The foot in basketball

NewsBot · Mar 22, 2023

The Epidemiology of Pediatric Basketball Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments: 2011-2020
Nathan Houlihan, Patrick England, Sara N Kiani, Theodore Ganley
Pediatr Emerg Care. 2023 Mar 20

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe the national epidemiology of basketball-related injuries in children and adolescents presenting to US emergency departments (EDs) from 2011 to 2020 and to quantify the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was queried for cases of injury in persons aged 0 to 19 years related to product code 1205 (basketball and related equipment) presenting from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2020. National injury estimates were calculated using National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-recommended weights and strata. The US Census data were used to determine the incidence of injury by age group and by sex. To quantify the effect of COVID-19, an interrupted time series analysis was performed using March 1, 2020 as the interrupting time point. The pre-COVID-19 trend was used to estimate the difference in injuries attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results: From 2011 to 2020, an estimated 3,210,953 (95% confidence interval = 2,655,812-3,788,094) visits were made to US EDs for basketball-related injuries in those aged younger than 20 years, corresponding to a mean annual incidence of 391 injuries per 100,000 population. The mean age of injury was 14.4 years (95% confidence interval = 14.3-14.5). Boys were more often injured than girls (76% vs 24% of all injuries, respectively). The foot was the most injured body part, accounting for 24% of injuries. Strains or sprains were the most common injury type (38% of injuries). During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 155,638 fewer injuries than were expected based on pre-COVID-19 trends. During COVID-19, there were no significant differences in the proportions of injury types, body parts involved, sex, or age.

Conclusions: Basketball remains a frequent cause of injury, especially in adolescents. The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly reduced the frequency of basketball-related injuries, but did not affect the type and body location of injuries presenting to the ED.
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NewsBot · Aug 8, 2023

Characterization of Ankle Injuries and Associated Risk Factors in the National Basketball Association: Minutes Per Game and Usage Rate Associated With Time Loss
Sailesh V Tummala et al
Orthop J Sports Med. 2023 Jul 27;11(7)

Background: Ankle injuries are more common in the National Basketball Association (NBA) compared with other professional sports.

Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to report the incidence and associated risk factors of ankle injuries in NBA athletes. It was hypothesized that factors associated with an increased physiologic burden, such as minutes per game (MPG), usage rate, and associated lower extremity injury, would be associated with increased ankle injury risk and time loss.

Study design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: Ankle injury data from the 2015-2016 through 2020-2021 NBA seasons were evaluated. The truncated 2019-2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic was omitted. The primary outcome was the incidence of ankle injuries, reported per 1000 game-exposures (GEs). Secondary analysis was performed to identify risk factors for ankle injuries through bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression of player demographic characteristics, performance statistics, injury characteristics, and previous lower extremity injuries. Factors influencing the time loss after injury were assessed via a negative binomial regression analysis.

Results: A total of 554 ankle injuries (4.06 injuries per 1000 GEs) were sustained by NBA players over 5 NBA seasons, with sprain/strain the most common injury type (3.71 injuries per 1000 GEs). The majority of ankle injury events (55%) resulted in 2 to 10 game absences. The likelihood of sustaining an ankle injury was significantly associated with a greater number of games played (P = .029) and previous injury to the hip, hamstring, or quadriceps (P = .004). Increased length of absence due to ankle injury was associated with greater height (P = .019), MPG (P < .001), usage rate (P = .025), points per game (P = .011), and a prior history of foot (P = .003), ankle (P < .001), and knee injuries (P < .001).

Conclusion: The incidence of ankle injuries was 4.06 per 1000 GEs in professional basketball players. Games played and prior history of hip, hamstring, or quadriceps injuries were found to be risk factors for ankle injuries. Factors associated with physiologic burden such as MPG and usage rate were associated with an increased time loss after injury.
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NewsBot · Jan 17, 2024

Infographic. Progressing on-court rehabilitation after injury: the control-chaos continuum adapted to basketball

NewsBot · Feb 9, 2024

Epidemiology and Sex-Specific Analysis of Basketball-Related Lower Extremity Fractures: A 10-Year Analysis of National Injury Data
Avanish Yendluri et al
Sports Health. 2024 Jan 29

Background: Basketball-related fractures involving the lower extremities frequently present to emergency departments (ED) in the United States (US). This study aimed to identify the primary mechanisms, distribution, and trends of these injuries.

Hypothesis: We hypothesize that (1) lower extremity fracture frequency will decrease from 2013 to 2022, (2) the ankle will be the most common fracture site, and (3) noncontact twisting will be the most common injury mechanism.

Study design: Descriptive epidemiological.

Level of evidence: Level 3.

Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried for lower extremity fractures from basketball presenting to US EDs from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022. Patient demographics, injury location, and disposition were recorded. The injury mechanism was characterized using the provided narrative. National estimates (NEs) were calculated using the NEISS statistical sample weight. Injury trends were evaluated by linear regression.

Results: There were 6259 cases (NE: 185,836) of basketball-related lower extremity fractures. Linear regression analysis of annual trends demonstrated a significant decrease in lower extremity fractures over the study period (2013-2022: P = 0.01; R2 = 0.64). The most common injury mechanism was a noncontact twisting motion (NE: 49,897, 26.9%) followed by jumping (NE: 39,613, 21.3%). The ankle was the most common fracture site (NE: 69,936, 37.6%) followed by the foot (NE: 49,229, 26.49%). While ankle and foot fractures decreased significantly (P < 0.05), fractures of the lower leg, knee, toe, and upper leg showed no significant trends (P = 0.09, 0.75, 0.07, and 0.85, respectively).

Conclusion: Basketball-related lower extremity fractures decreased from 2013 to 2022, with the ankle being the most common fracture site and most fractures arising from a noncontact twist. Increasing utilization of outpatient clinics may have contributed to the decline, particularly for ankle and foot fractures. The prevalence of ankle fractures and twisting-related injuries reinforces the importance of protective footwear and targeted strengthening protocols.
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NewsBot · Aug 5, 2024

Effects of shoelace tightness on lower limb biomechanics and subjective perception during lateral shuffle in basketball
YUNQI TANG et al
Source

Purpose: Shoelace tightness is an important factor that may influence basketball players’ performance and injury risk during shuttle slip movement. This study aimed to examine the effects of shoelace tightness on shoelace tension, lower limb kinematics and kinetics, and subjective perception in basketball players. Methods: Sixteen male college basketball players performed lateral shuffle movements with their dominant foot landing on a force plate under three shoelace tightness conditions (loose, comfortable and tight). A motion capture system and a force plate were used to measure lower limb kinematics and kinetics, respectively. A customized wireless shoelace tension system was used to measure shoelace tension at three locations on the dorsum of the foot. Visual analogue scales were used to assess perceived comfort, foot pressure and in-shoe displacement. Results: Shoelace tension increased with shoelace tightness (loose: 13.56 ± 6.21 N, comfortable: 16.14 ± 5.35 N, tight: 21.25 ± 6.19 N) and varied with shoelace position (front: 20.19 ± 5.99 N, middle: 13.71 ± 5.59 N, rear: 17.04 ± 6.95 N). Shoelace tightness also affected some of the ankle joint kinematics and kinetics as well as the subjective ratings of foot pressure and in-shoe displacement ( p < 0.05). The loose shoelace increased the ankle inversion angle, while the comfortable shoelace decreased the knee negative power. The tight shoelace increased the perceived foot pressure and reduced the inshoe movement (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Shoelace tightness could significantly affect lower limb biomechanics and subjective perception during lateral shuffle in basketball. Basketball footwear designers should consider the incorporation of multiple shoelaces or zonal lacing systems to allow athletes to fine-tune the tension across different areas of the foot.
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NewsBot · Oct 15, 2024

Foot and ankle complex injury prevention for adolescent basketball players Holistic guidelines for trainers

NewsBot · Nov 2, 2024

Acute Effects of Myofascial Release on Foot Mobility and Performance in Basketball Players with Hypomobile Feet—A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Nihat Sarıalioğlu

NewsBot · Nov 2, 2024

Acute Effects of Myofascial Release on Foot Mobility and Performance in Basketball Players with Hypomobile Feet—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Nihat Sarıalioğlu et al
Life 2024, 14(11), 1404; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111404

Hypomobility in the foot structure causes functional limitations. These functional limitations affect sportive performance negatively, especially in basketball, where dynamic movements such as jumping and sudden changes in direction are very intense. In this context, reducing hypomobility is important in terms of eliminating performance disorders caused by hypomobility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of myofascial release on foot mobility and sportive performance in basketball players with hypomobile feet. This study was designed as randomized controlled experimental research. Twenty-four male basketball players (23.46 ± 2.81 years) participated in this study. The athletes were first subjected to foot mobility, balance and vertical jump tests. Then, the participants were divided into two groups: myofascial release (MR) and placebo myofascial release (PMR). Myofascial release (Graston technique) was applied to the MR group, and placebo myofascial release was applied to the PMR group. After application, foot mobility and performance measurements were performed again, and the results were analyzed. It was observed that there was a significant difference in right foot mobility (d = 4), left foot mobility (d = 6), vertical jump (d = 1.13) and dynamic balance (d = 1.03) parameters after application in the MR group. It was also determined that the acute effects of the intervention on foot mobility lasted for at least two hours (p < 0.001). There was no change in any parameter after application in the PMR group (p > 0.05). The results of this study show that a single session of myofascial release applied to the plantar sole temporarily increased foot mobility and improved vertical jump and dynamic balance performance in basketball players with chronic hypomobility.
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NewsBot · Dec 6, 2024

The Relationship Between Foot Anthropometrics, Lower-Extremity Kinematics, and Ground Reaction Force in Elite Female Basketball Players: An Exploratory Study Investigating Arch Height Index and Navicular Drop
Catherine I. Cairns et al
Biomechanics 2024, 4(4), 750-764; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics4040055

Static and dynamic foot function can be evaluated using easy-to-implement, low-cost measurements like arch height index (AHI) and navicular drop (ND). Connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity kinematics/kinetics have largely focused on gait. Some studies exist evaluating basketball players; however, these predominantly focus on men. To our knowledge, few studies evaluate female athletes, and none have investigated connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics in elite female basketball players. Thus, we conducted an IRB-approved observational investigation of 10 female, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 basketball players, evaluating connections between AHI/ND and lower-extremity biomechanics during basketball activities. Participants completed one visit wherein bilateral AHI/ND measurements and kinematics/kinetics were captured via optical motion capture and force-instrumented treadmill during basketball activities (walking, running, vertical/horizontal jumping, side shuffles, 45° cuts). No connections existed between the AHI and any variable during any task. Contrastingly, ND was statistically significantly correlated with medial/lateral force maximum and range during left cutting. This implies that individuals with stiffer feet produced more side-to-side force than those with more foot mobility during cutting. This is the first report connecting ND to lower-extremity biomechanics in elite, female basketball players. This could inform novel interventions and technologies to improve frontal kinematics/kinetics.
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NewsBot · Dec 17, 2024

Basketball shoe trends favor fashion over feet

NewsBot · Feb 12, 2025

Impact and costs of injuries in professional basketball: Insights from a four-season analysis
Adrián Rubio-Jiméneza et al
Source

Injuries in professional basketball affect player performance and generate significant costs. This study analyzed the incidence and economic impact of 102 injuries in a team from the ACB League over four seasons, with an injury rate of 5.85 injuries per 1,000 hours, higher during games. Muscle injuries (42 %), mainly involving hamstrings and the Achilles tendon, were the most common. Although 68.6 % were minor (1-7 days), severe injuries (>28 days) accounted for the highest economic burden. Single-competition seasons exhibited a higher budgetary impact (6.5 %) compared to dual-competition seasons (4.5 %).

The findings highlight the importance of preventive programs tailored to the competitive demands and player characteristics.
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NewsBot · Apr 28, 2025

Sports Injuries in Basketball, Handball, and Volleyball Players: Systematic Review
Vladan Milić et al
Life (Basel). 2025 Mar 24;15(4):529.

Sports injuries were prevalent across various sports and resulted in temporary or permanent limitations in an athlete's competitive performance. This research aimed to compile and analyze studies on sports injuries among basketball, handball, and volleyball players, with a particular focus on their frequency, nature, and variations based on gender and player position. A systematic search was conducted using digital databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, covering the period from 2015 to 2025. The search strategy involved relevant keywords and their combinations related to injuries and athletes, selecting studies that explored injury types, locations, and preventive measures. The findings indicated that lower limb injuries were the most prevalent in all three sports. Basketball players frequently experienced knee and ankle injuries, and handball players were prone to knee injuries, while volleyball players most commonly sustained knee and foot injuries. Additionally, specific risk factors contributing to these injuries were identified. Preventive interventions, such as neuromuscular training and plyometric exercises, were found to effectively reduce injury rates across these sports. The majority of studies suggested that female athletes had a higher injury incidence compared to their male counterparts. This may be attributed to several factors, including hormonal differences (such as the effect of estrogen on ligament laxity), anatomical factors (e.g., a larger Q-angle in women), and differences in training practices that could predispose female athletes to higher injury rates. Furthermore, regardless of the sport, injuries occurred more frequently during competition and tended to increase with the physical demands of the game.
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NewsBot · Jun 16, 2025

Examining prior injury relative to Achilles tendon ruptures in National Basketball Association players
Adam J. Petway,Reuben F. Burch,David Saucier,Zachary M. Gillen,Scott Epsley,Randy Forbes
Research in Sports Medicine

The purpose of this study is to examine Achilles Tendon (AT) rupture and prior injury in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Publicly available data was sourced via two online databases and filtered to identify those reported as having sustained AT rupture. A full injury history was then generated for those players. A total of 51 AT ruptures were identified. Thirty-five per cent (18) had previously missed at least one game for “Achilles tendinitis” or “Achilles tendon injury” on the side of the affected limb. A further 18% were noted to have suffered plantar fasciitis or foot inflammation (9) or previous ankle injury (9). Seven previous injuries were knee related, and five were described as calf muscle injuries. The remaining three had prior soft tissue injuries to the quadriceps, hamstring or groin. Understanding any potential association between previous small time-loss injuries and large time-loss injuries such Achilles tendon ruptures is an important step in advancing injury risk mitigation strategies in professional basketball.
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NewsBot · Jun 19, 2025

Relationship between plantar pressure distribution and sagittal spinal curvatures among handball players: A cross-sectional study
Amr A Abdel-Aziem et al
Hong Kong Physiother J. 2025 Jun;45(1):45-55.

Background: Handball affects the spinal anterior-posterior curvatures and disturbs the foot plantar pressure which provides insights into alterations in an individual's posture. However, little is known about how the mal-alignment affects the distribution of plantar pressure.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the thoracic kyphosis angle, and plantar pressure distribution among handball players.

Methods: Sixty male handball players were distributed into two groups based on their thoracic kyphosis angles. Group A: 28 handball players with an angle greater than 44∘ (kyphotic group), and group B: 32 handball players with an angle equal to or less than 44∘ (normal group). The Formetric III 4D spine and DIERS Pedoscan devices were used to measure the trunk anthropometry and plantar pressure distribution. The Pearson correlation test was used to explore the relationship between the kyphosis angle and plantar pressure distribution.

Results: Group A was significantly taller, had longer trunk length, greater lumbar lordosis angles, and forefoot plantar pressure (FPP), and less rearfoot plantar pressure (RPP) than group B ( p<0.05
). They showed a highly significant positive correlation between the thoracic kyphosis angle and FPP, and a highly significant negative correlation with the RPP ( r=0.672 , −0.650 , respectively). There was no correlation between the lumbar lordosis angle and FPP or RPP ( r=0.025 , −0.045

, respectively).

Conclusion: Handball players with greater thoracic kyphosis angle have greater lumbar lordosis angle. Increasing the thoracic kyphosis angle is strongly associated with increased FPP and decreased RPP. While there is no relationship between the lumbar lordosis angle and FPP or RPP.
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NewsBot · Aug 27, 2025

Ultrasonographic evaluation of intrinsic foot muscle thickness in soccer and basketball players: an observational study
Lorena Canosa-Carro et al
PeerJ. 2025 Aug 13:13:e19773.

Objective: This study aimed to assess and compare the thickness of specific intrinsic foot muscles (IFM)-abductor hallucis brevis (ABH), flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), quadratus plantaris (QP)-and the plantar fascia (PF) in amateur soccer and basketball players using ultrasonography.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 35 male amateur athletes, including 17 soccer players and 18 basketball players. Ultrasonographic imaging was performed to measure the thickness of the IFM and PF in a relaxed position for all participants.

Results: Basketball players demonstrated significantly greater thickness in the ABH and FHB compared to soccer players. However, no substantial differences were observed in the thickness of the FDB, QP, or PF between the two groups.

Conclusions: The study identified sport-specific differences in the thickness of certain intrinsic foot muscles between soccer and basketball players. These variations may be attributed to the unique movement patterns and biomechanical demands of each sport, highlighting the importance of targeted training and injury prevention programs tailored to the needs of these athletes.
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NewsBot · Sep 3, 2025

Effect of toe box size on basketball-specific movement performance
Jialu Zhang et al
Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 14 August 2025

Purpose: While an expanded toe box (TB) design offers notable benefits for foot health in basketball players, its impact on movement performance remains insufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to explore this relationship and inform the development of advanced shoe designs.

Methods: We conducted a controlled laboratory study with a within-subject crossover design. Thirty basketball players (25 males, five females; aged 18–20 years) performed standardized 5-m sprints, 180° lateral shuffling, and 45° sidestep cutting in six shoe versions. These versions systematically altered the toe allowance dividing line (TADL) (0, 1.5, 3 mm) and the sole center line (SCL) rotation (0°, 2°). Movement time, ground reaction forces, propulsion impulse, and joint kinematics were measured using optical timing systems, force platforms, and motion capture.

Results: A 3-mm TADL extension significantly improved performance, reducing sprint, lateral shuffling, and sidestep cutting times by 6.53% (P < 0.01), 3.49% (P < 0.01), and 7.69% (P < 0.01), respectively, and increased propulsion impulse by 27.27% (P < 0.01). A 1.5-mm TADL extension improved sprint time by 4.02% (P < 0.05), though the effects on other movements were limited. A 2° SCL rotation showed no significant performance improvements (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that shoes with enlarged TB improve both forward and lateral movements. Inward TADL extension optimizes performance by enhancing foot mobility and force transmission, while SCL rotation offers minimal benefits. These findings challenge the conventional tight-fitting shoe designs and provide insights for designing footwear that enhances agility and reduces injury risks.
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NewsBot · Sep 8, 2025

A multicenter epidemiologic analysis of the injuries
affecting female and male collegiate basketball players
Rishi Trikha et al
Source

Purpose: The global rise in popularity of basketball has prompted an
increased emphasis on understanding the injury patterns affecting players.
This study analysed injury epidemiology and return to sport outcomes in
Division I male and female collegiate basketball players. The authors hy-
pothesise that ankle injuries are amongst the most common in this popu-
lation and that there are similarly comparable injury rates between genders.
Methods: A retrospective review of a de‐identified conference‐specific
injury database for male and female Division I collegiate basketball players
from 2017 to 2021 was conducted. Injuries were stratified by anatomic
location, gender, time missed from practice/competition, and diagnosis.
Injury incidence was normalised per 1000 athlete exposure hours (AEH)
and relative risk (RR) assessed gender‐based differences.
Results: Of 853 athletes, 663 (77.7%) sustained 4532 injuries. Females
were more likely to sustain any injury with injuries per 1000 AEH being 6.27
and 5.55 for males (RR: 1.23, confidence interval [95% CI: 1.15–1.32],
p < 0.001). The most common injuries were ankle/hindfoot (22.2%), knee
(16.5%), head/face (11.7%) and forefoot (9.8%) injuries. Females were
significantly more likely to sustain knee (RR: 1.49 [95% CI: 1.27–1.75],
p < 0.001), head/face (RR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.09–1.60], p = 0.005), or midfoot/
forefoot (RR: 1.42 [95% CI: 1.14–1.76], p = 0.002) injuries. Females were
also significantly more likely to suffer a concussion (RR: 1.75 [95% CI:
1.30–2.36], p < 0.001) with 82 of 360 females (22.8%) experiencing a
concussion and 64 of 493 males (13.0%). Of all concussions, 12.4% led to
absences exceeding 4 weeks.
Conclusions: Female athletes experienced higher overall injury rates and
specifically elevated rates of concussive, knee, head/face, and midfoot/
forefoot injuries. While lower extremity injuries were most common across
both genders, they typically resulted in limited time lost. These findings
underscore the need for injury prevention programs addressing multiple
body regions and highlight the importance of incorporating gender‐specific
considerations into training and return to play protocols to ultimately keep
our athletes safe
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NewsBot · Apr 13, 2026

Effect of Toe Box Space on Metatarsal Stress and Lower Limb Biomechanics: Insights from an Integrated Finite Element Model
Qincheng Ge, Huiyu Zhou, Datao Xu, Zanni Zhang, Xiuye Qu, Tianxiao Chen, Ukadike Chris Ugbolue & Yaodong Gu
Journal of Bionic Engineering

During stop-jumping landings, variations in toe box space (TBS) may influence lower limb movement strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TBS on metatarsal (MT) stress distribution and lower limb biomechanics. Twenty-eight basketball players participated, wearing tight-fitting (TF) and loose-fitting (LF) shoes. An integrated foot-ankle-shoe-knee finite element model (FEM) was established to obtain MT1−MT5 stress. The peak metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion angle (PMDA) was measured and its relationships with peak MT stress and 13 ankle and knee parameters were analyzed. TF shoes significantly restricted metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) dorsiflexion (P < 0.001), and PMDA was correlated with all variables except peak ankle inversion angle (PAIA) (R2 = 0.209). MT stress was more concentrated in the central region. These findings suggest that restricted TBS limits MPJ mobility, and lower PMDA is linked to central MT2 stress distribution and compensatory loading at proximal joints, potentially increasing injury risk. This study provides biomechanical insights for basketball shoe selection and injury prevention in high-impact sports.
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The foot in basketball

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Foot Placement and Basketball Shot Accuracy

Football, Soccer, Basketball, Hockey and all things in between

Swollen foot from basketball. Can't walk, please help! (pictures)

Interconnections Among Midfoot Joints

Dermomina® clay achieves high closure rates in non-infected diabetic foot ulcers

Podiatrist, Join Foot Mechanics

The Dynamic Foot Index (DFI)

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The foot in basketball

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Foot Placement and Basketball Shot Accuracy

Football, Soccer, Basketball, Hockey and all things in between

Swollen foot from basketball. Can't walk, please help! (pictures)

Interconnections Among Midfoot Joints

Dermomina® clay achieves high closure rates in non-infected diabetic foot ulcers

Podiatrist, Join Foot Mechanics

The Dynamic Foot Index (DFI)

Share This Page

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