Effect of Flexible Pes Planus on Postural Stability

NewsBot · Jul 23, 2014

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Effect of Flexible Pes Planus on Postural Stability in Adolescent Females
Fayiz F. El-Shamy, Anees S. Ghait
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR); Volume 3 Issue 7, July 2014

Abstract: Aim: to evaluate response of postural control and balance in adolescent females with flexible pes planus during luteal phase
of menstruation. Study design: A case control study. Place and Duration of study: Biomechanics lab, Faculty of physical education-
Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, between June 2014 to July 2014. Methodology: A total of 30 adolescent females, were selected
randomly, divided into 2 equal groups. Group (A):15 Participants with normal arch foot, group (B): 15 Participants with flexible pes
planus. Their age was ranged from 15 to 18 years. Their body mass index between 18-25 kg/m2. The dynamic balance parameters
(Anterior posterior, Mediolateral and Overall stability indices) measured by Biodex Balance System at stability level -8 and 6. Results:
Comparing between the mean values of participant’s stability indices (OA,AP and ML) at stability level-8 and 6 within the same group
(A or B),there was no statistical significant difference (P> 0.05),But there was statistical significant difference between both
groups(A&B)(P< 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that there is decrease in balance parameters including (OA , AP and ML
indices) at eight and six levels of stability during the dynamic balance test in flexible pes planus group compared with normal subjects.
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NewsBot · Nov 8, 2014

Evaluation of Standing Stability in Individuals With Flatfeet
Razieh Tahmasebi, Bsc; Mohammad Taghi Karimi, PhD; Behnaz Satvati, Bsc; Francis Fatoye, PhD
Foot Ankle Spec November 7, 2014

Objective: Flatfoot is one of the most common foot disorders, which not only influences the performance of the foot but also affects the alignments of the ankle, knee, and hip joints. The performance of the flat-arched individuals differs from that of normal individuals during walking. However, there is not enough information in the literature regarding their standing stability. Moreover, the influence of use of foot insole on standing stability has not been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate standing stability in individuals with flatfoot with and without insole.

Methods: Two groups of normal and flat-arched individuals were recruited into this study. A Kistler force plate was used to measure the center of pressure (CoP), which is recognized as a good approximation of sway of center of gravity in a horizontal plane. Stability was determined by calculating the CoP excursions, path length, and velocity in the mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. The difference between stability in normal individuals and those with flatfoot was examined using the independent t test. The paired t test was used to determine the difference between stability in each group with and without insole. Significant P value was set at α ≤.05.

Results: There was a significant difference between stability of flat-arched and normal individuals based on CoP velocity and total velocity. In addition, there was no direct correlation between the severity of flatfoot and instability during quiet standing. However, the mean values of CoP total velocity during standing with and without insole were significantly different (P < .001).

Conclusion: This study suggests that individuals with flatfoot are more unstable when compared with normal individuals during quiet standing. It seems that the foot insole improves the alignment of foot structure and reduces the forces applied on the ligament, thus, improving standing stability. Therefore, stability assessment in patients with flatfoot may be important, and the insole is a useful modality that can be used to improve stability in this patient group.
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NewsBot · Jan 1, 2015

Foot arch height and rigidity index associated with balance and postural sway in elderly women using a 3D foot scanner
Mahshid Saghazadeh, Kenji Tsunoda, Tomohiro Okura
The Foot and Ankle Online Journal 7 (4): 1

Background: The maintenance of balance is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a range of sensorimotor factors. Foot arch height index (AHI) and arch rigidity index (ARI) may also influence balance and postural sway. According to the literature, measurement of foot posture is widely considered to be an important component of musculoskeletal examination in clinical practice and research. On the other hand, the recent use of 3D foot scanners allows a large number of subjects to be scanned quickly and easily and helps to reduce the patient’s radiation exposure from x-rays.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether AHI and ARI are associated with balance and postural sway by examining a large community sample of elderly women using recent 3D foot scanner technology.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 140 community-dwelling elderly women (73.9 ± 5.1 years) recruited in Kasama City, Japan. We assessed static and dynamic balance using one leg stance (OLS) and timed up & go (TUG). Postural sway variables, total path length (TPL) (cm), and area (cm2) were measured by force plate. We measured AHI and ARI with DreamGP Incorporated’s 3D foot scanner (Osaka, Japan). In this study, AHI was defined as the linear distance (mm) from the instep, defined by the foot scanning machine, to the supporting surface while sitting and while standing with 50% weight bearing on each foot, divided by truncated foot length. ARI was the ratio of AHIstand/AHIsit.

Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, univariate analyses revealed that AHI is significantly associated with OLS (P = 0.010), TPL (P= 0.031), and area (P = 0.024) in the sitting position. However, there was no association between standing AHI and balance or postural sway tests. Area (P= 0.024) was also associated with ARI.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sitting AHI is associated with balance and postural sway, while ARI is associated with area in elderly women. Therefore, AHI and ARI might play important part in defining balance control in elderly women.
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NewsBot · Jan 20, 2015

The foot deformity versus postural control in females aged over 65 years.
Drzal-Grabiec J et al
Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2014;16(4):75-82.

PURPOSE:
Correct foot structure is important due to locomotion and postural stability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between morphological foot structure and balance indices in a quiet standing position in women over 65 years of age.
METHODS:
The study included 116 women aged 65-90 years. The mean age was 70.6 ± 8.4 years and BMI 29.1 ± 3.4 m/kg2. The measured indices included postural control while standing on both feet and photogrammetric foot evaluation. An analysis was performed of the selected foot and balance indices.
RESULTS:
There were no significant differences observed in the feet structure. Certain correlations between some foot indices and the indices of postural control were noted. The increased differences in the width indices between the right and the left foot lead to balance deterioration. Larger angles of valgity and varus deformity of toes and indices describing the longitudinal arch and transverse front arch of the foot have the greatest impact on the deterioration of balance in the medio-lateral axis.
CONCLUSIONS:
The differences between the indices and morphological indices for the right and the left foot are not significant, which indicates the proportionate formation of feet in the individual life. The increased differences in the width indices between the right and the left foot lead to balance deterioration. Larger angles of valgity and varus deformity of toes and indices describing the longitudinal arch and transverse front arch of the foot have the greatest impact on the deterioration of balance in the medio-lateral axis.
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NewsBot · Feb 18, 2015

Static postural differences between neutral and flat feet in children with and without symptoms
C.M. Kerr, J. Stebbins, T. Theologis, A.B. Zavatsky
Clinical Biomechanics; in press

Highlights
•Aim to find differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic flatfoot
•Previously only a few radiographic studies have found differences
•Oxford Foot Model marker-based assessment of 98 children
•Hindfoot eversion, forefoot supination, and forefoot abduction larger in flatfoot
•Forefoot abduction and hindfoot eversion increased in symptomatic cases
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Background
Flatfoot is a common variant of foot posture. In most children idiopathic flatfoot occurs without associated problems, although in some cases it is accompanied by pain and functional complaints. Comparisons between the posture of asymptomatic and symptomatic flat feet are few. If a difference does exist, it may help understand symptoms and guide management.

Methods
This paper investigated differences in lower limb posture between neutral and flat feet with and without symptoms during standing using the multi-segment Oxford Foot Model. Children (n = 97) between five and 18 years old were assessed by a physiotherapist; each foot was classified into one of four categories: asymptomatic neutral (n = 88), asymptomatic mild flatfoot (n = 47), asymptomatic flatfoot (n = 29), or symptomatic flatfoot (n = 30). For each child, Oxford Foot Model markers were applied, and mean values of 11 Euler angles at the foot, ankle, and knee joints during quiet standing were calculated. Analysis of variance and post-hoc tests were used to identify differences between groups.

Findings
Hindfoot eversion was significantly increased (p < 0.001) in children with asymptomatic and, to a greater extent, symptomatic flatfoot. The forefoot was significantly more abducted (p < 0.001) in the symptomatic than in the asymptomatic groups, and in the flat compared to the neutral groups. The forefoot was more supinated relative to the hindfoot in the flatfoot groups (p = 0.023), although post-hoc analysis did not identify specific group differences.

Interpretation
Hindfoot eversion and forefoot abduction were much greater in the symptomatic population. The differences in foot alignment may relate to the presence of symptoms.
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NewsBot · Jan 28, 2017

The kinetic and kinematic stability measures in healthy adult subjects with and without flat foot
Paul S. Sung, Timothy J. Zipple, John M. Andraka, Pamela Danial
The Foot: January 27, 2017

Highlights
•The flat foot group decreased kinetic stability during one leg standing without visual input.
•There were significant associations between kinetic and kinematic stabilities in the control group.
•The kinetic and kinematic measures could help to develop postural changes in the flat foot group.
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Background
Flat foot problems are associated with impaired mobility and postural stability. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic and kinetic indices during one leg standing between subjects with and without flat foot.

Methods
Forty-four participants enrolled in the study, including 22 subjects with flat foot and 22 control subjects. The measurements included kinematic stability on the trunk as well as kinetic stability from a force plate. All participants were asked to maintain one leg standing with the contralateral hip and knee flexed to approximately 90 degrees for 25 seconds.

Results
The kinetic index decreased in the flat foot group (t = −5.08, p = 0.001) during one leg standing without visual input. There were strong correlations between kinetic and kinematic stabilities (0.75-0.86) with visual input and moderate correlations (0.49-0.67) without visual input in the control group.

Discussion
The flat foot group exhibited a significantly decreased kinetic index without visual input. The more effective postural stability in the control group might be due to efficient compensatory strategies utilized without visual input to maintain one leg standing. These outcome measures could help to develop a practical test leading to kinematic postural changes.
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NewsBot · Apr 8, 2017

A STUDY TO COMPARE DYNAMIC BALANCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS WITH FLAT FEET AND INDIVIDUALS WITH NORMAL ARCHED FEET USING Y- BALANCE TEST – AN OBSERVASTIONAL STUDY
Namrata Sojitra, Sheetal Patel
INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

Background: The foot is the most distal segment in the lower extremity chain and represents a relatively small base of support on which the body maintains balance. Although it seems reasonable that even minor biomechanical alterations in the support surface may influence postural-control strategies. Flexible flatfoot is defined as the postural appearance of the foot, with depressed medial longitudinal arch, pronated subtalar joint and the calcaneus assuming a valgus position underweight bearing conditions. The term “flexible” means that while the foot is flat when standing (weight-bearing), the arch returns when not standing. Dynamic balance is the ability of an object to balance while in motion. Y balance test is useful tool to measure dynamic balance which measures dynamic balance in three different directions, anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral direction.

Method: 10 subjects with bilateral flexible flat feet as assessed by sit to stand navicular drop test and 10 subjects with normal arched feet both in the age group 18-25 years were chosen for the study. The sample size therefore was 40 feet (20 flat feet and 20 normal arched feet). Group A (n= 10) subjects was individuals with flatfeet and group B(n= 10) subjects was individuals with normal arched feet. All the subjects were asked to perform Y – Balance test.Subjects were asked to keep their non-testing leg on the center of the grid. Subjects was asked to reach in all three directions (anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral) by great toe of testing leg as much as he can. Distance covered by the subjects in all three direction was recorded. Then same procedure was repeated for another leg. Data analysis was done by the Unpaired -'t' test using SPSS software version 20.

Result: There was no significant difference found between flatfeet and normal arched feet.

Conclusion: Dynamic balance is not affected in flat feet individuals.
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NewsBot · Sep 28, 2017

Impact of foot pronation on postural stability: An observational study.
Koura GM et al
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017 Sep 15

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of foot pronation on the dynamic balance including overall stability index (OAI), anteroposterior stability index (APSI) and mediolateral stability index (MLSI).
METHODS:
Forty participants from both sexes were selected from the Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, with a mean age of 23.55 ± 1.74 years. Subjects were divided into two groups: group A (8 males and 12 females) with foot pronation, and group B (9 males and 11 females) with normal feet. The Navicular Drop Test (NDT) was used to determine if the feet were pronated and Biodex Balance System was used to assess dynamic balance at level 8 and level 4 for both groups.
RESULTS:
No significant difference was found in dynamic balance, including OAI, APSI and MLSI at stability level 8 (p> 0.05) but, there was a significant difference at stability level 4 (p< 0.05) between the two groups with lower stability in group A.
CONCLUSION:
Foot pronation or flat feet influences the dynamic balance at stability level four using the Biodex Balance System compared with those in the control group.
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NewsBot · May 7, 2018

The Sensitivity of Thresholds by Ground Reaction Force and Postural Stability in Subjects With and Without Navicular Drop
Paul S. Sung et al
JFAS; Article in Press

Understanding plantar pressure changes is an important component of the functional evaluation of subjects with flat foot. However, the altered postural control determined by the threshold from the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) requires clarification. The purpose of our study was to investigate the various GRF thresholds in subjects with and without flat foot during 1-leg standing. We included 34 control subjects and 30 subjects with flat foot in the present study. They performed the 1-leg standing test for 30 seconds, with the contralateral hip and knee flexed approximately 90°. The sensitivity of the various GRF thresholds (3, 7, 15, 50, and 100 N) for the postural stability index was analyzed with and without visual input. The standing times for the control and flat foot groups were 23.76 ± 4.42 and 21.78 ± 6.59 seconds, respectively, with no significant differences (t = 1.23; p = .22). The 2 groups demonstrated a significant interaction between the visual condition and the threshold levels (F = 11.40; p = .001). The postural stability index was significantly different in the eyes-open condition (0.95 ± 0.08 for the control group versus 0.84 ± 0.23 for the flat foot group; t = 2.29; p = .02). However, no difference was found in the eyes-closed condition (0.94 ± 0.10 for the control group versus 0.81 ± 0.30 for the flat foot group; t = 1.45; p = .15). These results indicate that GRF thresholds less than the 15N setting are sensitive to detect postural stability between groups, especially in the eyes-open condition. The GRF threshold setting, in addition to the visual condition, could alter the outcomes of sensitive plantar pressure changes in subjects with flat foot.
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NewsBot · Aug 19, 2020

The effect of foot type, body length and mass on postural stability
Paul ErikBeelenaIdsartKingmabPeter A.NolteaJaap H.van Dieënb
Gait & Posture; Volume 81, September 2020, Pages 241-246

Highlights
•43 participants did single leg stance tests on solid ground and a balance board.
•Supinated feet and a higher mass are less stable during single leg stance.
•Balance board appeared not to be more sensitive in measuring postural stability.
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Background
Poor postural stability is associated with chronic ankle instability. Previous research showed an effect of foot type on postural stability. However, the specific effect of supinated feet remains unclear.

Research question
Our study aimed to assess the effect of foot type on postural stability, while taking potential confounding effects of body mass and body height into account.

Methods
Forty-three healthy participants between 18 and 40 years old performed barefooted single leg stance tests with eyes open (EO) and closed (EC) on solid ground, and on a balance board (BB). Foot type was determined from pressure recordings during gait, using the arch index. Ground reaction forces were measured using a force plate. Outcome measures were Center of Pressure Velocity (COPV) divided by body height, and the Horizontal Ground Reaction Force (HGRF) divided by body mass. Generalized Estimating Equations models assessed the differences between supinated, normal and pronated feet during EO, EC and on a BB.

Results
During EO an interaction between supinated feet and body mass showed an increase of COPV with 0.03 × 10-2 1/s per kilogram of mass relative to normal feet (p = .03). During EC this interaction was more pronounced with 0.22 × 10-2 1/s increase per kilogram mass (p < .01). The HGRF did not differ between foot types in any of the conditions.

Significance
Supinated feet have a larger increase in COPV compared to normal feet with increasing mass when standing on solid ground during EO and EC. This indicates that people with supinated feet and a higher mass are less stable during single leg stance.
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NewsBot · Jul 27, 2021

Flatfoot and Balance Performance Among Junior Secondary School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Adegoke, Babatunde O.; Alumona, Chiedozie J.; Adeyemo, Adetayo A.; Adeyinka, Adebayo O.
New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy . Jul2021, Vol. 49 Issue 2, p82-88. 7p.

Adequate body balance is important in preventing falls and injuries in children during physically active play and sports at school. The structure of the foot is essential to the ability to balance, but findings from studies comparing balance of children with and without flatfoot have been equivocal. We investigated the prevalence of flatfoot among school children in Ibadan, Nigeria, and compared selected balance indices in participants with and without flatfoot. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 300 junior secondary school students (aged 10--14 years). The navicular drop test, single limb stance test and tandem walk test were used to assess the presence of flatfoot, and static balance and dynamic balance, respectively. Data were summarised using percentages, mean and SD and, analysed with independent t-tests and chi-squared tests. The prevalence of flatfoot was 39.7%, and while higher in boys (44.7%) than girls (34.9%), this was not significantly different. Participants with flatfoot had significantly poorer mean static balance measures than those who did not (right: 25.70 [SD 6.55] vs 27.89 [SD 4.92]; left: 26.21 [SD 6.01] vs 28.52 [SD 4.27]), but there was no significant difference in dynamic balance between the groups. When treating children with flatfoot, physiotherapists may consider measuring static balance and, where appropriate, incorporate balance activities as part of the overall management plan.
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NewsBot · Oct 4, 2021

Effectiveness of the Mat Pilates on the postural control, plantar pressure and plantar arch of school children: A randomized clinical trial
Jessica Caroliny de Jesus Neves et al
September 28, 2021

Objective
To evaluate the effectiveness of Mat Pilates on postural control, plantar pressure and plantar arch (ALM) in schoolchildren.
Design and setting
The study was a randomized clinical trial, developed at the Early Childhood Education Institute, Londrina-PR. The participants were randomly assigned to groups: Pilates Group (PG) and Control Group (CG). Patients in the CG did not perform extra physical activy (Interventions).
Participants
43 children (eight to 12 years), no prior knowledge of the Pilates method, and no exercise training in the last six months.
Intervention
The exercise program was based on the Mat Pilates method, twice weekly, 50 min each, 28 sessions.
Outcome measures
Static balance (force platform), dynamic balance (the Reach Test), ALM (plantigraphy) and plantar pressure (baropodometry). The assessors were blinded to the allocation of participants.
Results
Three children were excluded before randomization and 40 were randomized (PG n: 20; CG n:20).12 children were excluded during the protocol (PG n:7; CG n:5) and included in the intention to treat analysis. No significant difference between groups was observed for static and dynamic balance and ALM measures. There was a significant difference in the following outcomes for the PG: the plantar pressure on the right hemibody forefoot between pre-test 38.70 ± 14.38 and post-test 42.65 ± 15.63 (ES = 0.66; SRM = 0.50). The plantar pressure on the right hemibody rearfoot between pre-test 61.10 ± 14.18 and post-test 56.85 ± 19.39 (ES = 0.68; SRM = 0.53). No adverse or harmful events were reported in any group.
Conclusion
There were no differences in static and dynamic postural control and ALM between PG and CG. However, children GP showed improvement in some results of plantar pressure in relation CG.
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NewsBot · Jan 29, 2022

Effect of Flat Feet on Static and Dynamic Balance in Adults
Megha Soni et al
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. January-March 2022, Vol. 16, No.1

Background: The foot is the most distal segment in the lower extremity chain and represents a small
BOS upon which the body maintains balance. Minor biomechanical alterations in the support surface
can influence postural-control strategies. However, the implications of a flat foot on balance have
received little attention to date.Aimof the present study was to Evaluate the static and dynamic balance
in individuals with flat feet.
Method: A total of 40 subjects were recruited. Participants were assigned to 2 groups case group
and control group depending on foot type, as defined by the foot ink print method. Subjects were
divided into case groups and control groups. The static and dynamic balance were measured through
the Unipedal stance test and star excursion balance test respectively.
There was a significant correlation between single-leg stance time (with eyes opened and closed) and
flat feet (p-value = < .01). There was a significant correlation between reach distance in some direction
(AM, MR, PM, P, AL, LL) with a flat foot (p-value <0 .05).
Conclusion: This study suggests that both static (single leg stance test) and dynamic (SEBT) balance
are affected in individuals with flat feet.
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NewsBot · Jan 31, 2022

Effect of Plano-Valgus Foot on Lower-Extremity Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Children of Age 5-9
Anna Boryczka-Trefler et al
Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Dec 21;12(1):2

Aim of the study was to see how a definition of the flexible flat foot (FFF) influences the results of gait evaluation in a group of 49 children with clinically established FFF. Objective gait analysis was performed using VICON system with Kistler force platforms. The gait parameters were compared between healthy feet and FFF using two classifications: in static and dynamic conditions. In static condition, the ink footprints with Clarke's graphics were used for classification, and in dynamic condition, the Arch Index from Emed pedobarograph while walking was used for classification. When the type of the foot was based on Clarke's graphics, no statistically significant differences were found. When the division was done according to the Arch Index, statistically significant differences between flat feet and normal feet groups were found for normalized gait speed, normalized cadence, pelvic rotation, ankle range of motion in sagittal plane, range of motion of foot progression, and two parameters of a vertical component of the ground reaction force: FZ2 (middle of stance phase) and FZ3 (push-off). Some statically flat feet function well during walking due to dynamic correction mechanisms.
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NewsBot · Apr 12, 2022

An association between excessive valgus hindfoot alignment and postural stability during single-leg standing in adolescent athletes
Yasunari Ikuta et al
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022 Apr 11;14(1):64

Background: Diminished balance is associated with the incidence of ankle and lower extremity injuries in adolescents. Although flexible flatfoot is a common foot condition in pediatric and adolescent populations, the association between balance control and foot morphology remain unclear in adolescent athletes.

Methods: Rearfoot angle in the double-limb standing position, body mass index (BMI), and isometric muscle strength related to the knee joint were retrospectively reviewed in 101 adolescent athletes (75 boys and 26 girls) with a mean age of 14.0 years (range 12-17). Postural stability during single-leg standing on static and dynamic platforms was investigated using Balance System SD in 119 feet without functional ankle instability. The participants were divided according to their rearfoot angle into control (less than 7°) and valgus (greater than or equal to 7°) groups. The measured parameters were compared between the control and valgus groups using Welch's t-test, and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors that significantly influenced postural control.

Results: The average rearfoot angle was 4.6° in all participants. An excessive valgus rearfoot angle was detected in 53 feet (26.2%). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of BMI and isometric knee muscle strength. Although no statistical differences were observed in postural stability on the static platform between the control and valgus groups, the valgus group demonstrated poorer postural stability for single-leg standing on the dynamic platform. Multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI and rearfoot angle were significantly associated with a poor postural control on the dynamic platform.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that excessive rearfoot valgus specifically contributes to the deterioration of postural stability in adolescent athletes, and that rearfoot alignment should be evaluated for the adolescent population to prevent sports-related lower extremity injury.
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NewsBot · Jan 5, 2023

Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal athletes
Umair Rauf et al
International Journal of Natural Medicine and Health Sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the dynamic balance between flat feet and normal athletes using Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Research Design: This was a Cross-sectional comparative study. Method: Total 58 athletes, 29 subjects with flat feet (assessed by Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test) and 29 subjects with normal feet were selected. Both male and female athletes of age group 18-30 years were included. Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test, Calcaneum Angle, the width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion and Stat Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) were the outcomes that were assessed in the study. Data analysis: Unpaired t-test using the Graph Pad Instat software system was used. Results: Significant mean differences in Sit to Stand Navicular Drop Test, Calcaneum Angle, the width of the foot, great toe extension range of motion, and SEBT were found in individuals with flat feet. The SEBT scores of normal arched feet (right leg: 75.50.2, left leg: 75.10.4) and flat feet (right: 78.12.3, left: 79.93.2) differed (p=0.001). The SEBT leg difference scores of subjects with flat feet (4.43.5) and normal arches (2.30.5) differed (p=0.001). Furthermore, the lateral excursion distance was the least in these individuals (p<0.0001). Conclusion: In flat feet individuals' Dynamic Balance is compromised as compared to normal arched feet.
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NewsBot · Feb 1, 2023

Correlation Between Foot Arch Parameters and Body Balance Performance
Justyna Rdzanek et al
Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2022 Aug 31;24(4):263-272

Background: The foot is one of the most important anatomical structures of the human body. It is mainly responsible for maintaining an appropriate position, both in static and dynamic conditions. This function is conditioned by many factors, the most important being a normal shape of the foot arch, which determines its proper operation. Any deviation from the norm may result in disruption in the performance of the foot and affect the functioning of even distant segments of the human body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the foot arches and the efficiency of the balance mechanism in standing.

Material and methods: The study enrolled 48 individuals, of whom 21 were women and 27 men. Evaluation of the foot arches was performed using Clarke's angle index, which was determined with the use of a mirror podoscope produced by Podoskop.pl and a specialist computer program FREEstep. The efficiency of the balance mechanism in the standing position was evaluated on the basis of six stabilographic tests.

Results: A statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between the mean value of Clarke's angle index in bipedal standing and the result of the stabilographic test for bipedal standing with eyes closed, and between the value of Clarke's angle index for the left foot in bipedal standing and the result of stabilographic tests for bipedal standing both with the eyes open and closed.

Conclusion: 1. There is a correlation between the value of Clarke's angle index of the foot in bipedal standing and the length of the foot pressure path on the ground during bipedal standing. 2. Individuals with a reduced plantar vault of the foot have reduced efficiency of the balance mechanism in bipedal standing both with the eyes open and closed. The above observations can be generalised as follows: individuals with more arched feet have better balance control in bipedal standing. 3. Persons with more arched feet have better balance control in bipedal standing.
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NewsBot · Jun 29, 2023

Effect of foot pronation during distance running on the lower limb impact acceleration and dynamic stability
Liangliang Xiang et al
Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2022;24(4):21-30.

Purpose: Foot pronation is not an isolated factor influencing lower limb functions. Exploring gait variability and impact loading associated with the foot posture are crucial for understanding foot pronation-related injury mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate how foot posture affects impact loading and running variability during running.

Methods: Twenty-five male participants were recruited into this study. Pressure under the foot arch, acceleration and marker trajectory were recorded in the right limb for each runner after 1, 4, 7 and 10 km running, respectively. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the statistical difference of the data.

Results: FPI-6 has significantly increased after the 10 km running (p〈0.01). For the tibial acceleration, peak resultant acceleration after 10 km running was significantly increased than after 4 km running (p=0.02). At the dorsum of the foot, the short-time largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) after 10 km running decreased 0.28 bit/s compared with LyE after 7 km running ( p = 0.03). In the tibia, LyE after 4 km and 10 km running was decreased significantly ( p 〈 0.01 and p = 0.01).

Conclusions: The foot was significantly pronated at the middle and at the end of running. Foot pronation during distance running increased the distal tibia peak impact acceleration but did not increase running instability.
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NewsBot · Dec 31, 2023

Correlations between plantar pressure and postural balance in healthy subjects and their comparison according to gender and limb dominance: A cross-sectional descriptive study
Gamze Arin-Bal et al
Gait & Posture; Volume 108, February 2024, Pages 124-131

Background
Lower extremity injuries rank among the most common injuries affecting young population, and numerous factors affect the outcomes of plantar pressure and balance assessment.

Research Question
Does a correlation exist between plantar pressure and postural balance in healthy subjects and are there any difference in the results based on gender and limb dominance?

Methods
This study involved thirty healthy recreationally active young adults (15 females, 15 males). Plantar pressures were analyzed using the MatScan Pressure Mat System, and postural balance was evaluated using Biodex Balance System. All assessments conducted under both static and dynamic conditions. Correlations were tested by Spearman Correlation Coefficient, and comparative tests were performed for gender and limb dominance.

Results
Correlations were observed between plantar pressure parameters and balance scores, particularly in the dynamic conditions (p < 0.05). Gender-based differences were noted in plantar pressure parameters (p < 0.05), with females demonstrating improved balance stability scores. No significant differences were found based on limb dominance in plantar pressure and postural balance data (p > 0.05).

Significance
This study provides valuable detailed insights into the existing literature concerning plantar pressure and postural balance assessments within the healthy population. A strong correlation was observed between plantar pressure and postural balance, and the comparisons of these assessments were affected by gender but not by limb dominance. These results could lead the way for better rehabilitation approaches by considering the correlations and differences across diverse populations.
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NewsBot · Mar 2, 2024

Investigation of inter-rater and test-retest reliability of Y balance test in college students with flexible flatfoot
Yalin Zheng, Renzhi Feng, Weiyin Hu & Peng Huang
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation volume 16, Article number: 40 (2024)

Background
The Lower Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-LQ) has been widely used to assess dynamic balance in various populations. Dynamic balance in flexible flatfoot populations is one of the risk factors for lower extremity injuries, especially in college populations in which more exercise is advocated. However, no study has demonstrated the reliability of the YBT-LQ in a college student flexible flatfoot population.

Methods
A cross-sectional observational study. 30 college students with flexible flatfoot were recruited from Beijing Sports University. They have been thrice assessed for the maximal reach distance of YBT under the support of the lower limb on the flatfoot side. Test and retest were performed with an interval of 14 days. The outcome measures using the composite score and normalized maximal reach distances in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral). The relative reliability was reported as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Minimal Detectable Change (MDC), Smallest worthwhile change (SWC), and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) were used to report the absolute reliability.

Results
For inter-rater reliability, the ICC values for all directions ranged from 0.84 to 0.92, SEM values ranged from 2.01 to 3.10%, SWC values ranged from 3.67 to 5.12%, and MDC95% values ranged from 5.58 to 8.60%. For test-retest reliability, the ICC values for all directions ranged from 0.81 to 0.92, SEM values ranged from 1.80 to 2.97%, SWC values ranged from 3.75 to 5.61%, and MDC95% values ranged from 4.98 to 8.24%.

Conclusions
The YBT-LQ has “good” to “excellent” inter-rater and test-retest reliability. It appears to be a reliable assessment to use with college students with flexible flatfoot.
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