Recommendations for the reporting of foot and ankle models

NewsBot · Aug 15, 2012

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Recommendations for the reporting of foot and ankle models
Chris Bishop, Gunther Paul, Dominic Thewlis
Journal of Biomechanics; Volume 45, Issue 13, 31 August 2012, Pages 2185–2194

Multiple marker sets and models are currently available for assessing foot and ankle kinematics in gait. Despite the presence of such a wide variety of models, the reporting of methodological designs remains inconsistent and lacks clearly defined standards. This review highlights the variability found when reporting biomechanical model parameters, methodological design, and model reliability. Further, the review clearly demonstrates the need for a consensus of what methodological considerations to report in manuscripts, which focus on the topic of foot and ankle biomechanics. We propose five minimum reporting standards, that we believe will ensure the transparency of methods and begin to allow the community to move towards standard modelling practice. The strict adherence to these standards should ultimately improve the interpretation and clinical useability of foot and ankle marker sets and their corresponding models.
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NewsBot · Feb 7, 2018

A systematic review of approaches to modelling lower limb muscle forces during gait: applicability to clinical gait analyses
Ursula Tinler et al
Gait and Posture; Article in Press

Highlights
•Broad agreement in muscles’ activity between and within modelling approaches.
•Considerable differences between patterns and magnitudes of force generation.
•The main source of this variability is not clear.
•Sufficient consensus to conclude utility in augmenting clinical gait analysis.
•Interpretation should be based on a thorough understanding of their limitations.
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Computational methods to estimate muscle forces during walking are becoming more common in biomechanical research but not yet in clinical gait analysis. This systematic review aims to identify the current state-of-the-art, examine the differences between approaches, and consider applicability of the current approaches in clinical gait analysis.

A systematic database search identified studies including estimated muscle force profiles of the lower limb during healthy walking. These were rated for quality and the muscle force profiles digitised for comparison.

From 13.449 identified studies, 22 were finally included which used four modelling approaches: static optimisation, enhanced static optimisation, forward dynamics and EMG-driven. These used a range of different musculoskeletal models, muscle-tendon characteristics and cost functions. There is visually broad agreement between and within approaches about when muscles are active throughout the gait cycle. There remain, considerable differences (CV 7%–151%, range of timing of peak forces in gait cycle 1%–31%) in patterns and magnitudes of force between and within modelling approaches.

The main source of this variability is not clear. Different musculoskeletal models, experimental protocols, and modelling approaches will clearly have an effect as will the variability of joint kinetics between healthy individuals. Limited validation of modelling approaches, particularly at the level of individual participants, makes it difficult to conclude if any of the approaches give consistently better estimates than others.

While muscle force modelling has clear potential to enhance clinical gait analyses future research is needed to improve validation, accuracy and feasibility of implementation in clinical practice.
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