Risk Factors for Ingrown Toenails

NewsBot · Oct 6, 2010

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Is There a Relationship Between Forefoot Alignment and Ingrown Toenail? A Case-Control Study.
Kose O, Celiktas M, Kisin B, Ozyurek S, Yigit S.
Foot Ankle Spec. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]

Biomechanical imbalance between the hallux and the second toe and external compression of the lateral nail fold are proposed as the main reasons for ingrown toenail. Therefore, any anatomical predisposition facilitating this compression may play a role in the occurrence of ingrown toenail. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between forefoot alignment and ingrown toenail. The authors retrospectively reviewed radiographs of 81 patients with ingrown toenails and compared them with 100 healthy subjects regarding forefoot alignment. Hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and interphalangeal angle (IPA) were measured, and feet were classified according to digital formula as Egyptian, Greek, and square. The mean HVA was 14.5° ± 5.0° in the case group and 13.2° ± 5.9° in the control group. The mean IMA was 9.1° ± 2.5° in the case group and 8.6° ± 3.1° in the control group. The mean IPA was 11.9° ± 4.1° in the case group and 12.0° ± 5.1 ° in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding HVA, IMA, or IPA (P = .123, P = .198, and P = .925, respectively). The distribution of foot types between groups was also similar (P = .967). This study has failed to demonstrate any abnormality in forefoot alignment in patients with symptomatic ingrowing toenails, and it is suggested that treatment should not be based on the correction of the anatomy if no abnormality exists.
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NewsBot · Oct 13, 2020

Evaluation of The Relationship Between Ingrown
Toenail and Hallux Interphalangeal Angle
Tolgahan Kuru et al
East J Med 25(3): 356-361, 2020

Commonly encountered ingrown toenail has been associated especially with shoe properties and nail care. The objective of
this study was to investigate the relationship between hallux interphalangeal angle (HIA) and ingrown toenail.
A total of 28 patients diagnosed with ingrown toenail without foot deformity except hallux interphalangeal angle were
included in the study. Twenty-eight persons without any complaint of ingrown toenail or any foot deformity, and who
presented due to any complaint other than lower extremity were enrolled as the control group. Hallux interphalangeal angle
was calculated both in patients and control subjects with dorsoplantar projection of the foot, and compared between the
groups.
The groups were similar in age and gender, but showed differences in terms of HIA. The mean HIA value was significantly
higher in the patient group compared to the control group. HIA was higher in male patients with ingrown toenail, while
this correlation could not be shown in female patients.
Increased HIA may be among the risk factors for ingrown toenail. Deformities of the forefoot should be evaluated in
patients with ingrown toenail.
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