A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces.

NewsBot · Nov 5, 2016

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A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces.
Clark KP et al
J Exp Biol. 2016 Nov 3. pii: jeb.138057

The relationship between gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces is widely regarded as complex. This viewpoint has evolved primarily via efforts to explain the rising-edge of vertical force-time waveforms observed during slow human running. Existing theoretical models do provide good rising-edge fits, but require more than a dozen input variables to sum the force contributions of four or more vague components of the body's total mass (mb). Here, we hypothesized that the force contributions of two discrete body mass components are sufficient to account for vertical ground reaction force-time waveforms patterns in full [stance foot and shank, m1=0.08•mb; remaining mass, m2=0.92•mb]. We tested this hypothesis directly by acquiring simultaneous limb motion and ground reaction force data across a broad range of running speeds (3.0-11.1 m•s-1) from 42 subjects who differed in body mass (range: 43-105 kg) and foot-strike mechanics. Predicted waveforms were generated from our two-mass model using body mass and three stride-specific measures: contact time, aerial time, and lower-limb vertical acceleration during impact. Measured waveforms (n=500) differed in shape and varied by more than two-fold in amplitude and duration. Nonetheless, the overall agreement between the 500 measured waveforms and those generated independently by the model approached unity (R2=0.95±0.04; mean±sd), with minimal variation across the slow, medium and fast running speeds tested (ΔR2≤0.04), and between rear-foot (R2=0.94±0.04, n=177) vs. fore-foot (R2=0.95±0.04, n=323) strike mechanics. We conclude that two, anatomically-discrete components of the body's mass are sufficient to fully explain running vertical ground reaction forces.
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Admin2 · Nov 5, 2016

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NewsBot · Jan 10, 2017

SEX DIFFERENCES IN SHOCK ATTENUATION DURING RUNNING
Jonathan Sinclair
Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine | Vol. 15, No. 3/2016: 47–52

The current investigation was conducted to determine whether sex differences in skeletal accelerations and shock
attenuation were evident during running. Twelve male and twelve female recreational runners ran at 4.0 m.s-1. Axial accelerations were
measured at 1,000 Hz using accelerometers mounted at the tibia and sacrum. Peak tibial and sacrum axial accelerations were obtained
and utilized to calculate the extent of shock attenuation. The results showed that peak sacrum accelerations were significantly larger
in female runners (5.16 ±0.64 g) compared to males (4.37 ±0.75 g). It was also shown that shock attenuation (31.90 ±19.85%) was
significantly lower in female runners in relation to males (47.89 ±11.46%). The findings from the current investigation indicate that female
runners experience greater skeletal accelerations which may place greater stress on the musculoskeletal structures required attenuate
transients forces which can be detrimental to passive tissues
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NewsBot · Jul 15, 2022

Tibial acceleration and shock attenuation while running over different surfaces in a trail environment
Micah C. Garcia et al
March 16, 2021

Objectives
Increased tibial axial acceleration and reduced shock attenuation are associated with running injuries and are believed to be influenced by surface type. Trail running has increased in popularity and is thought to have softer surface properties than paved surface, but it is unclear if trail surfaces influence tibial acceleration and shock attenuation. The purpose of this study was to investigate peak triaxial and resultant tibial acceleration as well as axial and resultant shock attenuation among dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces.
Design
Fifteen recreational runners (12 females, 3 males, age = 27.7 ± 9.1 years) ran over dirt, gravel, and paved surfaces in a trail environment while instrumented with triaxial tibial and head accelerometers.
Methods
Differences between tri-planar peak tibial accelerations (braking, propulsion, axial, medial, lateral, and resultant) and shock attenuations (axial and resultant) among surface types were assessed with one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post-hoc tests.
Results
No significant differences were found for tibial accelerations or shock attenuations among surface types (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Dirt and gravel trail running surfaces do not have lower tibial accelerations or greater shock attenuation than paved surfaces. While runners are encouraged to enjoy the psychological benefits of trail running, trail surfaces do not appear to reduce loading forces associated with running-related injuries.
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