Young children’s spatiotemporal measures of walking and running in three common types of footwear

NewsBot · Aug 12, 2020

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A comparison of young children’s spatiotemporal measures of walking and running in three common types of footwear compared to and bare feet
SimoneCranage et al
Gait & Posture; 7 August 2020

Highlights
•Regardless of shoe type soft soled footwear modified spatiotemporal gait parameters compared to barefoot
•Less differences were seen between footwear and barefoot when running
•The clinical significance of the difference found in this research are unknown
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Background
Clinicians and footwear manufacturers often advise young children to wear soft-soled footwear when they are first learning to walk. There is limited evidence as to why this advice is given, and if soft-soled shoes are as close to barefoot as thought.

Research Question
What are the differences in spatiotemporal measures of gait during walking and running in three common types of children’s footwear with a soft-soled compared to barefoot in young children?

Methods
The study used a quasi-experimental design, with the condition order randomised using a Latin square sequence. Forty-seven children were recruited (2 - 4 years). Participants walked or ran the length of a GAITrite mat in a randomized order for barefoot and soft-soled sneaker, boot and sandal conditions. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the main effect of each soft-soled footwear compared to bare feet in the different gait parameters.

Results
For walking and running trials, cadence decreased whereas step time and stride length increased in all footwear types compared to the barefoot condition. While wearing sneakers and sandals increased the stance percentage for walking and running trials, compared to barefoot, this difference was only apparent during the running trial for the boots. Likewise, although double support time increased for both the boots and sneakers in walking and running, compared to barefoot, this difference was only observed in the sandals during walking.

Significance
This research found that various types of soft-soled footwear impacted gait compared to the barefoot condition, with some differences seen between walking and running trials.

These findings challenge the assumption that soft-soled footwear facilitate a similar gait to barefoot walking and running, although the clinical significance of these differences is unknown.
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NewsBot · Nov 3, 2020

Barefoot walking changed relative timing during the support phase but not ground reaction forces in children when compared to different footwear conditions
Gustavo SandriHeidner et al
Gait & Posture; 2 November 2020

Highlights
•Barefoot condition changed relative timing.
•Children footwear changed vertical and propulsive impulses.
•Children footwear does not influence gait speed.
•Children footwear does not influence GRF.
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Background
There is a paucity of available biomechanical kinetic data comparing shod and barefoot conditions in children.

Research Question
Do children wearing footwear have comparable gait velocity, ground reaction forces (GRF), spatiotemporal parameters, propulsive and braking impulses when compared to children walking barefoot?

Methods
Seventy-five children were divided into four groups: Group 1 females aged 4-9 years old (n = 29). Group 2 females aged 3-5 years old (n = 16). Group 3 males aged 6-9 years old (n = 13). Group 4 males aged 4-8 years old (n = 17). Children walked at a self-selected pace over a walkway of force platforms. Each footwear and barefoot represented a separate condition. The order of conditions was randomized. A repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to investigate the effects of the footwear type on gait parameters in each group. Multiple comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were conducted when appropriate.

Results
There were no statistical differences in velocity or in vertical and anteroposterior GRF across conditions for all groups. There was a significant effect of the footwear worn on time to loading response peak (p = 0.008), time to midstance force (p = 0.006), and time to propulsive peak (p < 0.001). For Group 3, there was a significant effect of the footwear worn on time to braking peak (p < 0.001) and time to propulsive peak (p < 0.001). Regarding impulses for Group 1, there was a significant effect of the footwear worn on the loading response impulse (p = 0.016) and terminal stance and pre-swing impulse (p = 0.001). For Group 4, there was a significant effect of the footwear worn on the loading response impulse (p = 0.028).

Significance
There is no influence of the evaluated children’s footwear on gait velocity or GRF.
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NewsBot · Sep 7, 2021

A comparison of young children’s spatiotemporal gait measures in three common types of footwear with different sole hardness
SimoneCranage et al
Gait & Posture; 6 September 2021

Highlights
•Few differences were observed in gait variables between soft and hard soled footwear
•Shorter stride length was observed in hard versus soft soled sandals
•Finding limited differences may be of interest for footwear designers and manufacturers
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Background
It is unknown what the impact of sole hardness is on young children’s gait. Yet, this feature is commonly marketed as having differing benefits for young children’s walking and development.

Research question
What are the differences in spatiotemporal measures of gait during walking and running in three common types of young children’s footwear with a soft sole, compared to a hard sole?

Methods
The study used a quasi-experimental design, with the condition order randomised using a Latin square sequence. Forty-seven children were recruited (aged 2 - 4 years). Participants walked or ran the length of a GAITRite mat in a randomized order in a soft (Shore 48-53) or hard soled (Shore 60-65) sneaker, boot and sandal condition. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate the difference between footwear for the different gait parameters including velocity, cadence, step time, swing percentage, stance percentage, double support time and the toe in/out angle.

Results
Children walked with a shorter stride length in the hard-soled sandals compared to the soft- soled sandals (p < 0.05). There were no other differences in spatiotemporal variables in the soft versus hard soled sandals during walking or running (p > 0.05). There were no differences in any spatiotemporal gait variables during walking or running in soft versus hard- soled runners and no differences in walking or running in soft versus hard-soled boots (p > 0.05).

Significance
There were few differences in spatiotemporal parameters between soft and hard-soled footwear in both walking and running in three different types of footwear. This may be a positive finding for footwear designers and manufacturers, as a harder sole appeared to have limited impact on spatiotemporal gait parameters.
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NewsBot · Oct 13, 2021

Soft soled footwear has limited impact on toddler gait
Cylie Williams ,Jessica Kolic,Wen Wu,Kade Paterson
May 10, 2021

The development of walking in young toddlers is an important motor milestone. Walking patterns can differ widely amongst toddlers, and are characterised by unique biomechanical strategies. This makes comparisons between newly walking toddler’s and older children’s walking difficult. Little is currently understood regarding the effects of footwear on the gait in newly walking toddlers. A quasi-experimental pre-post study design was used to assess whether spatiotemporal parameters of gait, and in-shoe foot and lower limb kinematics, differed when walking barefoot and in soft-soled footwear in newly walking toddlers. There were 18 toddlers recruited, with 14 undergoing testing. The GAITRite system collected spatial and temporal data. The Vicon camera system collected kinematic data. The testing conditions included barefoot and footwear. Footwear tested was a commercially available soft soled shoe (Bobux XPLORER). Data was extracted directly from the GAITRite system and analysed. Walking in footwear did not change spatial or temporal data, however there were small but significant decreases in hip adduction/abduction range of motion (mean difference (MD) = 1.79°, 95% CI = -3.51 to -0.07, p = 0.04), knee flexion (MD = -7.63°, 95% CI = 2.70 to 12.55, p = 0.01), and knee flexion/extension range of movement (MD = 6.25°, 95% CI = -10.49 to -2.01, p = 0.01), and an increase in subtalar joint eversion (MD = 2.85°, 95% CI = 5.29 to -0.41, p = 0.03). Effect sizes were small for hip and ankle range, peak knee extension, and subtalar joint ranges (d<0.49), medium for knee flexion/extension range (d = 0.75) and large for peak knee flexion (d = 0.87). The magnitude of kinematic changes with soft-soled footwear were small thus the clinical importance of these findings is uncertain. Future longitudinal studies are needed to develop recommendations regarding footwear for newly walking toddlers.
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NewsBot · Nov 12, 2021

Determination of relationship between foot arch, hindfoot, and hallux motion using Oxford foot model: Comparison between walking and running
HitomiShono et al
Gait & Posture; 11 November 2021

Highlights
•Foot arch was captured using Oxford foot model instead of medial lateral arch angle.
•The rising of foot arch in running cannot explain by the windlass mechanism enough.
•Hindfoot supination was unrelated to foot arch motion in walking and running.
•Foot arch was related to hindfoot adduction in walking, vice versa abduction in running.
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Background
The foot arch plays an important role in propulsion and shock absorption during walking and running; however, the relationship among the foot arch, metatarsal locking theory, and nature of the windlass mechanism (WM) remain unclear.

Research question: What are the differences in the kinematic relationship between the foot arch, hindfoot, and hallux during walking and running?

Methods
Relative angles within the foot were measured in 18 healthy men using the Oxford foot model (OFM). Data for barefoot walking at a comfortable speed and rearfoot running at 2.0 m/s were collected. Angles of the forefoot relative to the hindfoot (OFM-arch), hallux relative to the forefoot (Hallux) on the sagittal plane, and hindfoot relative to the shank (Hindfoot) on three anatomical planes were obtained. The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle was calculated to verify that OFM-arch can substitute the MLA angle. Each parameter was subjected to cross-correlation analysis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to examine the relationship with OFM-arch and compare them during walking and running.

Result
OFM-arch was similar to the conventional MLA projection angle in both trials (gait: 0.79, running: 0.96 p<0.01). Synchronization of the OFM-arch and Hallux angles was higher in running than in walking (gait: -0.09, running: -0.75 p<0.01). Hindfoot supination was unrelated to OFM-arch. Hindfoot angle on the transverse plane exhibited a moderate relationship with OFM-arch, indicating different correlations in walking and running (gait: 0.63, running: -0.68 p<0.01).

Significance: The elevation of the foot arch due to hallux dorsiflexion differed during walking and running; hence, other factors besides WM (such as intrinsic muscles) may affect the foot arch elevation during running. The hindfoot in the frontal plane does not contribute to arch raising and foot stability during running; it features different relationships with OFM-arch during walking and running.
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NewsBot · Feb 24, 2022

The Influence of the Shoe over the Medial Foot Arch and the Lower Limbs Kinematics in Toddlers
Liria Akie Okai-Nobrega et al
Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). 2022 Jan 24;57(1):167-174

Objective To evaluate the biomechanical behavior of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot and the kinematic parameters of the lower limbs with biomimetic footwear (BF) and non-biomimetic (NB1, NB2, NB3 and NB4) footwear in children at the beginning of the gait acquisition phase. Methods Four toddlers were evaluated at the beginning of the gait acquisition phase under the following conditions: walking barefoot, ambulation with BF and NB1, NB2, NB3 and NB4 footwear in hard floor. BF is described as biomimetic because of its property of emulating natural and irregular floors through a dynamic internal insole. The MLA and kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle during gait were evaluated by three-dimensional motion analysis system. The similarity between the kinematic curves of barefoot and footwear conditions was analyzed by root mean square error (RMSE). Results The use of BF presented the highest magnitude of MLA and the greatest difference in relation to barefoot condition (higher RMSE). The BF showed less difference in the kinematics of the knee and ankle joints during gait when compared to barefoot condition (lower RMSE). NB2 footwear presented hip kinematics more similar to barefoot condition (lower RMSE). Conclusion Biomimetics footwear and NB2 shoes (both with wider forefoot region) generated smaller differences in lower limbs compared to barefoot. In addition, the MLA was higher in the BF, probably because different design from other shoes.
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