Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics

NewsBot · Dec 8, 2019

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Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running
Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance
Xiaole Sun et al
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2020) 19, 20-37

Although the role of shoe constructions on running injury and
performance has been widely investigated, systematic reviews on
the shoe construction effects on running biomechanics were
rarely reported. Therefore, this review focuses on the relevant research studies examining the biomechanical effect of running
shoe constructions on reducing running-related injury and optimising performance. Searches of five databases and Footwear
Science from January 1994 to September 2018 for related biomechanical studies which investigated running footwear constructions yielded a total of 1260 articles. After duplications were removed and exclusion criteria applied to the titles, abstracts and
full text, 63 studies remained and categorised into following constructions: (a) shoe lace, (b) midsole, (c) heel flare, (d) heel-toe
drop, (e) minimalist shoes, (f) Masai Barefoot Technologies, (g)
heel cup, (h) upper, and (i) bending stiffness. Some running shoe
constructions positively affect athletic performance-related and
injury-related variables: 1) increasing the stiffness of running
shoes at the optimal range can benefit performance-related variables; 2) softer midsoles can reduce impact forces and loading
rates; 3) thicker midsoles can provide better cushioning effects
and attenuate shock during impacts but may also decrease plantar
sensations of a foot; 4) minimalist shoes can improve running
economy and increase the cross-sectional area and stiffness of
Achilles tendon but it would increase the metatarsophalangeal
and ankle joint loading compared to the conventional shoes.
While shoe constructions can effectively influence running biomechanics, research on some constructions including shoe lace,
heel flare, heel-toe drop, Masai Barefoot Technologies, heel cup,
and upper requires further investigation before a viable scientific
guideline can be made. Future research is also needed to develop
standard testing protocols to determine the optimal stiffness,
thickness, and heel–toe drop of running shoes to optimise performance-related variables and prevent running-related injuries.
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