Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts

NewsBot · Aug 17, 2016

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Injuries Sustained by the Mixed Martial Arts Athlete
Andrew R. Jensen, et al
Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach August 16, 2016

Context: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is rapidly growing in popularity in the United States and abroad. This combat sport joins athletes from a wide variety of martial art disciplines, each with characteristic and distinguishing injury profiles, together in competition. Because of increasing participation by professionals and amateurs alike, injuries sustained by MMA athletes have been on the rise.
Evidence Acquisition: A review of relevant publications using the search term mixed martial arts and each of its component combat sports (eg, Muay Thai, Brazilian jiu-jitsu) from 1980 through 2015 was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar.
Study Design: Clinical review.
Level of Evidence: Level 5.
Results: The majority of studies on MMA injuries evaluate those sustained during competition, which range in incidence from 22.9 to 28.6 per 100 fight-participations. Striking-predominant disciplines such as boxing, karate, and Muay Thai have high rates of head and facial injuries, whereas submission-predominant disciplines such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and wrestling have high rates of joint injuries.
Conclusion: Numerous studies have evaluated injuries in athletes who participate in MMA and its component disciplines during competition but much remains to be discovered about injuries sustained during training and in specific patient populations such as adolescents and women
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NewsBot · Jun 20, 2018

Prevalence of Injuries during Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Training.
McDonald AR et al
Sports (Basel). 2017 Jun 12;5(2). pii: E39. doi: 10.3390/sports5020039.

Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a martial art that focuses on groundwork, joint locks, and chokeholds. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of injuries sustained during BJJ training. A 27-question research survey was e-mailed to 166 BJJ gyms in the United States. Demographic information, belt level, weight class, training hours, competition experience, and injury prevalence data were collected. The majority of respondents were Caucasian (n = 96) males (n = 121) with an average age of 30.3 years. Overall, the most common injury locations were to the hand and fingers (n = 70), foot and toes (n = 52), and arm and elbow (n = 51). The most common medically diagnosed conditions were skin infections (n = 38), injuries to the knee (n =26), and foot and toes (n = 19). The most common non-medically diagnosed injuries occurred to the hand and fingers (n = 56), arm and elbow (n = 40), and foot and toes (n = 33). In general, athletes were more likely to sustain distal rather than proximal injuries. Athletes reported more frequent medically diagnosed injuries to the lower extremity and more frequent self-diagnosed injuries to the upper extremity. Upper extremity injuries appear to be more frequent but less severe than lower extremity injuries with the opposite being true for lower extremity injuries.
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NewsBot · Jul 25, 2020

Epidemiology of injuries in Olympic-style karate competitions: systematic review and meta-analysis FREE
Reidar P Lystad et al
Source

Objective To report the epidemiology of injuries in Olympic-style karate competitions.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of injury incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 min of exposure (IIRME) were obtained by fitting random-effects models.

Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, SPORTDiscus and AusportMed databases were searched from inception to 21 August 2019.

Eligibility criteria Prospective cohort studies published in peer-reviewed journals and reporting injury data (ie, incidence, severity, location, type, mechanism or risk factors) among athletes participating in Olympic-style karate competition.

Results Twenty-eight studies were included. The estimated IIRAE and IIRME were 88.3 (95%CI 66.6 to 117.2) and 39.2 (95%CI 30.6 to 50.2), respectively. The most commonly injured body region was the head and neck (median: 57.9%; range: 33.3% to 96.8%), while contusion (median: 68.3%; range: 54.9% to 95.1%) and laceration (median: 18.6%; range: 0.0% to 29.3%) were the most frequently reported types of injury. Despite inconsistency in classifying injury severity, included studies reported that most injuries were in the least severe category. There was no significant difference in IIRME between male and female karate athletes (rate ratio 1.09; 95%CI 0.88 to 1.36).

Conclusion Karate athletes sustain, on average, 1 injury every 11 exposures (bouts) or approximately 25 min of competition. The large majority of these injuries were minor or mild in severity.
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NewsBot · Jul 30, 2020

Martial arts injuries: a longitudinal study about judo, karate and wushu carried out in Community of Madrid, Spain
Sara Garcia-Isidoro et al
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020 Jul 23

Background: Martial arts are currently being practiced throughout the world by about 100 million people. Considering that sports injuries account for 20% of all emergencies treated in hospitals, this is an issue that should be further studied. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and type of injuries in Wushu, Judo, and Karate practitioners in Community of Madrid, Spain.

Methods: A descriptive epidemiology study was carried out. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 457 men and women practicing Karate, Judo and/or Wushu, including injuries from the past five years, type of injury and occurrence during training or competition.

Results: Injuries that disrupted training occurred in 56% of Judokas, in 36.7% of Karatekas, and in 38.9% of Wushu practitioners (WP). For Judokas, the most common injury site was "Shoulder/arm/elbow" (13.43%), for Karatekas, it was "Lower leg/foot/ankle" (9.95%), and for WP it was "Groin/hip/thigh" (9.45%) (p = 0.000). The most common injuries in Judo and Karate were "Ankle sprains and joint injuries" (4.98% and 3.98%), while for WP the most common injury were "Hamstring strains" (5.47%) (p=0.008). There was no relationship between occurrence of a first injury and sex, age or belt rank.

Conclusions: Judo is the martial art with the highest percentage of injuries, followed by Wushu and then Karate.
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NewsBot · Aug 2, 2020

Epidemiology of injuries in Olympic-style karate competitions: systematic review and meta-analysis
Reidar P Lystad et al
British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54:976-983

Objective To report the epidemiology of injuries in Olympic-style karate competitions.

Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of injury incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (IIRAE) and per 1000 min of exposure (IIRME) were obtained by fitting random-effects models.

Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, SPORTDiscus and AusportMed databases were searched from inception to 21 August 2019.

Eligibility criteria Prospective cohort studies published in peer-reviewed journals and reporting injury data (ie, incidence, severity, location, type, mechanism or risk factors) among athletes participating in Olympic-style karate competition.

Results Twenty-eight studies were included. The estimated IIRAE and IIRME were 88.3 (95%CI 66.6 to 117.2) and 39.2 (95%CI 30.6 to 50.2), respectively. The most commonly injured body region was the head and neck (median: 57.9%; range: 33.3% to 96.8%), while contusion (median: 68.3%; range: 54.9% to 95.1%) and laceration (median: 18.6%; range: 0.0% to 29.3%) were the most frequently reported types of injury. Despite inconsistency in classifying injury severity, included studies reported that most injuries were in the least severe category. There was no significant difference in IIRME between male and female karate athletes (rate ratio 1.09; 95%CI 0.88 to 1.36).

Conclusion Karate athletes sustain, on average, 1 injury every 11 exposures (bouts) or approximately 25 min of competition. The large majority of these injuries were minor or mild in severity.
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NewsBot · Jan 27, 2022

Injury Patterns, Risk Factors, and Return to Sport in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu: A Cross-sectional Survey of 1140 Athletes
Maximilian Hinz, MD, Benjamin D. Kleim, MD, Daniel P. Berthold, MD, ...
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine December 20, 2021

Background:
Brazilian jiu jitsu (BJJ) is a growing martial art that focuses on grappling techniques.

Purpose:
To quantify the 3-year incidence of BJJ-related injuries and detect common injury patterns as well as risk factors among those practicing BJJ. It was hypothesized that there would be a high incidence of injuries, they would be caused by submissions in sparring situations, and they would occur predominantly at the extremities.

Study Design:
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:
Active BJJ athletes were invited to take an English-language online survey developed by orthopaedic surgeons together with BJJ athletes and a sports scientist. Data were recorded regarding athlete demographics, sporting activity level, injuries within the past 3 years that caused at least a 2-week time loss, injury mechanisms, and return to sport.

Results:
Overall, 1140 responses were received from 62 different countries; 88.9% of all athletes were male, and 63.9% were regular competitors. Within the investigated cohort, 1052 injuries were recorded in 784 athletes, for an injury incidence of 308 per 1000 athletes per year. The lower extremity (45.7%) and upper extremity (30.2%) were predominant sites of injury, with injuries to the knee (27.1%) being the most common. The most frequent knee injuries were meniscal injuries (n = 65), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears (n = 36), and medial collateral ligament injuries (n = 36). ACL tears were especially associated with long time frames for return to sport. Most injuries occurred during sparring (77.6%) and were caused by submissions (29.7%) and takedowns (26.4%). Competing regularly (P = .003), older age (P < .001), and higher belt rank (P = .003) were significant risk factors for injury.

Conclusion:
Injury incidence was high among BJJ athletes surveyed, with 2 out of 3 athletes reporting at least 1 injury within a 3-year period that caused a 2-week absence from training. Most injuries occurred during sparring, and we believe that a high potential for injury reduction lies in drawing awareness to common injury patterns and sites in athletes.
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NewsBot · May 12, 2022

The effect of corrective exercises on the foot posture and balance in girl karate athletes with flat foot
Fereshteh Kazemi Pakdel , Parisa sedaghati
Source

Background and Aim: Karate is one of the most popular martial arts around the world, and flat foot deformity is one of the most common disorders in people participating in this sport. This disorder can negatively affect the static and dynamic balance in individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on the foot posture and balance in girl karate athletes with flat foot disorders.

Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study that was performed in two phases of pre-test and post-test. Forty female karatekas with flexible flat foot posture entered the study as subjects, and were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (age: 20.00±1.81, height: 161.4±6.49 weight: 55.27±6.56) and control (age: 21.02±2.19, height: 160.4±4.23 weight: 55.75±3.90). Navicular drop test was performed for all subjects to assess the condition of the foot posture, as one of the inclusion criteria and also, balance error scoring system and Y balance tests were used for all subjects, respectively, to check the static and dynamic balance. Then, the exercise group performed 6 weeks of corrective exercises, but the control group did not perform any specific exercises during this period. After 6 weeks, the tests were repeated again. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 26. Covariance analysis test was used to evaluate the between-groups differences, and paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the within-group changes.

Results: The findings of this study showed that corrective exercise group in the post-test had a better performance than the pre-test in the Navicular drop test and also in all three directions of the balance test and in the balance error scoring system (P=0.0001). But in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the two stages of the test (P>0.05 ). It was also observed in the comparison between groups that in the post-test in the variables of Navicular drop test and also in all three directions of Y balance test and in the test of scoring system, the balance error scoring system of the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (P>0.05 ).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that that 6 weeks of corrective exercise has significantly improved foot posture, static and dynamic balance in karate women with flat foot. According to the results obtained in this study, it seems that comprehensive corrective exercises can be used in this group to improve balance and posture
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NewsBot · Jun 6, 2022

The Effect of a Specialized Karate Corrective Exercise Program on Flat Feet and Foot
Indices in Karatekas
Hojjat Javidi MOSTAGHNI et al
Source

Amateur karate practitioners who suffer from flat feet are less successful than their other rivals. The athletes often have
problems in their position in kata and explosive starts or fast reactions in Kumite. Since they suffer from flat feet, they are not
resistant enough to the body's pressure on their feet. The researcher is now seeking to answer the question of whether a
specialized karate training course can affect the pressure rate and amateur karate practitioners' flat feet. The current study is
semi-experimental, using pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study included 20 individuals (10 with flat
feet and 10 with normal). A foot scan machine evaluated the plantar pressure values in ten sole areas. The experimental group
conducted specialized karate practices for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Yet, the control group did not conduct a special practice
at this time and continued their normal practices the same as before. The obtained data were analyzed using a covariance
analysis test. This study showed that the rate of flat feet in the experimental group has improved after applying the corrective
exercises (p≤0.05). Moreover, the planter pressure value was higher in the experimental group than in the control one (p≤0.05),
which significantly improved after corrective exercises. The specialized karate exercises affect the sole, foot surface, and front
foot pressure of amateur karate kids from 9-13 years old. Given the results of this study, identifying the amateur karate
practitioners with flat feet using the tests of this study is recommended to be reformed through the corrective program.
Moreover, the findings of this study showed that the plantar pressure value in people with flat feet is more than the control
group. It was assumed that the increase in plantar pressure could be because of ankle overpronation. This value significantly
decreases after using corrective exercises.
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