Shoe cushioning reduces impact and muscle activation during landings from unexpected, but not self-i

NewsBot · Aug 27, 2017

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Shoe cushioning reduces impact and muscle activation during landings from unexpected, but not self-initiated, drops
Weijie Fu, Ying Fang, Yaodong Gu, Lingyan Huang, Li Li, Yu Liu
JSMS October 2017Volume 20, Issue 10, Pages 915–920

Objectives
To date, few rigorous scientific studies have been conducted to understand the impact mechanics and muscle activation characteristics of different landing tasks and the influence of shoe properties. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of shoe cushioning on impact biomechanics and muscular responses during drop landings.

Design
A single-blinded and randomized design.

Methods
Twelve male collegiate basketball players performed bipedal landings from self-initiated and unexpected drops (SIDL and UDL) from a 60-cm height wearing highly-cushioned basketball shoes (Bball) and less cushioned control shoes (CC). Sagittal plane kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRF), accelerations of the shoe heel-cup, and electromyography (EMG) of the tibialis anterior (TA), lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris (BF) were collected simultaneously.

Results
In SIDL, no significant differences were observed in peak vertical GRF, peak heel acceleration, or EMG amplitude (root mean square, EMGRMS) for all muscles between the two shoe conditions. In UDL, however, both peak vertical GRF and heel acceleration were significantly lower in Bball compared to CC. Furthermore, the EMGRMS of TA, RF, VL, and BF muscles showed a significant decrease in Bball compared to CC within the 50 ms after contact.

Conclusions
These observations suggest that shoe cushioning may make only a limited contribution to reducing landing impact forces provided that neuromuscular adjustments occur properly, as in SIDL. However, in the situation where pre-planned neuromuscular activity is reduced or absent, as in UDL, wearing a highly-cushioned shoe decreases peak impact and muscle activation in the 50 ms after ground contact.
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Admin2 · Aug 27, 2017

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NewsBot · Feb 2, 2019

Cushioning perception is associated with both tibia acceleration peak and vibration magnitude in heel-toe running
Nicolas Horvais, Pierre Samozino, Xavier Chiementin, Jean-Benoit Morin & Marlene Giandolini
Footwear Science : 01 Feb 2019

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the perception of cushioning and variable measured using tibia acceleration in heel–toe running. Method: Ten rearfoot strikers’ runners ran at 3.9 m.s−1 on a stiff treadmill in seven footwear conditions presenting different mechanical properties through midsole geometries and/or materials. The perceived cushioning was quantified through a 100-mm visual analogic scale. Tibia accelerations were measured using a triaxial accelerometer from which six variables of interest were extracted based on time and frequency analyses. After pooling data of each subject in each condition (n = 70), Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to test the correlation between the perceived cushioning and each biomechanical variables. The Cohen’s d effect size was calculated for significant correlation. Results: Significant correlations were found between the perceived cushioning and three axial acceleration-related variables which are the axial acceleration peak (r = −0.246, p = .04, small correlation), the kurtosis coefficient of the axial acceleration peak (r = −0.281, p = .056, small correlation), and the power spectral density of the axial acceleration within the 10–20 Hz bandwidth (r = −0.300, p = .018, small correlation). Conclusion: The present study highlights that the perception of running footwear cushioning was correlated to tibia impact peak and tibia vibration magnitude. Besides, no variable extracted from the transverse component of tibia acceleration was correlated to cushioning perception. These findings could have practical implications in running footwear design.
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NewsBot · Oct 28, 2019

Midsole Properties Affect the Amplitude of Soft-Tissue Vibrations in Heel–Toe Runners
Giandolini, Marlene et al
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: October 23, 2019 - Volume Publish Ahead of Print - Issue - p

Introduction Soft-tissue vibrations can generate discomfort and may necessitate a greater energy demand to preserve an efficient motion in running. Vibration damping is thus of interest from a comfort and performance standpoint. Our purpose was to assess whether changes in midsole material affect the properties of (a) soft-tissue vibrations and (b) myoelectric activity.

Methods Two midsole conditions were compared. The control condition corresponded to a full ethylene-vinyl-acetate foam midsole. The experimental condition was a bi-material midsole with a material combination of viscous and visco-elastic materials. Twelve participants ran on an indoor track in both conditions while recording the longitudinal acceleration and EMG activity of vastus medialis (VM) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM). Wavelet transforms were performed for EMG and acceleration signals to assess the intensity of the muscle activity at low- and high-frequencies (37-128 Hz and 170-395 Hz, respectively), and to calculate the damping coefficient (D) for soft-tissue vibrations. The soft-tissue vibrations were also characterized by the peak of acceleration (apeak), the frequency of the power peak (fpeak) and the power of the soft-tissue vibrations (PSD[8-55]).

Results The variables apeak and PSD[8-55] decreased for VM and GM in the viscous condition. Prior heel strike, low-frequency EMG activity decreased for VM and high-frequency EMG activity tended to decrease for GM in the viscous condition. The damping D was reduced only for VM, and fpeak was unchanged.

Conclusion A more viscous midsole substantially reduced the amplitude of soft-tissue vibrations, but not their frequency. Looking at individual results, it was noted that muscle activity was tuned in response to the acceleration input, and that the damping of soft-tissue vibrations was affected by the intensity of muscle activity.
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NewsBot · Sep 29, 2020

Effect of shoe cushioning on landing impact forces and spatiotemporal parameters during running: results from a randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners
Laurent Malisoux, Nicolas Delattre , Christophe Meyer , Paul Gette , Axel Urhausen & Daniel Theisen
European Journal of Sport Science : 11 Aug 2020

In a recent randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners, injury risk was lower in those who received the Soft shoe version compared to those using the Hard version (Hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07–2.16). Here, we investigated the effect of shoe cushioning on ground reaction forces (GRF) and spatiotemporal parameters in the same cohort, with a special focus on Vertical Impact Peak Force (VIPF) and Vertical Instantaneous Loading Rate (VILR). Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received one of two shoe prototypes that differed only in their cushioning properties (Global stiffness: 61 ± 3 and 95 ± 6 N/mm in the Soft and Hard versions, respectively). Participants were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed. GRF data was recorded over 2 min. VIPF was higher in the Soft shoe group compared to the Hard shoe group (1.53 ± 0.21 vs. 1.44 ± 0.23 BW, respectively; p < 0.001). However, the proportion of steps with detectable VIPF was lower in the Soft shoe group (84 vs. 97%, respectively; p < 0.001) and Time to VIPF was longer (46.9 ± 8.5 vs. 43.4 ± 7.4 milliseconds, respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for VILR (60.1 ± 13.8 vs. 58.9 ± 15.6 BW/s for Soft and Hard shoe group, respectively; p = 0.070) or any other kinetic variable. These results show that the beneficial effect of greater shoe cushioning on injury risk in the present cohort is not associated with attenuated VIPF and VILR. These GRF metrics may be inappropriate markers of the shoe cushioning-injury risk relationship, while delayed VIPF and the proportion of steps displaying a VIPF could be more relevant.
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NewsBot · Jan 2, 2021

Effect of shoe cushioning on landing impact forces and spatiotemporal parameters during running: results from a randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners
Laurent Malisoux, Nicolas Delattre , Christophe Meyer , Paul Gette , Axel Urhausen & Daniel Theisen
European Journal of Sport Science : 12 Sep 2020

In a recent randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners, injury risk was lower in those who received the Soft shoe version compared to those using the Hard version (Hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07–2.16). Here, we investigated the effect of shoe cushioning on ground reaction forces (GRF) and spatiotemporal parameters in the same cohort, with a special focus on Vertical Impact Peak Force (VIPF) and Vertical Instantaneous Loading Rate (VILR). Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received one of two shoe prototypes that differed only in their cushioning properties (Global stiffness: 61 ± 3 and 95 ± 6 N/mm in the Soft and Hard versions, respectively). Participants were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed. GRF data was recorded over 2 min. VIPF was higher in the Soft shoe group compared to the Hard shoe group (1.53 ± 0.21 vs. 1.44 ± 0.23 BW, respectively; p < 0.001). However, the proportion of steps with detectable VIPF was lower in the Soft shoe group (84 vs. 97%, respectively; p < 0.001) and Time to VIPF was longer (46.9 ± 8.5 vs. 43.4 ± 7.4 milliseconds, respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for VILR (60.1 ± 13.8 vs. 58.9 ± 15.6 BW/s for Soft and Hard shoe group, respectively; p = 0.070) or any other kinetic variable. These results show that the beneficial effect of greater shoe cushioning on injury risk in the present cohort is not associated with attenuated VIPF and VILR. These GRF metrics may be inappropriate markers of the shoe cushioning-injury risk relationship, while delayed VIPF and the proportion of steps displaying a VIPF could be more relevant.
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NewsBot · Oct 5, 2021

Wearing Cushioning Shoes Reduce Load Rates More Effectively in Post-Fatigue than in Pre-Fatigue during Landings
Xi Wang et al
Biology 2021, 10(10), 962

Athlete experience high impact forces during landing, which is a contributing factor to injury risk potentials. As a potential factor of affecting the impact force, previous study of the effects of footwear cushioning effect on landing biomechanics were inconsistent. Furthermore, limited efforts have been exerted on the relationship between footwear cushioning and fatigue. In this study, the footwear cushioning effects on bipedal landing biomechanics before and after acute exercise-induced fatigue protocol were explored. The results of this study suggest that footwear cushioning can reduce landing-related rearfoot impact forces regardless of fatigue conditions. In a situation where the neuromuscular activity is reduced or absent, e.g., post-fatigue, wearing better cushioning shoes show superior attenuation, as indicated by low forefoot and rearfoot impacts.
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Purpose: this study aimed to investigate the footwear cushioning effects on impact forces and joint kinematics of the lower extremity during bipedal drop landings before and after acute exercise-induced fatigue protocol. Methods: in this case, 15 male collegiate basketball athletes performed drop landings from a 60 cm platform wearing highly-cushioned shoes (HS) and less cushioned shoes (control shoes, CS) before and after acute fatigue-inducing exercises (i.e., shuttle run combined with multiple vertical jumps). Force plates and motion capturing systems were synchronised to measure ground reaction forces and kinematic data during drop landings. Maximum jump height was analysed with one-way ANOVA. Two-way repeated measure ANOVAs were performed on each of the tested variables to examine if there was significant main effects of shoe and fatigue as well as the interaction. The significance level was set to 0.05. Results: rearfoot peak impact forces and loading rates significantly reduced when the participants wore HS in pre- and post-fatigue conditions. The peak loading rates in forefoot significantly reduced when HS were worn in post-fatigue. Compared with pre-fatigue, wearing HS contributed to with 24% and 13% reduction in forefoot and rearfoot peak loading rates, respectively, and the occurrence times of first and second peak impact forces and loading rates were much later. In the post-fatigue, a significant increase in the initial contact and minimum angles of the ankle were observed in HS compared with CS. Conclusion: these findings suggest that footwear cushioning can reduce landing-related rearfoot impact forces regardless of fatigue conditions. In a situation where the neuromuscular activity is reduced or absent such as post-fatigue wearing better cushioning shoes show superior attenuation, as indicated by lower forefoot and rearfoot impacts.
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NewsBot · Feb 21, 2022

The Effects of Running Shoes' Midsole Properties on Impact
and Lower Extremity Joint's Dynamic Stability
Sihyun Ryu et al
Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2021; 31(4): 290-296

Objective: The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of three types of different running shoes
with different properties on impact variables (PVRGF and VLR) and the lower extremity joint's dynamic
stability variables (LyEs of DPA, IEA, FEA, DPAV, IEAV, and FEAV) during running.
Method: The participants in this research were 12 males (Age: 22.0 ± 3.3 years, Height: 177.2 ± 4.1 cm,
Weight: 74.3 ± 9.6 kg). One type of N company's running shoes and two types (FA, FB) of F company's
running shoes were used. As for the properties of the running shoes, thickness (mm), dwell time (ms), peak
acceleration (m/s2), and energy return (%) were measured. The motions running at 3.5 m/s on a treadmill
(Instrumented treadmill, Bertec, USA) wearing each type of running shoes were analyzed.
Results: Although the VLR of the thick running shoes (FB) was smaller than that of the other running
shoes (N, FA), the LyEs of PVGRF and DPA were larger (p<.05). Even though the running shoes' dwell time
(i.e., impact absorption time) and peak acceleration showed a positive correlation with the LyEs of DPAV,
IEAV, and FEAV, the energy return showed a negative correlation (p<.05).
Conclusion: Our results indicated that the running shoes with excellent impact absorption function are
predicted to be suitable for running beginners who need to reduce the burden of the lower extremity joint
during running. The running shoes with excellent energy return are expected to be suitable for mid-and
long-distance running elite athletes or marathoners to whom stability and consistency are essential during
running.
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