Smartphones for Gait Analysis

NewsBot · Apr 2, 2017

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Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study.
Finkbiner MJ et al
J Vis Exp. 2017 Mar 14;(121). doi: 10.3791/54659.

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available "apps" that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis. The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject's height or leg length. Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 ± 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 ± 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p < 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle. The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.
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Admin2 · Apr 2, 2017

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NewsBot · Feb 9, 2020

Validity and reliability of a smartphone motion analysis app for lower limb kinematics during treadmill running
Seyed HamedMousavi et al
Physical Therapy in Sport; 8 February 2020

Highlights
•Excellent intrarater reliability was found for 2D measures using Coach's Eye.
•Excellent interrater reliability was found for 2D measures using Coach's Eye.
•Excellent test-retest reliability was found for 2D measures using Coach's Eye.
•Coach's Eye was not a valid tool for 3 out of 8 measured kinematics.
•Alternative methods for measuring 2D sagittal-plane hip angle are recommended.
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Objective
To investigate the validity and reliability of a smartphone application for selected lower-limb kinematics during treadmill running.

Design
Validity and reliability study.

Setting
Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants
Twenty healthy female runners.

Main outcome measure(s)
Sagittal-plane hip, knee, and ankle angle and rearfoot eversion were assessed using the Coach's Eye Smartphone application and a 3D motion capture system. Paired t-test and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) established criterion validity of Coach's Eye; ICC determined test-retest and intrarater/interrater reliability.

Results
Significant differences were found between Coach's Eye and 3D measurements for ankle angle at touchdown and knee angle at toe-off (p < 0.05). ICCs for validity of Coach's Eye were excellent for rearfoot eversion at touchdown (ICC = 0.79) and fair-to-good for the other kinematics (range 0.51–0.74), except for hip at touchdown, which was poor (ICC = 0.36). Test-retest (range 0.80–0.92), intrarater (range 0.95–0.99) and interrater (range 0.87–0.94) ICC results were excellent for all selected kinematics.

Conclusion
Coach's Eye can be used as a surrogate for 3D measures of knee and rearfoot in/eversion at touchdown, and hip, ankle, and rearfoot in/eversion at toe-off, but not for hip and ankle at touchdown or knee at toe-off. Reliable running kinematics were obtained using Coach's Eye, making it suitable for repeated measures.
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NewsBot · Feb 14, 2020

Is markerless, smart phone recorded two-dimensional video a clinically useful measure of relevant lower limb kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain? A validity and reliability study
Bradley S.Neal et al
Physical Therapy in Sport Volume 43, May 2020, Pages 36-42

Highlights
•2D video analysis using the HUDL application is not a valid method for determining 3D kinematics in runners with PFP.
•Moderate intra-rater reliability for 2D video analysis of kinematics in runners with PFP was established.
•Low to moderate inter-rater reliability for 2D video analysis of kinematics in runners with PFP was established.
•Investigation of other 2D video analysis approaches to increase the precision of clinical gait analysis is warranted.
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Objectives
Investigate the validity and reliability of markerless, smart phone collected, two-dimensional (2D) video, analysed using the ‘Hudl technique’ application, compared to three-dimensional (3D) kinematics during running, in participants with patellofemoral pain (PFP).

Design
Validity/reliability study.

Setting
Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants
Males/females with PFP (n = 21, 10 males, 11 females, age 32.1 months [±12.9]).

Main outcome measures
Manually synchronised 2D and 3D measurement of peak hip adduction (HADD) and peak knee flexion (KFLEX) during running.

Results
2D and 3D measures of peak KFLEX (p = 0.02, d = 1.13), but not peak HADD (p = 0.25, d = −0.27), differed significantly. Poor validity was identified for 2D measurement of peak HADD (ICC 0.06, 95% CI -0.35, 0.47) and peak KFLEX ICC 0.42, 95% CI (−0.10, 0.75). Moderate intra-rater reliability was identified for both variables (ICC 0.61–65), alongside moderate inter-rater reliability for peak KFLEX (ICC 0.71) and poor inter-rater reliability for peak HADD (ICC 0.31).

Conclusions
Measurement of peak HADD and KFLEX in runners with PFP using markerless, smart phone collected 2D video, analysed using the Hudl technique Application is invalid, with poor to moderate reliability. Investigation of alternate 2D video approaches to increase precision is warranted. At present, 2D video analysis of running using Hudl Technique cannot be advocated.
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reillyshoe · Mar 1, 2020

I regularly use this software in gait analysis in horses, using velcro to attach my iPhone to the horse's sacrum.

NewsBot · Oct 20, 2020

Measurement of Foot Arch Height During Gait
Using Smartphones or Action Cameras
Kosuke Morinaga, Toshio Tsuji, Kotaro Matsuura, Shigekazu Ishihara and Ryuji Miyazaki
Journal of Information and Communication Engineering (JICE), 5 (1): 287-293, December 31, 2019

Foot arch problems, such as flatfoot and high & rigid arches, are common and such issues
cause symptoms such as Hallux Valgus, plantar fascia, and calcaneal spur as they decrease impact
absorbance, walking endurance, and balance. It is difficult to measure movement and deformities, such
as the medial longitudinal arch height and rearfoot (calcaneal) angle, as they quickly change during
gait. Typically, these issues have been diagnosed by podiatrists when the patient is standing still or by
naked eye observance.
In this study, we developed a point-of-care computer vision-based bone marker tracking system that
can be used with a common smartphone or action camera. Using this system, podiatrists could
quantitatively identify bone or joint movement issues and deformities during gait. The effects of
prescribed insoles are also quantitatively validated using this system. In flatfoot subjects, the arch
angle increased by 10%. Additionally, the reactive control of arches in high and rigid-arch subjects
was improved.
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NewsBot · Jul 13, 2022

Validity of two-dimensional analysis using a
tablet computer for estimation of foot arch height
during walking
Takasuke Miyazaki et al
J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 33: 194–198, 2021

[Purpose] To examine the validity of two-dimensional analysis using a tablet computer for the estimation of arch height during walking by comparing it with a motion capture system and static foot alignment screenings. [Participants and Methods] Fourteen healthy males and 15 healthy females participated in this study. The arch
height of the right foot while walking was simultaneously measured using a tablet computer and motion capture
system. Dynamic foot alignment, including arch height, at the mid-stance and pre-swing phases was calculated
from the kinematic data measured using the tablet computer and motion analysis system. Static foot alignment was
also assessed by screening tests including arch height index and foot posture index. [Results] Arch height measured
using a tablet computer showed a significant high correlation with that measured using the motion capture system
at the mid-stance and pre-swing phases. Arch height index showed a significant moderate correlation with arch
height measured using the motion capture system at the mid-stance phase. Meanwhile, foot posture index showed
no relationship with arch height measured by the motion capture system. [Conclusion] These results demonstrate
the high validity of dynamic foot analysis using a tablet computer for the estimation of arch height during walking.
Such gait analysis can be effective for assessing dynamic foot alignment in clinical practice
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Attached Files:

Pfau_et_al-2017-Equine_Veterinary_Journal.pdf

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