The Effect of a Prefabricated Foot Orthotic on Frontal Plane Joint Mechanics in Healthy Runners

NewsBot · Dec 24, 2014

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The Effect of a Prefabricated Foot Orthotic on Frontal Plane Joint Mechanics in Healthy Runners
Thomas G. Almonroeder, Lauren C. Benson and Kristian M. O’Connor
JAB; in press

The mechanism of action of a foot orthotic is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to use Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to analyze the effects of a prefabricated foot orthotic on frontal plane knee and ankle mechanics during running. Thirty-one healthy subjects performed running trials with and without a foot orthotic and PCA was performed on the knee and ankle joint angles and moments to identify the dominant modes of variation. MANOVAs were conducted on the retained PCs of each waveform and dependent t-tests (P<.05) were performed in the case of significance. Mechanics of the ankle were not affected by the foot orthotic. However, mechanics of the knee were significantly altered as subjects demonstrated an increase in the magnitude of the knee abduction moment waveform in an orthotic condition. Subjects also demonstrated a significant shift in the timing of the knee abduction moment waveform towards later in the stance phase in the orthotic condition. These orthotic effects were not related to subject’s foot mobility, measured using the Navicular Drop test. The mechanism of action of a foot orthotic may be related to their effect on the timing of frontal plane knee loading.
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NewsBot · May 28, 2015

Biomechanics of Running with a Commercially Available Non-Custom Athletic Footwear Insole: Implications for Preventing and Treating Running Injuries
Ryan T. Lewinson, Jay T. Worobets, Darren J. Stefanyshyn
Presented at the ACSM Meeting; San Diego May 2015

A commercially available non-custom athletic footwear (AF) insole has recently been developed and is claimed to help prevent and treat running injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), plantar faciitis (PF), and tibial stress syndrome (TSS); however, no data are available to support whether these insoles influence biomechanical variables associated with these injuries. PURPOSE: To determine if the AF insole alters biomechanical variables associated with PFPS, PF and TSS.
METHODS: Fifteen uninjured participants completed 5 trials running at 4m/s along a 30m runway with each of two conditions: (1) their own running shoe, control (CON), and (2) #1 with the AF insole placed within the shoe. As participants ran, 3D trajectories of the participant’s right lower leg and foot, and 3D ground reaction force data were recorded. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to calculate the following biomechanical variables: (1) knee abduction angular impulse during stance phase (associated with PFPS), (2) peak foot eversion angle during stance phase (associated with PF and TSS), and (3) peak foot eversion velocity during stance (associated with TSS). Two-tailed paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the CON and AF insole conditions.
RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the CON and AF insole conditions for knee abduction angular impulses (CON: 10.3±5.4 Nms, AF insole: 9.6±4.7 Nms, p=0.26), peak foot eversion angles (CON: 11.1±4.5 deg, AF insole: 10.8±4.3 deg, p=0.64) or peak foot eversion velocities (CON: 378±108 deg/s, AF insole: 408±122 deg/s, p=0.06). However, individually, many participants (7/15 for knee abduction angular impulse, 11/15 for peak foot eversion and eversion velocity) experienced relevant biomechanical changes of ±10% or more with the AF insole.
CONCLUSIONS: AF insoles have an influence on biomechanical variables associated with PFPS, PF or TSS for individual runners; however, their influence is not systematic across participants. Consequently, the AF insoles may offer benefit to some runners, but be detrimental to others.
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NewsBot · May 28, 2015

A comparison of different over-the-counter foot orthotic devices on multi-segment foot biomechanics.
Ferber R, Hettinga BA
Prosthet Orthot Int. 2015 May 26

BACKGROUND:
Over-the-counter foot orthoses are a cost-effective alternative to custom-made devices. However, few studies have compared over-the-counter devices and most biomechanical research involving orthoses has focused on rearfoot biomechanics.
OBJECTIVES:
To determine changes in multi-segment foot biomechanics during shod walking in three commercially available over-the-counter devices: SOLE, SuperFeet and Powerstep when compared to no orthotic.
STUDY DESIGN:
Repeated measures, cross-sectional study.
METHODS:
Retroreflective markers were placed on the right limb of 18 participants representing forefoot, midfoot, rearfoot and shank segments. Three-dimensional kinematics were recorded using an eight-camera motion capture system while participants walked on a treadmill and the order of condition was randomized between four conditions: SOLE, SuperFeet, Powerstep and no orthotic.
RESULTS:
All over-the-counter devices exhibited significant decreases in plantar fascia strain compared to no orthotic and only Powerstep exhibited significant decreases in peak rearfoot eversion. Medial longitudinal arch deformation was not reduced for any over-the-counter device.
CONCLUSION:
Different over-the-counter devices exhibited specific alterations in rearfoot kinematics and all reduced plantar fascia strain by varying amounts. These over-the-counter-specific kinematic changes should be taken into consideration when recommending these devices as a treatment option.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
Over-the-counter orthoses are a cost-effective alternative to custom-made devices. We demonstrated that three commonly used over-the-counter devices influence foot kinematics and plantar fascia strain differently. Clinicians can use these results to provide more tailored treatment options for their patients.
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NewsBot · May 13, 2019

Effect of a Commercially Available Footwear Insole on Biomechanical Variables Associated With Common Running Injuries.
Lewinson RT, Stefanyshyn DJ
Clin J Sport Med. 2017 Oct 10

OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether Dr. Scholl's Active Series (DSAS) footwear insoles alter biomechanical variables associated with running injuries.

DESIGN:
Randomized, controlled experiment.

SETTING:
Sport medicine and biomechanics gait analysis laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS:
Fifteen healthy adults.

INTERVENTIONS:
The control condition was the participant's own athletic footwear. The experimental condition was the participant's own athletic footwear plus a DSAS insole. Participants completed running gait analysis trials with each condition.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Peak vertical loading rates (VLRs), peak ankle eversion velocities (AEVs), peak ankle eversion angles (AEAs), and knee abduction angular impulses (KAAIs) were calculated and compared between the control and DSAS conditions because these variables have been associated with plantar fasciitis (VLRs), tibial stress syndrome (AEVs, AEAs), and patellofemoral pain syndrome (KAAIs).

RESULTS:
Dr. Scholl's Active Series insoles reduced VLRs across participants by 16% (P < 0.001) but had no consistent influence on AEVs, AEAs, or KAAIs. Participant-specific responses showed that most runners either experienced AEA and KAAI reductions or no change with the DSAS insole, whereas AEVs commonly increased with the DSAS insole.

CONCLUSIONS:
Dr. Scholl's Active Series insoles demonstrate efficacy in reducing VLRs, which are associated with plantar fasciitis. Biomechanical changes to variables associated with tibial stress syndrome (AEVs, AEAs) and patellofemoral pain syndrome (KAAIs) were inconsistent.
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NewsBot · Jul 27, 2022

The Effect of Customized and Silicon Insoles on Mid- and Hindfoot in Adult Flexible Pes Planovalgus
Amit Kumar Vimal PhD, Shivani Sharma MPO, Bindu Gahlawat MPO, G. Pandian MPO & Sumit Sural MS Ortho
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics (2022)

Background
Flexible flat foot or pes planovalgus is a common foot deformity, and silicone and customized insole are commonly used as a non-operative treatment modality of flexible planovalgus. However, there are inadequate data and limited evidence available regarding the immediate effects of their use in midfoot and hindfoot of adults. The aim of this study is to quantify and compare the radiological parameters immediately on weightbearing with silicon and customized insoles and without them to assess the effect on midfoot and hindfoot of the flexible planovalgus in adults.

Methods
A total number of 11 (8 females and 3 males) subjects with flexible pes planovalgus deformity without any other foot deformity were included in the study. Each patient was assessed three times in a random sequence without and with use of either silicon insoles or customized insole. The radiographic parameters without insole, with silicon insole, and with customized insole conditions were calculated using online available computer software Kinovea.

Results
One-way ANOVA analysis was performed between groups (without insole, with silicone insole and with customized insole). The hindfoot parameters depicted that calcaneal inclination angle (CIA) was significant increased (P = 0.000) and talar declination angle (TDA) was significantly decreased (P = 0.003) only with the use of customized insole compared to without insole. The midfoot parameters depicted that the first metatarsal angle (FMA) and talonavicular coverage angle (TCA) were significantly lower with customized insole (P = 0.00) as compared to other two groups and significantly lower with silicone insole (P = 0.00) as compared to without insole group.

Conclusion
The results imply that the compressibility of the insole material affects the forefoot and hindfoot biomechanics differently. This study concludes that silicone insole affects only the midfoot which bears 45% of bodyweight and customized insole affects both midfoot and more importantly the hindfoot which bears 55% of bodyweight.
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