Long distance running increases plantar pressures beneath the metatarsal heads A barefoot walking investigation of 200 marathon runners.
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Gait Posture. 2007 Feb 2;
Nagel A, Fernholz F, Kibele C, Rosenbaum D
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Are the results from this study much of a surprise???
They recorded barefoot plantar pressure readings the day before a marathon, and then within an hour afterwards with an Emed system.
Most people will be a bit proppy after running a marathon and will likely to be tending to be somewhat apropulsive- particularly if they are barefoot after being in running shoes.
'The increased peak pressure under the metatarsal heads after the race indicates a load shift from the toes to the metatarsal heads' - I know thats how I walked after my half marathons... mainly to take some load off the calves- blistered toes would not help either.
Relating this to met stress fractures is probably drawing a long bow... -
The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in walking.
Bisiaux M, Moretto P.
Gait Posture. 2008 Jun 27. [Epub ahead of print]
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Craig T;
tight hamstrings and achilles after the race probably played into this as well since most walk a little w/ knee flexed adn this can shift CoP to the forefoot more than the heels.
All valid points above adn I agree completely. Interesting information, but of little value in its lack of specificity.
I hope you are well in the middle east? All your tech equipment running well too?
cheers
Bruce Williams -
I think the key thing here is (and I heard CP talk about it often), is the effect of fatigue on foot function when all the research and our clinical testing is done on "fresh" research subjects and patents.
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Related:
Other fatigue threads. -
What about fatigue of the small intrinsics such as the lumbricals and interossei. being smaller mucles, may be more susceptable to fatigue and therefore unable to adequately stabilise the digits, leading to less flexion of the toes, therefore less area under which GRFs can act under the forefoot?
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See this thread:
Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop -
Cheers Craig! :drinks
Interesting thread, although I'm struggling with the concept of getting the subject to do a voluntary isometric abductor hallucius contracture, and although it should be the most appropriate intrinsic muscle with regards to arch height, I wonder if measuring the navicular height really identifies the role of the abductor hallucius in arch height. isthere a better solution though? Perhaps force required under the hallux to activate windlass (i.e. modified Jacks test?). Dont know....
This article does stimulate an interesting idea. Has anyone done any studies looking at running a marathon/half marathon with an Fscan/PEDAR system in the shoes to se what happens to the foot during over such a prolonged time of excessive activity?
And in light of research such as this, and the foot injuries that I've seen sustained after a marathon, I do raise the point, liek ballet, should we be encouraging such outrageous requests of our bodies? :eek: (Obviously I don't run....) -
The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in walking
M. Bisiaux, P. Morettoa
Gait & Posture (in press)
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The impact of the spartathlon ultramarathon race on athletes' plantar pressure patterns.
Karagounis P, Prionas G, Armenis E, Tsiganos G, Baltopoulos P.
Foot Ankle Spec. 2009 Aug;2(4):173-8.
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Plantar pressure distribution, rearfoot motion and ground reaction force after long distance running
Gnther Schlee; Thomas Milani; Karen Roemer
Footwear Science, Volume 1, Issue 3 September 2009 , pages 129 - 134
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Plantar Pressure Changes after Long Distance Walking.
Stolwijk NM, Duysens J, Louwerens JW, Keijsers NL.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Apr 16.
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Long distance running and acute effects on plantar foot sensitivity and plantar foot loading
Alfuth M, Rosenbaum D.
Neurosci Lett. 2011 Aug 17
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The effect of a long-distance run on plantar pressure distribution during running.
Willems TM, De Ridder R, Roosen P.
Gait Posture. 2011 Dec 5. -
The Effect of Moderate Running on Foot Posture Index and Plantar Pressure
Distribution in Male Recreational Runners
Elena Escamilla-Martinez, Alfonso Martinez-Nova, Beatriz Gomez-Martin, Raquel Sanchez-Rodriguez, and Lourdes Maria Fernandez-Seguin
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2013;103 121-125 -
The effects of prolonged running on foot posture: a repeated measures study of half marathon runners using the foot posture index and navicular height
Emma Cowley and Jonathan Marsden
Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2013, 6:20 doi:10.1186/1757-1146-6-20
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Kinematic changes during running-induced fatigue and relations with core endurance in novice runners
Ian F. Koblbauer, Kimberley S. van Schooten, Evert A. Verhagen, Jaap H. van Dieën
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport; Article in Press
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Influence of running distance on plantar pressure
Álvaro Sosa Machado, Marcos Roberto Kunzler, Felipe Pivetta Carpes
Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry Vol 16, No 5 (2014)
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Plantar Pressures During Long Distance Running: An Investigation of 10 Marathon Runners
Erik Hohmann et al
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2016) 15, 254 - 262
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Plantar Pressures During Long Distance Running: An Investigation of 10 Marathon Runners.
Hohmann E et al
J Sports Sci Med. 2016 May 23;15(2):254-262
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Effects of a fatiguing long-distance run on plantar loading during barefoot walking and shod running.
Dieter Rosenbaum, Tobias Engl & Arne Nagel
Footwear Sceince: 11 Aug 2016
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Foot posture alteration and recovery following a full marathon run.
Fukano M et al
Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Jul 23:1-8.
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This clinical trial was just registered:
Muscle Fatigue and Foot Biomechanics
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EFFECT OF THE DISTANCE RUN
AND THE REST PERIODS
ON THE STATIC PLANTAR PRESSURE
DURING A 24-HOUR RUNNING RACE
Marie Farfaro et al
European Journal of Human Movement, 2019: 42, 15-29
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Plantar pressure modifications in experienced runners following an exhaustive run.
Bercovitz T et al
Sports Biomech. 2020 Apr 22:1-11
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hips of Runners Before and After Their First Marathon Run: Effect of Training for and Completing a Marathon
Laura M. Horga, PhD, Johann Henckel, MD, Anastasia Fotiadou, MD, PhD, ...
Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine July 26, 2021
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Increase in foot arch asymmetry after full marathon completion
Mako Fukano et al
Journal of Sports Sciences: 12 Jun 2021
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Biomechanical Response of the
Lower Extremity to Running-Induced
Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review
Salil Apte et al
Front. Physiol. 12:646042
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Effects of standing and walking on plantar pressure distribution in recreational runners before and after long-distance running
XiyuanZhang et al
Journal of Biomechanics; 2 December 2021, 110779
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Magnetic resonance imaging manifestation of foot injury in amateur half marathon athletes
Z H Qian et al
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2022 Mar 8
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Running pattern changes after a 38-km trail running race: does shoe fatigue play a role?
Jaume Lloria-Varella et al
Footwear Science: 20 Jun 2022
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Running-induced fatigue and impact loading in runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lachlan Darch et al
Journal of Sports Sciences: 20 Jun 2022
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ACUTE EFFECTS OF INTERVAL TRAINING ON RUNNING KINEMATICS IN RUNNERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Sergio Rodríguez-Barbero et al
Gait & Posture; 13 April 2023
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Damage and recovery of the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles from running a full marathon
Mako Fukano, Kento Nakagawa, Ayako Higashihara, Takayuki Inami, Takaya Narita
27 April 2023
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Ready, set, go: New study shows how marathon running affects different foot muscles
The study suggests that extrinsic foot muscles, which connect the lower leg and foot, are more susceptible to damage from marathon running
With the current trend of fitness consciousness, many people have taken up long-distance running as a part of their exercise regime. They also participate in various local, national, and global marathons. But marathon running can lead to muscular fatigue and damage in the foot muscles, which can in turn lead to chronic pain or injuries. At present, there is little information on the impact of marathon running on the various foot muscles.
Foot muscles are generally categorized as either intrinsic or extrinsic muscles. While intrinsic muscles originate and insert within the foot, extrinsic muscles originate in the lower leg and insert into the foot via the ankle. Both muscle groups help stabilize the medial (inner) longitudinal arch of the foot. Although some studies have linked muscle swelling caused by long-distance running to lowering of the longitudinal arch, it has, so far, been challenging to associate this with intrinsic and extrinsic muscle damage.
Now, a new study explores the damaging effects of full marathon running on intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, and its association with changes in the longitudinal foot arch. The research team was led by Professor Mako Fukano from Shibaura Institute of Technology (SIT) and also included Kento Nakagawa from Waseda University, Ayako Higashihara and Takayuki Inami from Keio University, and Takaya Narita from Toin University of Yokohama. Their findings have been published online on 27 April 2023 in Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.
The study recruited 22 college runners from track and field clubs that run at least 2–3 times weekly and had registered for a full marathon race at the Mt. Fuji International Marathon, either in 2019 or 2021. The researchers first assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based transverse relaxation time (T2), as an indicator of muscle damage, for the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles of the participants at four intervals: before the marathon, and 1, 3, and 8 days after they ran the full marathon. T2 is defined as the time taken by the transverse magnetization vector in an MRI to decay to approximately 37% of its initial value, and is influenced by tissue-specific characteristics.
The intrinsic muscles studied included the abductor hallucis (ABH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and quadratus plantae (QP) and the extrinsic muscles included the flexor digitorum longus (FDL), tibialis posterior (TP), and flexor hallucis longus (FHL). The researchers also determined the longitudinal foot arch height via three-dimensional analysis of foot posture for 10 of these participants at the same time intervals as the T2 MRI to determine the changes in longitudinal foot arch height.
On comparison with the values of T2 before the marathon, the researchers observed that the T2 values of QP, FDL, TP, and FHL significantly increased one day after the marathon, and varied throughout the observation period. Further, they also found that increase in T2 of TP persisted three days after the marathon. However, they did not observe any major difference in T2 for ABH and FDB. The team also did not find any significant changes in the toe flexor muscle strength in any of the participants. Interestingly, they also noted that the arch height ratio statistically decreased from pre-marathon to 1 and 3 days after the race, and this change could be correlated with T2 changes in FDL and FHL.
“These results indicate that the damage and recovery response after a full marathon differs among the various foot muscles. For our research participants, all three extrinsic muscles and only one intrinsic muscle showed damage after marathon running, suggesting that extrinsic muscles could be more susceptible to marathon-induced damage than the intrinsic ones,” explains Prof. Fukano. This prominent damage to extrinsic foot muscles reflects the extensive pressure borne by the ankle joint while running for long-distances as compared to the rest of the foot— something other studies have also shown. Since QP is attached to FDL and/or FHL, it may also have a secondary function in running, along with extrinsic foot muscles, making it the only intrinsic foot muscle to get damaged by marathon running. Furthermore, the correlation between FDL and FHL and the longitudinal foot arch height indicates that marathon-induced damage to these extrinsic muscles could be a factor in decreasing the foot arch height.
“Since more people are now running for their fitness, our findings can provide runners and sports professionals insights on planning better recovery strategies focusing on muscle fatigue and damage to prevent running-related injuries and also improve runners’ conditioning,” concludes Prof. Fukano. -
Biomechanical Changes Identified During a Marathon Race Among High-School Aged Runners
Alexandra F. DeJong Lempke et al
Gait & Posture; 14 November 2023
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Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running
Yang Song et al
Sci Rep. 2024 Jan 21;14(1):1826
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