Gender-based differences in the functional deformation of the foot longitudinal arch

NewsBot · Sep 15, 2011

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Gender-based differences in the functional deformation of the foot longitudinal arch.
Fukano M, Fukubayashi T.
Foot (Edinb). 2011 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print]

BACKGROUND:
Gender differences in physical characteristics are associated with differing incidences of sports-related injuries. However, functional differences in the foot arch, which acts as a shock absorber under dynamic conditions, have not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE:
This study investigated gender-based differences in the medial and lateral longitudinal arches under static and dynamic conditions.

METHODS:
Eleven males and 8 females participated in this study. Radiographic images of the subjects' feet were obtained under static conditions, with and without weight bearing. In addition, each subject performed single leg landing from 10cm platform with the knee extended, and cineangiographic images in the sagittal plane were obtained during landing.

RESULTS:
In the weight bearing position, the medial and lateral arch angles of the females were significantly greater than those of the males, but neither of the angles differed between the males and females without weight bearing. The magnitude of the angular changes of each arch was significantly greater in the females than in the males.

CONCLUSION:
These results suggest that females have a greater range of arch motion than males under static and dynamic loading conditions.
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Admin2 · Sep 16, 2011

Also:
Adam L. Bryant, Ross A. Clark, Simon Bartold, Aron Murphy, Kim L. Bennell, Erik Hohmann, Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik, Craig Payne, and Kay M. Crossley: Effects of estrogen on the mechanical behavior of the human Achilles tendon in vivo. J Appl Physiol, Oct 2008; 105: 1035 - 1043.

NewsBot · Sep 30, 2017

Gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running.
Takabayashi T et al
Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Sep 29:1-8. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1382578.

Females, as compared with males, have a higher proportion of injuries in the foot region. However, the reason for this gender difference regarding foot injuries remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running. Twelve healthy males and 12 females ran on a treadmill. The running speed was set to speed which changes from walking to running. Three-dimensional kinematics of rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were collected and compared between males and females. Furthermore, spatiotemporal parameters (speed, cadence, and step length) were measured. In the rearfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of plantarflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (effect size (ES) = 1.55 and ES = 1.12, respectively). In the midfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of dorsiflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (ES = 1.49 and ES = 1.71, respectively). The forefoot peak angles and ranges of motion were not significantly different between the genders in all three planes. A previous study suggested that a gender-related difference in excessive motions of the lower extremities during running has been suggested as a contributing factor to running injuries. Therefore, the present investigation may provide insight into the reason for the high incidence of foot injuries in females.
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NewsBot · Aug 6, 2018

Sex differences in three-dimensional talocrural and subtalar joint kinematics during stance phase in healthy young adults
MakoFukano et al
Human Movement Science Volume 61, October 2018, Pages 117-125

•Range of talocrural dorsi/plantar flexion was larger in females than in males in stance phase.
•Range of subtalar eversion/inversion and external/internal rotation were larger in females.
•In the reference position orientation of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were comparable between sexes.
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The ankle joint, including the talocrural and subtalar joints, plays an important role in human locomotion. Sex differences in walking patterns among young and old adults have been studied; however, little information exists on sex-based variations in talocrural and subtalar joint kinematics during walking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate sex-based differences in the talocrural and subtalar joint kinematics during walking.

We obtained lateral fluoroscopic images from 10 male and 7 female healthy volunteers during stance phase, and determined the three-dimensional bone orientations using 3D-2D model-image registration techniques to compare sex-specific differences.

The orientation of the tibia, talus, and calcaneus were comparable in the static reference position. Sex-based differences in the range of motion were observed in talocrural dorsi/plantar flexion, subtalar eversion/inversion and subtalar external/internal rotation while walking. The ranges of motion in talocrural dorsi/plantar flexion (male, 13 ± 4°; female, 17 ± 3°), subtalar eversion/inversion (male, 8 ± 3°; female, 11 ± 3°) and subtalar external/internal rotation (male, 5 ± 2°; female, 7 ± 2°) were significantly larger in females than in males.

Differences in rearfoot kinematics between males and females may reflect anatomic, physiologic and locomotor differences. Greater bone rotations in the female hindfoot may predispose women to different pathologies, or merit different treatments, than men based upon subtalar and talocrural kinematics during gait.
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NewsBot · Dec 14, 2018

Hind- and Midfoot Bone Morphology Varies with Foot Type and Sex.
Moore ES et al
J Orthop Res. 2018 Dec 11

Foot type has been associated with pain, injury, and altered gait mechanics. Morphological variations in foot bones due to foot type variation may impact surgical and therapeutic treatments. The purpose of this study was to utilize principal component analysis (PCA) to determine how morphology of the hind- and midfoot bones differs among foot types and sex. The calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuboid were segmented using previously obtained computed tomography (CT) scans and converted to surface models. The CTs were sorted into four foot types-cavus, neutrally aligned, asymptomatic planus, and symptomatic planus. Morphometric shape analysis software (Geomorph) was used to perform a PCA to determine which components varied between foot types and between sexes. The calcaneus showed planus feet of both types to have calcanei that have decreased height and increased length compared to neutrally aligned feet. The talus demonstrated increased posterior mass for cavus feet compared to neutrally aligned feet. For the navicular, symptomatic planus had a more posteriorly positioned tuberosity and were wider than asymptomatic planus feet. The cuboid did not exhibit any differences between foot types. Sex differences, found only at the talus and navicular, were subtle. PCA is an objective technique that helped elucidate differences in bone morphology between foot types and sex without needing to determine the features of interest before comparing groups. Understanding these variations can help inform diagnosis of foot pathologies and surgical protocols as well as improve computer models of the foot.
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NewsBot · May 27, 2022

Sex prediction with morphometric measurements of first and fifth metatarsal and phalanx obtained from X-ray images by using machine learning algorithms
D Senol et al
Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2022 May 24

Background: The aim of this study is to predict sex with machine learning (ML) algorithms by making morphometric measurements on radiological images of the first and fifth metatarsal and phalanx bones.

Materials and methods: In this study, radiologic images of 263 individuals (135 female, 128 male) between the ages of 27 and 60 were analyzed retrospectively. The images in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format were transferred to personal workstation Radiant DICOM Viewer program. Length and width measurements of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx bones were performed on the transferred images. In addition, the ratios of the total length of the first proximal and distal phalanx and length of the first metatarsal and total length of fifth proximal, middle, and distal phalanx and maximum length of fifth metatarsal were calculated.

Results: As a result of machine learning (ML) algorithms, highest accuracy (Acc), specificity (Spe), sensitivity (Sen), Matthews correlation coefficient (Mcc) values were found as 0.85, 0.86, 0.85 and 0.71, respectively with Decision Tree algorithm. It was found that accuracy rates of other algorithms varied between 0.74 and 0.83.

Conclusions: As a result of our study, it was found that sex estimation was made with high accuracy rate by using ML algorithms on X-ray images of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx. We think that in cases when pelvis, cranium and long bones are harmed and examination is difficult, bones of the first and fifth metatarsal and foot phalanx can be used for sex estimation.
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