Plantar Exteroceptive Inefficiency

NewsBot · Jun 24, 2017

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Plantar Exteroceptive Inefficiency causes an asynergic use of plantar and visual afferents for postural control: Best means of remediation.
Foisy A, Kapoula Z
Brain Behav. 2017 May 1;7(6):e00658. doi: 10.1002/brb3.658.

INTRODUCTION:
Some subjects have difficulty to integrate both visual and plantar inputs, showing at the same time a "postural blindness" and a Plantar Exteroceptive Inefficiency (PEI). The former corresponds to a better stability eyes closed (EC) than eyes open (EO), while the latter is defined as a better stability on foam than on firm ground. Clinical studies reported that a manipulation of either plantar or visual input could affect the weight of both cues in postural control, suggesting interdependence in their use. The purpose of the experiment is to characterize the PEI phenomenon better and see if such synergy can be objectified.
METHODS:
We recruited 48 subjects (25 ± 3.3 years) and assessed their balance with a force platform, EO, EC, at 40 or 200 cm, on firm ground, Dépron® foam, Dynachoc® foam, or on a 3 mm-thick Anterior Bar AB®. We assessed their sensorial preferences through their PQ and RQ.
RESULTS:
The main results are that there normally exists a synergy in the use of plantar and visual afferents, but only at 40 cm and in the absence of PEI.
CONCLUSIONS:
Plantar Exteroceptive Inefficiency interferes with the role of vision in postural control, its effects are distance specific, are better revealed by Dépron® foam and the AB® improves posture but does not solve visual-podal asynergy. These results also have clinical interests as they indicate the best way in terms of distance and choice of foam to diagnostic PEI. Finally, they suggest restricting the use of the AB®, commonly employed. These findings can be useful for clinicians concerned with foot, eye, and posture.
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NewsBot · Jun 24, 2017

How Plantar Exteroceptive Efficiency
Modulates Postural and Oculomotor
Control: Inter-Individual Variability
Arnaud Foisy and Zoï Kapoula
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience May 2016 | Volume 10 | Article 228

In a previous experiment, we showed that among young and healthy subjects, thin plantar
inserts improve postural control and modify vergence amplitudes. In this experiment,
however, significant inter-individual variability was observed. We hypothesize that its
origin could be attributed to a different reliance upon feet cutaneous afferents. In order
to test this hypothesis, we re-analyzed the data relative to 31 young (age 25.7 ± 3.8)
and healthy subjects who participated in the first experiment after having classified
them into two groups depending on their Plantar Quotient (PQ = Surface area of
CoPfoam/Surface area of CoPfirm ground× 100). Foam decreases the information arising
from the feet, normally resulting in a PQ > 100. Hence, the PQ provides information
on the weight of plantar cutaneous afferents used in postural control. Twelve people
were Plantar-Independent Subjects, as indicated by a PQ < 100. These individuals
did not behave like the Normal Plantar Quotient Subjects: they were almost insensitive
to the plantar stimulations in terms of postural control and totally insensitive in terms
of oculomotor control. We conclude that the inter-individual variability observed in our
first experiment is explained by the subjects’ degree of plantar reliance. We propose
that plantar independence is a dysfunctional situation revealing inefficiency in plantar
cutaneous afferents. The latter could be due to a latent somatosensory dysfunction
generating a noise which prevents the CNS from correctly processing and using
feet somatosensory afferents both for balance and vergence control: Plantar Irritating
Stimulus. Considering the non-noxious nature and prevalence of this phenomenon, these
results can be of great interest to researchers and clinicians who attempt to trigger
postural or oculomotor responses through mechanical stimulation of the foot sole.
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