Kinematic differences between neutral and flat feet with and without symptoms

NewsBot · Oct 14, 2018

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Kinematic differences between neutral and flat feet with and without symptoms as measured by the Oxford Foot Model
C.M. Kerr et al
Gait and Posture; Article in Press

Highlights
•Kinematics of neutral and flat asymptomatic and symptomatic feet were compared.
•Symptomatic flatfoot patients walked slower with lower relative stride length.
•Symptomatic flatfoot patients had more knee flexion at midstance and foot off.
•Forefoot abduction occurred throughout stance phase in symptomatic flat feet.
•There were no kinematic differences between groups at the hallux-forefoot.
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Background
Flatfoot is a common presentation in children. It is usually asymptomatic, though a small number of children experience pain. Foot function during flatfoot walking is rarely considered, yet as an activity that places significant demands on the feet, this could explain the differences in terms of symptoms.

Research Question
This paper investigates walking patterns in neutral and flat feet, with and without symptoms, to determine which kinematic parameters are associated with symptomatic flat feet.

Methods
This is a retrospective study in which one hundred and six children between five and 18 years old were assessed by a physiotherapist for foot posture. Each foot was classified into one of four groups, giving 98 asymptomatic neutral, 47 asymptomatic mild flat, 29 asymptomatic flat, and 38 symptomatic flat feet with complete data for analysis. Using Plug-In-Gait and Oxford-Foot-Model markers, walking kinematics were measured, along with ground reaction forces. Median values of 14 lower limb joint angles were calculated at foot strike, midstance, and foot off. Each foot was treated as an independent sample. ANOVA and ANCOVA (with the speed-related variable relative stride length as the covariate) and post-hoc tests were used to assess whether angles differed between groups.

Results
The symptomatic flat feet showed significant differences from asymptomatic groups (most commonly the neutral feet) in terms of hip flexion, knee flexion and varus, hindfoot inversion-eversion, and forefoot abduction-adduction. Increased forefoot abduction occurred throughout stance phase in symptomatic flatfooted participants compared to all asymptomatic groups.

Significance
The results suggest that foot motion in the transverse plane is closely associated with the presence of symptoms in flat feet and that this is accompanied by changes in the kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip.
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docbourke · Dec 31, 2018

Did the pain cause the changes described. If I had sore feet I would walk slowly with an altered gait. This demonstrates the weakness of gait analysis in the presence of pain.

docbourke · Dec 31, 2018

I hope you did not compare 6 year olds with teenagers as they clearly have distinctly different gait patterns.

NewsBot · Jun 6, 2019

Flatfoot deformity affected the kinematics of the foot and ankle in proportion to the severity of deformity
Hyuck SooShinaJae HeeLeeaEoJin KimbMin GyuKyungaHyoJeong YooaDong YeonLeea
Gait & Posture; 5 June 2019

Highlights
•Flatfoot affected the foot kinematics in proportion to the severity of deformity.
•Foot kinematics of the moderate flatfoot were similar with the normal control.
•There might be a threshold of flatfoot precluding normal foot kinematics.
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Background
: Flatfoot deformity is thought to affect gait kinematics, but the effect of flatfoot on segmental motion of the foot during gait remains unclear. Recently, multi-segmental foot models (MFMs) have been introduced for the in vivo analysis of dynamic foot kinematics. The objective of this study was to find the effect of flatfoot on segmental motion of the foot during gait in females by comparisons with age and gender controlled healthy adults.

Methods
: Thirty six symptomatic flatfeet patients (52–80 years old) and 42 symptom-free female participants without flatfoot (60-69 years old) were included in this study. According to the Meary angle (MA) on standing lateral radiograph, flatfoot patients are divided into severe (SFF, MA>20°) and moderate (MFF, 10°<MA<20°) flatfoot group. Segmental foot kinematics were evaluated using a 3D MFM of a 15-marker set (DuPont Foot Model).

Results
: The cadence, speed, stride length, and step width are significantly lower in flatfoot patients. ROM of sagittal and transverse plane of the hindfoot, transverse plane of the forefoot and sagittal plane of the hallux were lower in severe flatfoot group. In the SFF group, there was loss of hindfoot adduction motion during the terminal stance and pre-swing phase. In forefoot kinematics, the SFF group showed significantly supinated and abducted position throughout the gait cycle. In hindfoot kinematics, plantar flexion motion in the pre-swing phase was significantly lower in flatfoot patients in proportion to the severity of the deformity.

Conclusions
: We showed that flatfoot deformity affected the kinematics of the foot and ankle in proportion to the severity of deformity. We cautiously suggest that there might be a threshold of flatfoot precluding normal foot kinematics because normal kinematic pattern of the foot might not collapse in moderate flatfoot with a Meary angle of less than 20 degrees.
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NewsBot · Jul 8, 2019

Differences in foot muscle morphology and foot kinematics between symptomatic and asymptomatic pronated feet.
Zhang X et al
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Jul 6

PURPOSE:
This study aimed to determine the differences in foot muscle morphology and 3D multi-segmental foot kinematics during walking between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with pronated feet (pronators) in a physically active population.

METHODS:
A total of 30 young physically active adults with pronated feet participated in this study, with 15 of them having recurring overuse injuries in the lower extremity in the 6 months prior to the test. A pronated foot was identified as having a foot posture index score between 6 and 12. An ultrasound system was used to measure the cross-sectional area and thickness of foot muscles of interest, including peroneus muscles, flexor digitorum longus and brevis, and abductor hallucis. Foot kinematic data during walking was collected using a 3D motion capture system incorporating the Oxford Foot Model.

RESULTS:
The symptomatic pronators demonstrated smaller cross-sectional area of flexor digitorum longus and abductor hallucis, and thinner peroneus muscles and abductor hallucis than their asymptomatic counterparts. The symptomatic pronators also displayed higher forefoot peak abduction during the stance phase of walking CONCLUSION: There are differences in both extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscle morphology between symptomatic and asymptomatic pronators in a physically active adult population. Strengthening foot muscles may contribute to injury prevention in pronators. Large forefoot abduction instead of large rearfoot eversion during walking might be the indicator of pain in physically active pronators. Findings of this study may have implications on the underlying mechanisms of overuse injuries in individuals with pronated feet
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NewsBot · Oct 14, 2020

Differences in rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics of normal foot and flatfoot during running
Tomoya Takabayashi Ph.D Mutsuaki Edama Ph.D Takuma Inai Ph.D Masayoshi Kubo ScD
10 October 2020

Flatfoot is a common foot deformity, which could contribute to running injuries such as medial tibial stress syndrome. Intra‐foot kinematics of flatfoot during walking have often been documented using multi‐segment foot models. However, the intra‐foot kinematics of flatfoot during running remain unclear, despite the possiblerelationship between flatfoot and running injuries.We aimed to clarify rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics when running in participants with normal foot and flatfoot.Participants with normal foot (n=14) and flatfoot (n=14) were asked to runover‐ground at their preferred speed.Three‐dimensional kinematics of the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot during running were calculated based on the Rizzoli foot model. A two‐sample t‐test of Statistical Parametric Mapping was performed to determine differences between normal foot and flatfoot in time histories of intra‐foot kinematics during running. No differences were found between groups in characteristics and spatiotemporal parameters. In the frontal rearfoot angle, a significantly increased eversion from 24 to 100% (p < 0.001) was observed in the flatfoot compared to normal foot. At the midfoot angle, a significantly increased eversion from 0 to 4% (p< 0.049) and 21 to 100% (p< 0.001) was observed in the flatfoot compared to normal foot. At the forefoot angle, a significantly increased inversion from 6 to 17% (p< 0.047) was observed in the flatfoot compared to normal foot.These findings may be useful to explain why flatfoot could contribute to running injuries such as medial tibial stress syndrome.
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NewsBot · Aug 14, 2022

Symptomatic and asymptomatic pronated feet show differences in the forefoot abduction motion during jogging, but not in the arch deformation
Xianyi Zhang et al
Sports Biomech. 2022 Aug 12;1-12

Pronated feet have been associated with higher risks of running-related overuse injuries than neutral feet. However, it remains unclear why some pronated feet develop running-related injuries, while others do not. This study aimed to examine the differences in foot kinematics during jogging among individuals with symptomatic pronated feet (SP), asymptomatic pronated feet (AP) and asymptomatic neutral feet (AN). Thirty-nine recreational runners were recruited and classified into the SP, AP and AN groups. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and ANOVA were used to identify kinematic differences among three groups. The SPM results showed that the SP had larger forefoot abduction than the AN and AP during jogging, while three groups had similar rearfoot eversion during jogging. Both the AP and SP had larger forefoot sagittal range of motion (ROM) (mean difference = 3.5 and 4.8 deg, respectively) and smaller rearfoot sagittal ROM (mean difference = 5.0 and 3.5 deg, respectively) than the AN. Forefoot abduction during jogging may have the potential to identify pronated feet at greater risk of injury. Pronated feet, symptomatic or not, have comparable large forefoot sagittal ROM, i.e., arch deformation, compared to neutral feet. The findings could have implications for the injury aetiology and intervention strategies for SP.
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NewsBot · Nov 1, 2023

Comparison of foot kinematics and ground reaction force characteristics during walking in individuals with highly and mildly pronated feet
Kazunori Okamura, Shusaku Kanai
Gait & Posture; 14 October 2023

Background
Individuals with highly pronated feet (PF) are more prone to lower extremity injuries than those with mildly PF. However, whether foot kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) characteristics differ according to the severity of PF deformity is unclear.

Research question
Are there differences in foot kinematics and GRF characteristics during walking between individuals with mildly PF and those with highly PF?

Methods
Ten individuals with mildly PF and 10 with highly PF (six-item foot posture index scores: 6–9 and 10–12 points, respectively) participated in this study. A three-dimensional motion analysis system measured participants’ foot kinematics and GRF characteristics during gait trials.

Results
Participants with highly PF exhibited significantly lower medial longitudinal arch heights than those with mildly PF from 0 % to 90 % of the stance phase (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in any of the angles between the foot segments. Additionally, participants with highly PF exhibited significantly larger posterior GRF than those with mildly PF from 2 % to 7 % of the stance phase (p < 0.05). Participants with highly PF also exhibited significantly larger anterior GRF than those with mildly PF, from 62 % to 82 % of the stance phase (p < 0.05).

Significance
The results of this study suggest that the more severe the PF deformity, the more inefficient the foot ground force transmission, and the stronger the load applied to the foot. These results may be related to the higher incidence of lower extremity injuries in individuals with highly PF than in those with mildly PF.
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docbourke Active Member

docbourke Active Member

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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