Navicular Drop versus Dorsal Arch Height Difference?

NewsBot · May 28, 2013

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The Optimal Method to Assess the Vertical Mobility of the Midfoot: Navicular Drop versus Dorsal Arch Height Difference?
McPoil TG, Cornwall MW, Abeler MG, Devereaux KJ, Flood LJ, et al
Clin Res Foot Ankle 1:104 2013

Background: Clinical measurements that assess the vertical mobility of the midfoot are utilized to assist the clinician in understanding general foot mobility as well as when prescribing foot orthoses and footwear. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the level of intra-rater and inter-rater reliability for navicular drop and dorsal arch height difference using both experienced and inexperienced raters at two geographical locations. In addition, the relationship between navicular drop and the dorsal arch height difference was assessed and normative values for these measurements were provided.

Methods:One hundred and ninety-two healthy participants, from two geographical locations, volunteered to participate in the study. Six raters performed the foot measurements required to calculate navicular drop and dorsal arch height difference. These measurements were assessed on 107 female and 85 male participants. Twenty participants from each geographical location were assessed in two sessions, separated by one week, to determine the reliability of the measurements.

Results: All foot measurements were shown to have high levels of intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. The strength of the correlation between navicular drop and the dorsal arch height difference was poor indicating that the two measures are not equivalent and cannot be used interchangeably by clinicians when assessing the vertical mobility of the midfoot.

Conclusion: While both measures have high levels of reliability, the dorsal arch height difference requires a special non-weight bearing platform as well as patient/client feedback to properly position the platform. As a result, the authors recommend the use of navicular drop as the method of choice for the assessment of the vertical mobility of the midfoot.
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Admin2 · May 28, 2013

Related Threads:
Other threads tagged with navicular drop

Admin2 · Oct 24, 2013

Association of Navicular Drop and Selected Lower-Limb Biomechanical Measures During the Stance Phase of Running
Mansour Eslami, Mohsen Damavandi, and Reed Ferber
Journal of Applied Rehabilitation (in press)

There is evidence to suggest that navicular drop measures are associated with specific lower-extremity gait biomechanical parameters. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between navicular drop and a) rearfoot eversion excursion, b) tibial internal rotation excursion, c) peak ankle inversion moment, and d) peak knee adduction moment during the stance phase of running. Methods: sixteen able-bodied men having an average age of 28.1(SD= 5.30) years, weight of 81.5 (SD=10.40) kg, height of 179.1 (SD=5.42) cm volunteered and ran barefoot at 170 steps/minute over a force plate. Navicular drop measures were negatively correlated with tibial internal rotation excursion (r=-0.53, P=0.01) but not with rearfoot eversion excursion (r=-0.19; P=0.23). Significant positive correlations were found between navicular drop and peak knee adduction moment (r= 0.62, P<0.01) and peak ankle inversion moment (r=0.60, P<0.01). These findings suggest that a low navicular drop measure could be associated with increasing tibial rotation excursion while high navicular drop measure could be associated with increased peak ankle and knee joint moments. These findings indicate that measures of navicular drop explained between 28% and 38% of the variability for measures of tibial internal rotation excursion, peak knee adduction moment and peak ankle inversion moments.
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NewsBot · Feb 18, 2014

Navicular index for differentiation of flatfoot from normal foot.
Roth S, Roth A, Jotanovic Z, Madarevic T.
Int Orthop. 2013 Jun;37(6):1107-12.

PURPOSE:
The height of navicular bone from the floor is in proportion with the height of longitudinal arch of the foot. The study was conducted to evaluate correlation of navicular bone height with most often used angles, heel valgus and a foot print in order to simplify the procedure for the diagnosis of flatfoot.
METHODS:
A total of 218 operated children (436 feet) because of flexible flatfoot were evaluated clinically and radiologically. Meary angle, lateral talonavicular angle, talocalcaneal angle, calcaneal pitch, heel valgus and arch index (Staheli) were evaluated pre-operatively and postoperatively. In 121 (242 feet) chosen children (age eight to 15) with all clinical values and pre-operative angles corresponding flatfoot, all postoperatively measured values were within the normal range. We got the navicular index by dividing length of longitudinal arch with navicular height. Values of navicular index were then compared with pre-operatively and postoperatively measured values. Pearson correlation and ROC test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS:
Values of the navicular index for flatfeet were in the interval from 4.75 to 31.2 (median 8.98), and for normal-arched feet 3.58-22.6 (median 5.48). Pearson correlation of arch index and measured parameters were significant in majority, and degree according to Colton was good. Area under the ROC curve was 0.861 (p = 0.0001). The cut-off value with 86 % sensitivity and 75 % specificity was 6.7407.
CONCLUSION:
Navicular index can be used reliably, without measures of the other parameters, to differentiate flatfoot from normal-arched foot. Therefore, the navicular index has an ability to distinguish between the flatfoot and normal-arched foot.
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NewsBot · Aug 12, 2014

Normative values of Navicular drop test and the effect of demographic
parameters - A cross sectional study
Umesh Adhikari, Watson Arulsingh, Ganesh Pai and Joseph Oliver Raj
Annals of Biological Research, 2014, 5 (7):40-48

Though Brody’s navicular drop test is a clinical, valid predictor of navicular height to characterize arch of human
foot, normative values have not been yet provided and also the effect of demographic variables on navicular drop
were not explored. The purpose of this study was to find out the normalative values of navicular drop of Brody’s
Navicular drop test. And to correlate the effect of age, gender, BMI and foot length on navicular drop. 112 healthy
subjects, 51 males and 61 females of age 20 (19, 22) years, height 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) m, weight 55 (47.25, 62) kg. ND
measurement of both feet were taken, all demographic data were measured to see any correlation exist with ND.
Results revealed that normative median value for NDRT for male was found to be 6 (3, 8) and female was found to
be 4 (3, 5). Normative median value for NDLT for male and female was found to be 4 (3, 6) and 3 (2, 5).
Spearman’s rho (ρ) for age versus NDRT(right foot) was found to be 0.15 (p=0.1), age versus NDLT (left foot) was
found to be 0.17 (p=0.07). Spearman’s rho (ρ) for height versus NDRT and NDLT were found to be 0.07 (p=0.45)
and 0.15 (p=0.1) respectively. Spearman’s rho for weight versus NDRT and NDLT were found to be 0.2 (p=0.04)
and 0.32 (p=0.001) respectively. Spearman’s rho for BMI versus NDRT and NDLT were found to be 0.2 (p=0.03)
and 0.25 (p=0.01) respectively. Spearman’s rho for mean foot length (MFL) versus NDRT and NDLT were found to
be 0.08 (p=0.4) and 0.19 (p=0.048) respectively. The normative values of ND for male and female were given. All
the demographic parameters did not show co-relation with ND except a low co-relation with BMI with ND and a
borderline statistical significance with MFL and NDLT was demonstrated.
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NewsBot · May 19, 2015

A study to correlate clinically
validated normalized truncated navicular height to brody's navicular drop test in characterizing medial arch of the foot.
Rajakaruna, R.M.B.D., Arulsing, W., Oliver Raj, J., Sinha, M.,
BMR Medicine. 1(1), pp.1-7 2015
ABSTRACT

Background-: Understanding foot motion in locomotion is essential for clinicians in order to make right diagnosis and
appropriate rehabilitation measures. The medial longitudinal arch is the primary shock absorber and load bearing structure
of the foot. To measure medial arch height, upto date navicular drop test and truncated navicular heights are proven well to
be a validated and reliable one among foot print indices used clinically. But association between these two variables is not
explored.
Objective-: To investigate the association of truncated navicular height to brody's navicular drop test in characterizing
medial arch of the foot.
Methodology-: It is a cross sectional study. For this purpose, the right and left feet of 28 subjects between the age of 18-25
(15 female, 13 male) who fit into inclusion criteria were measured by using the plantar surface foot prints and measuring the
navicular height to truncated foot length as well as brody’s navicular drop test to establish a mean and standard deviation.
Data was collected and analysed by chi-square test to correlate the mean values obtained from these two tools.
Results-: SPSS 16 version was used to analyse the data. When chi-square test was used to correlate the mean values
obtained from each tools, revealed with X2 = 296.3, p = 3.25 for the right foot with r value of -0.67 and X2 = 332, p = 0.033
for the left foot with r value of -0.56.
Conclusion-: It is concluded that two clinical tools used here in characterising the foot arch have shown fair correlation to
one another.
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NewsBot · Dec 11, 2018

Evaluating the Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot: Correlations, Reliability, and Accuracy in People With a Low Arch
Juan C Zuil-Escobar Carmen B Martínez-Cepa Jose A Martín-Urrialde Antonia Gómez-Conesa
Physical Therapy: 07 December 2018

Background
The medial longitudinal arch of the foot is a variable structure, and a decrease in its height could affect several functions and increase the risk of injuries in the lower limbs. There are many different techniques for evaluating it.

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlations of the Navicular Drop Test, several footprint parameters, and the Foot Posture Index-6 in people with a low medial longitudinal arch. Intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were also estimated.

Design
This was a repeated-measures, observational descriptive study.

Methods
Seventy-one participants (53.5% women; mean age = 24.13 years; SD = 3.41) were included. All of the parameters were collected from the dominant foot. The correlation coefficients were calculated. The reliability was also calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, and kappa coefficient.

Results
Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the Navicular Drop Test and the footprint parameters, with r absolute values ranging from 0.722 to 0.788. The Navicular Drop Test and the Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.8), and good correlations (Spearman correlation coefficient = |0.663–0.703|) were obtained between the footprint parameters and the Foot Posture Index-6. Excellent intrarater reliability and interrater reliability were obtained for all of the parameters.

Limitations
Radiographic parameters, the gold standard for evaluating the medial longitudinal arch height, were not used. In addition, the results of this research cannot be generalized to people with normal and high medial longitudinal arches.

Conclusions
In participants with a low medial longitudinal arch, the Navicular Drop Test showed significant correlations with footprint parameters; correlations were good for the arch angle and Chippaux-Smirnak Index and excellent for the Staheli Index. The Foot Posture Index-6 showed an excellent correlation with the Navicular Drop Test and a good correlation with the footprint parameters evaluated. All of the parameters showed high reliability.
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NewsBot · Oct 19, 2021

Validity and Reliability of New Digital Navicular Drop Test Equipment in
Young People
Jin-Seong Park, et al
PNF and Movement, 2021; 19(2): 279-285

Purpose: This study aimed to develop new digital navicular drop test (ND-NDT) equipment and to determine its validity and
reliability.
Methods: A total of 24 healthy male and female adults, who fully understood the purpose of the study and gave consent to
participate in the study, were selected as participants. The NDT and ND-NDT were conducted in the dominant foot of the
participants in a random order. For the NDT, the position of the navicular bone was marked with a pen first; then, the height of
the navicular bone from the ground was measured in both sitting and standing positions. For the ND-NDT, after the sticker-type
reflection markers were attached to the position of the navicular bone, the height of the navicular bone from the ground was
measured in both sitting and standing positions. To assess the validity of the diagnostic tests, the same examiner measured the
height of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) three times in both the sitting and standing positions. To assess the inter-rater
reliability of the ND-NDT, three examiners, in a random order, attached the sticker-type reflection markers to the position of the
navicular bone and then measured the height of the MLA in both positions.
Results: In the sitting position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two diagnostic tests was very high (r = 0.97)
and statistically significant. In the standing position, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the two tests was 0.95, which
was also statistically significant. The ICC2,1 values in the sitting and standing positions were 0.93 and 0.95, respectively, indicating
significantly high inter-rater reliability.
Conclusion: The ND-NDT equipment showed very high diagnostic validity, as well as excellent inter-rater reliability,
indicating the clinical usefulness of the equipment as a diagnostic system for confirming pes planus.
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NewsBot · Oct 30, 2021

Assessment of flat foot using plantar arch index in young adults
Amith Ramos et al
BIOMEDICINE: 2021; 41(3)

Introduction and Aim: Flat foot or pes planus results from collapse of the arches of the foot. Etiology, however varies in different age groups. As anthropometric measurements are age dependent, their correlation with different foot postures should be age specific. Our study aimed at using Plantar arch Index (PAI) to identify prevalence of flat foot in a young student population and find any association of obesity with flat foot.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 150 medical students of a medical college. Staheli’s method was used to calculate PAI after collecting the footprints of students by ink method.

Results: Prevalence of type III flat foot deformity was 6%, with a male preponderance. The PAI values ranged from 0 to 1.818. No association was found between obesity and PAI.

Conclusion: Obesity was not associated with flat foot in the age group 18-25 years probably indicating different etiology for acquired flat foot in this age group. Our study also suggests that simple ink print method is a simpler method to diagnose flat feet deformity clinically using PAI.
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NewsBot · Dec 26, 2023

Validity and Reliability of Digital Navicular Drop Equipment in Young People with and without Pes Planus
Sang-Yeol Lee, Du-Jin Park
J Musculoskelet Sci Technol 2023; 7(2):80-86

Background
The navicular drop test (NDT) is clinically useful, but its reliability varies depending on the examiner’s skill. As an alternative, digital navicular drop test equipment (D-NDT) has been developed, but it needs to be validated.

Purpose
This study investigated the diagnostic validity and inter-rater reliability of D-NDT in adults with and without pes planus.

Study design
A case–control study

Methods
We enrolled 52 participants: 26 with normal feet and 26 with pes planus. To assess the diagnostic validity of the D-NDT, all participants randomly underwent the NDT and used the D-NDT at least three times. Three raters assessed the reliability of the D-NDT based on the data for 10 participants randomly selected from each group.

Results
The correlation between the NDT and D-NDT grades was good in the normal (p<0.001, r=0.650) and pes planus (p<0.001, r=0.740) groups. The inter-rater reliability of the total D-NDT grade was good (ICC2,1=0.702) in the normal group and excellent (ICC2,1=0.773) in the pes planus group.

Conclusions
D-NDT showed high diagnostic validity, with excellent inter-rater reliability for participants with pes planus.
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