Foot Deodorizing Gel Formulation Having Antimicrobial Activity.
PATANKAR, Prashant R.; CHOPADE, Vitthal V.; CHAUDHARI, Praveen D.
Journal of Research in Pharmacy . 2023, Vol. 27 Issue 3, p1260-1269. 10p.

Sweaty feet and foot odour are common nowadays. The existence of one or more of Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus subtilis and Propionibacterium Acnes on foot surface may trigger the generation of isovaleric and propionic acids, which in turn can cause a distinctive odor of feet. The present study tested susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis to various oils and oil combinations. The outcome showed that a combination of lemon oil, neem oil and tulsi oil possessed synergistic antibacterial activity. A foot deodorizing gel containing a combination of lemon oil, neem oil, and tulsi oil; a gel base was prepared and tested for stability, organoleptic performance, antibacterial activity, irritation test, and deodorizing performance. The mixture of oils was found to reduce at least 6 logs of the primary populace of B. subtilis and S. epidermidis in 10 min. The lethal effect was found for at least 60 minutes. The gel formulation decreased at least 90% of the initial population of bacteria after 1 hour of contact when checked for days 0, 15, 30 and 60. The gel formulation also showed desired properties such as clarity, pourability, consistency, spreadability, quick absorption post application, non-stickiness and non-dryness, and absence of residue. The foot deodorizing gel formulation demonstrated antibacterial efficiency against the bacteria responsible for producing a strong foot odour.
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