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31 December 1994 – The first Chechen war: Russian army began a New Year's storm of Grozny

First Chechen war

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• First Chechen War

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1 January 1989 – The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer comes into force.

Montreal Protocol

1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali)^[1][2][3] As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering.^[4] Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2040 (across much of the world) and 2066 (over Antarctica).^[5][6][7] Due to its widespread adoption and implementation, it has been hailed as an example of successful international co-operation. Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol".^[8][9] In comparison, effective burden-sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so.^[10] In this case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. Also, overall public opinion was convinced of possible imminent risks.^[11][12]

The ozone treaty has been ratified by 198 parties (197 states and the European Union),^[13] making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.^[14]

This truly universal treaty has also been remarkable in the expedience of the policy-making process at the global scale, where only 14 years lapsed between a basic scientific research discovery (1973) and the international agreement signed (1985 and 1987).

1. ^ Hub, IISD's SDG Knowledge. "Kigali Amendment Enters into Force, Bringing Promise of Reduced Global Warming | News | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD". Retrieved 7 March 2019.
2. ^ McGrath, Matt (15 October 2016). "Deal reached on HFC greenhouse gases". BBC.
3. ^ "Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol". United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
4. ^ Ewenfeldt B, "Ozonlagret mår bättre", Arbetarbladet 12-9-2014, p. 10.
5. ^ "Ozone Layer on Track to Recovery: Success Story Should Encourage Action on Climate". UNEP. UNEP. 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
6. ^ Susan Solomon; Anne R. Douglass; Paul A. Newman (July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update". Physics Today. 67 (7): 42–48. Bibcode:2014PhT....67g..42D. doi:10.1063/PT.3.2449. hdl:1721.1/99159.
7. ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (20 February 2015). "Ozone layer depletion: Montreal Protocol". aem. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
8. ^ "The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer". Theozonehole.com. 16 September 1987. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
9. ^ "Background for International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer - 16 September". un.org. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
10. ^ Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008
11. ^ Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Reiner Grundmann, Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007
12. ^ Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability) Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182 book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft Archived 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ "Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat". Ozone.unep.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
14. ^ "UNEP press release: "South Sudan Joins Montreal Protocol and Commits to Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging Substances"". Unep.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2012.

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2 January 1971 – The second Ibrox disaster kills 66 fans at a Rangers-Celtic football match

Ibrox disaster

The Ibrox disaster refers to two accidents, both at football games held at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow, Scotland:

• The 1902 Ibrox disaster was a partial stadium collapse that caused 25 deaths and 517 injuries
• The 1971 Ibrox disaster was a crowd crush in a stairway, causing 66 deaths and over 200 injuries, at an Old Firm match

Topics referred to by the same term

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ibrox disaster.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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3 January 1925 – Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.

Benito Mussolini

Dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943

"Mussolini" redirects here. For other people named Mussolini, see Mussolini family.

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (UK: /ˌmʊsəˈliːni, ˌmʌs-/, US: /ˌmuːs-/, Italian: [beˈniːto aˈmilkare anˈdrɛːa mussoˈliːni]; 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF). He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 1943, as well as Duce of Italian fascism from the establishment of the Italian Fasces of Combat in 1919 until his summary execution in 1945 by Italian partisans. As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period.

Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti! newspaper. In 1912, he became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but he was expelled from the PSI for advocating military intervention in World War I, in opposition to the party's stance on neutrality. In 1914, Mussolini founded a newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, and served in the Royal Italian Army during the war until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. Mussolini denounced the PSI, his views now centering on Italian nationalism instead of socialism, and later founded the fascist movement which came to oppose egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating "revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines. On 31 October 1922, following the March on Rome (28–30 October), Mussolini was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III, becoming the youngest individual to hold the office up to that time. After removing all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labour strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years, Mussolini established dictatorial authority by both legal and illegal means and aspired to create a totalitarian state. In 1929, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty with the Holy See to establish Vatican City.

Mussolini's foreign policy was based on the fascist doctrine of "Spazio vitale" (trans: "living space"); which aimed to expand Italian possessions and the fascist sphere of influence. In 1923, Mussolini ordered the bombing of Corfu over an incident with Greece. That same year, Mussolini launched the Second Italo-Senussi war which lasted until 1932 and culminated in the Libyan genocide. He also annexed the city of Fiume into Italy after the Treaty of Rome in 1924 with Yugoslavia. Through the Tirana treaties, Mussolini turned Albania into an Italian protectorate. In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. In 1939, Italian forces annexed Albania. Between 1936 and 1939, Mussolini ordered an intervention in Spain in favour of Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. At the same time, Mussolini initially tried to retain much of the Versailles status quo by sending troops to the Brenner Pass to delay Hitler's Anschluss, and taking part in the Treaty of Lausanne, the Lytton Report, the Four-Power Pact and the Stresa Front. However, he ultimately alienated the democratic powers as tensions grew in the League of Nations, which he left in 1937. Now hostile to France and Britain, Italy formed the Axis alliance with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

The wars of the 1930s, although victorious, had cost Italy enormous resources, leaving the country unprepared for the upcoming Second World War. Therefore, when Poland was invaded on 1 September 1939, Mussolini declared Italy's non-belligerence. However, on 10 June 1940, believing that Allied defeat was imminent, he decided to join the war on the side of Germany to share the potential spoils of victory. But after three more years of world war, the tide of the conflict turned in favour of the Allies. Following the invasion of Sicily and a motion of no confidence by the Grand Council of Fascism, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini as head of government and placed him in custody (25 July 1943). After the king agreed to an armistice with the Allies, on 12 September 1943 Mussolini was rescued from captivity in the Gran Sasso raid by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos. After meeting with his fallen ally, Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state in German-occupied northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic (Salò Republic), which served as a collaborationist regime of the Germans in their fight against the Allies, now including the Kingdom of Italy, and the Italian resistance.

In late April 1945, with Allied victory imminent, Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci attempted to flee to Switzerland, but they were captured by Italian communist partisans and summarily executed on 28 April near Lake Como, and their bodies were strung up by the heels outside a service station in Milan.

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4 January 1944 – World War II: Operation Carpetbagger, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in Europe, begins.

Operation Carpetbagger

US mission to air-drop matériel to resistance fighters in western Europe and Italy during WWII

Operation Carpetbagger was a World War II operation to provide aerial supply of weapons and other matériel to resistance fighters in France, Italy and the Low Countries by the U.S. Army Air Forces that began on 4 January 1944.

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5 January 1996 – Hamas bombmaker Yahya Ayyash is killed by an Israeli-planted booby-trapped cell phone.

Yahya Ayyash

Palestinian militant and bombmaker (1966–1996)

Yahya Abd-al-Latif Ayyash (Arabic: يحيى عياش; born in 6 March 1966 – 5 January 1996) was the chief bombmaker of Hamas and the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. In that capacity, he earned the nickname the Engineer (Arabic: المهندس, transliterated al-Muhandis). Ayyash is credited with advancing the technique of suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The bombings he orchestrated killed approximately 90 Israelis, many of them civilians.^[1] He was assassinated by Shin Bet on 5 January 1996.^[2]

Ayyash is celebrated by local Palestinian communities who have named streets and other locales in his honor.^[3][4][5] His name was also given to the rocket Ayyash-250 produced by Hamas.^[6]

1. ^ Katz, 256
2. ^ Former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary The Gatekeepers.
3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Katz, 260 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
4. ^ Cite error: The named reference itic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
5. ^ J.J. Goldberg, 'The Problem With Netanyahu's Response to Jewish Terror,' The Forward 4 August 2015.
6. ^ "Hamas makes unverified claim it's using new rocket that can hit all of Israel". The Times of Israel.

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6 January 1960 – National Airlines Flight 2511 is destroyed in mid-air by a bomb, while en route from New York City to Miami.

National Airlines Flight 2511

1960 airplane crash in North Carolina

National Airlines Flight 2511 was a United States domestic passenger flight from New York City to Miami, Florida. On January 6, 1960, the Douglas DC-6 serving the flight exploded in midair. The National Airlines aircraft was carrying 5 crew members and 29 passengers, all of whom perished. The Civil Aeronautics Board investigation concluded that the plane was brought down by a bomb made of dynamite. No criminal charges were ever filed, nor was the blame for the bombing ever determined, though a suicide bombing is suspected. The investigation remains open.

One of the victims was retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Edward Orrick McDonnell, a Medal of Honor recipient and veteran of both World Wars.

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7 January 1797 – The modern Italian flag is first used.

Flag of Italy

National flag

The national flag of Italy (Italian: bandiera d'Italia, pronounced [banˈdjɛːra diˈtaːlja]), often referred to in Italian as il Tricolore (pronounced [il trikoˈloːre]; English: "the Tricolour"), is a tricolour featuring three equally sized vertical panels of green, white and red, with the green at the hoist side, as defined by article 12 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic.^[1] The Italian law regulates its use and display, protecting its defense and providing for the crime of insulting it; it also prescribes its teaching in Italian schools together with other national symbols of Italy.

The Italian Flag Day named Tricolour Day was established by law n. 671 of 31 December 1996, and is held every year on 7 January. This celebration commemorates the first official adoption of the tricolour as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the Cispadane Republic, a Napoleonic sister republic of Revolutionary France, which took place in Reggio Emilia on 7 January 1797, on the basis of the events following the French Revolution (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated national self-determination. The Italian national colours appeared for the first time in Genoa on a tricolour cockade on 21 August 1789, anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military war flag, which was adopted by the Lombard Legion in Milan on 11 October 1796.

After 7 January 1797, popular support for the Italian flag grew steadily, until it became one of the most important symbols of Italian unification, which culminated on 17 March 1861 with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, of which the tricolour became the national flag. Following its adoption, the tricolour became one of the most recognisable and defining features of united Italian statehood in the following two centuries of the history of Italy.

1. ^ Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana Art. 12, 22 dicembre 1947, pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 298 del 27 dicembre 1947 edizione straordinaria (published in the Official Gazette [of the Italian Republic] No. 298 of 27 December 1947 extraordinary edition) "La bandiera della Repubblica è il tricolore italiano: verde, bianco, e rosso, a tre bande verticali di eguali dimensioni"

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8 January 1835 – The United States national debt is 0 for the only time.

United States public debt

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• National debt of the United States

• From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed). This page was kept as a redirect to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name.

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9 January 1947 – Elizabeth "Betty" Short, the Black Dahlia, is last seen alive.

Black Dahlia

American murder victim (1924–1947)

This article is about the murder victim. For other uses, see Black Dahlia (disambiguation).

Elizabeth Short (July 29, 1924 – c. January 14–15, 1947), known as the Black Dahlia, was an American woman found murdered in the Leimert Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, on January 15, 1947. Her case became highly publicized owing to the gruesome nature of the crime, which included the mutilation of her corpse, which was bisected at the waist.

A native of Boston, Short spent her early life in New England and Florida before relocating to California, where her father lived. It is commonly held that she was an aspiring actress, though she had no known acting credits or jobs during her time in Los Angeles. She acquired the nickname of the Black Dahlia posthumously, as newspapers of the period often nicknamed particularly lurid crimes; the term may have originated from a film noir murder mystery, The Blue Dahlia (1946). After the discovery of her body, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) began an extensive investigation that produced over 150 suspects but yielded no arrests.

Short's unsolved murder and the details surrounding it have had a lasting cultural intrigue, generating various theories and public speculation. Her life and death have been the basis of numerous books and films, and her murder is frequently cited as one of the most famous unsolved murders in U.S. history, as well as one of the oldest unsolved cases in Los Angeles County.^[2] It has likewise been credited by historians as one of the first major crimes in postwar America to capture national attention.^[a]

1. ^ Gilmore 2006, pp. 137–138.
2. ^ Scott 2017, p. 9.
3. ^ Gibson 2004, p. 191.
4. ^ Scott 2007, p. 106.

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10 January 1920 – The Treaty of Versailles takes effect, officially ending World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

One of the treaties that ended World War I

See also: Rue Nitot, Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920), and Diplomatic history of World War I

This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation).

The Treaty of Versailles^[i] was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace of Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties.^[ii] Although the armistice of 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, and agreed certain principles and conditions including the payment of reparations, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations before signing the treaty.

The treaty required Germany to disarm, make territorial concessions, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay reparations to the Entente powers. The most critical and controversial provision in the treaty was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." The other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles. This article, Article 231, became known as the "War Guilt" clause.

Critics including John Maynard Keynes declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a "Carthaginian peace", and saying the reparations were excessive and counterproductive. On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. This is still the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists.

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one satisfied. In particular, Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The United States never ratified the Versailles treaty and made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles treaty. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers. The reparation system was reorganized and payments reduced in the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan. Bitter resentment of the treaty powered the rise of the Nazi Party, and eventually the outbreak of a second World War.

Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Quai d'Orsay.

Cite error: There are <ref group=n.> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n.}} template (see the help page).

1. ^ Slavicek 2010, p. 114.
2. ^ Slavicek 2010, p. 107.
3. ^ Boyer et al. 2009, p. 153.

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11 January 1922 – First use of insulin to treat diabetes in a human patient.

Insulin

Peptide hormone

This article is about the naturally occurring protein. For uses of insulin in treating diabetes, see Insulin (medication).

Not to be confused with Inulin.

Insulin (/ˈɪn.sjʊ.lɪn/,^[5][6] from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene. It is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.^[7] It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.^[8] In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both.^[8] Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood.^[9] Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.

Beta cells are sensitive to blood sugar levels so that they secrete insulin into the blood in response to high level of glucose, and inhibit secretion of insulin when glucose levels are low.^[10] Insulin production is also regulated by glucose: high glucose promotes insulin production while low glucose levels lead to lower production.^[11] Insulin enhances glucose uptake and metabolism in the cells, thereby reducing blood sugar level. Their neighboring alpha cells, by taking their cues from the beta cells,^[10] secrete glucagon into the blood in the opposite manner: increased secretion when blood glucose is low, and decreased secretion when glucose concentrations are high. Glucagon increases blood glucose level by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.^[8][10] The secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood in response to the blood glucose concentration is the primary mechanism of glucose homeostasis.^[10]

Decreased or absent insulin activity results in diabetes, a condition of high blood sugar level (hyperglycaemia). There are two types of the disease. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction so that insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood.^[12] In type 2 diabetes, the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1, and is not due to an autoimmune process. Instead, there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets, which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology.^[10] The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is not well understood but reduced population of islet beta-cells, reduced secretory function of islet beta-cells that survive, and peripheral tissue insulin resistance are known to be involved.^[7] Type 2 diabetes is characterized by increased glucagon secretion which is unaffected by, and unresponsive to the concentration of blood glucose. But insulin is still secreted into the blood in response to the blood glucose.^[10] As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood.

The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids, and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da. It is a heterodimer of an A-chain and a B-chain, which are linked together by disulfide bonds. Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Insulin from non-human animal sources differs somewhat in effectiveness (in carbohydrate metabolism effects) from human insulin because of these variations. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version, and was widely used to treat type 1 diabetics before human insulin could be produced in large quantities by recombinant DNA technologies.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Insulin was the first peptide hormone discovered.^[17] Frederick Banting and Charles Best, working in the laboratory of John Macleod at the University of Toronto, were the first to isolate insulin from dog pancreas in 1921. Frederick Sanger sequenced the amino acid structure in 1951, which made insulin the first protein to be fully sequenced.^[18] The crystal structure of insulin in the solid state was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1969. Insulin is also the first protein to be chemically synthesised and produced by DNA recombinant technology.^[19] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[20]

1. ^ ^{a b c} GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000254647 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. ^ ^{a b c} GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000000215 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. ^ "Insulin | Meaning of Insulin by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020.
6. ^ "insulin - WordReference.com Dictionary of English". www.wordreference.com.
7. ^ ^{a b} Voet D, Voet JG (2011). Biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Stryer L (1995). Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 773–74. ISBN 0-7167-2009-4.
9. ^ Sonksen P, Sonksen J (July 2000). "Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 85 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1093/bja/85.1.69. PMID 10927996.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Koeslag JH, Saunders PT, Terblanche E (June 2003). "A reappraisal of the blood glucose homeostat which comprehensively explains the type 2 diabetes mellitus-syndrome X complex". The Journal of Physiology. 549 (Pt 2) (published 2003): 333–46. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037895. PMC 2342944. PMID 12717005.
11. ^ Andrali SS, Sampley ML, Vanderford NL, Ozcan S (1 October 2008). "Glucose regulation of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells". The Biochemical Journal. 415 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1042/BJ20081029. ISSN 1470-8728. PMID 18778246.
12. ^ American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (1 February 2009). "Insulin Injection [". PubMed Health. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
13. ^ Drug Information Portal NLM – Insulin human USAN druginfo.nlm.nih.gov Archived 19 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
14. ^ "First Successful Laboratory Production of Human Insulin Announced". News Release. Genentech. 6 September 1978. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
15. ^ Tof I (1994). "Recombinant DNA technology in the synthesis of human insulin". Little Tree Publishing. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
16. ^ Aggarwal SR (December 2012). "What's fueling the biotech engine-2011 to 2012". Nature Biotechnology. 30 (12): 1191–7. doi:10.1038/nbt.2437. PMID 23222785. S2CID 8707897.
17. ^ Weiss M, Steiner DF, Philipson LH (2000). "Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, et al. (eds.). Endotext. MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905258. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stretton_2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
19. ^ "The discovery and development of insulin as a medical treatment can be traced back to the 19th century". Diabetes. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
20. ^ 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015. p. 455. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 978-92-4-120994-6. Retrieved 10 May 2015.

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12 January 2010 – The 2010 Haiti earthquake occurs killing an estimated 316,000 and destroying the majority of the capital Port-au-Prince.

2010 Haiti earthquake

Magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake

The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 M_w earthquake that struck Haiti at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010.^[8][9] The epicenter was near the town of Léogâne, Ouest department, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital.

By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded.^[10] An estimated three million people were affected by the quake.^[11] Death toll estimates range from 100,000^[5] to about 160,000^[7] to Haitian government figures from 220,000^[12][13] to 316,000,^[5] although these latter figures are a matter of some dispute.^[6] The government of Haiti estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged.^[14] Haiti's history of national debt, prejudicial trade policies by other countries, and foreign intervention into national affairs contributed to the existing poverty and poor housing conditions that increased the death toll from the disaster.^[15]

The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel and other cities in the region. Notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Among those killed were Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Joseph Serge Miot,^[16] and opposition leader Micha Gaillard.^[17][18] The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi.^[19][20]

Many countries responded to appeals for humanitarian aid, pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel. The most-watched telethon in history aired on 22 January, called "Hope for Haiti Now," raising US$58 million by the next day.^[21] Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals, and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which hampered rescue and aid efforts; confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritising flights further complicated early relief work. Port-au-Prince's morgues were overwhelmed with tens of thousands of bodies. These had to be buried in mass graves.^[22]

As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities. Delays in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, and looting and sporadic violence were observed. On 22 January, the United Nations noted that the emergency phase of the relief operation was drawing to a close, and on the following day, the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors.

1. ^ Amadeo, Kimberly. "Haiti's 2010 Earthquake Caused Lasting Damage". The Balance. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
2. ^ H. Kit Miyamoto; Amir S. J. Gilani; Ken Wong (1 October 2011). "Massive Damage Assessment Program and Repair and Reconstruction Strategy in the Aftermath of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake". Earthquake Spectra. 27 (1): 219–237. Bibcode:2011EarSp..27..219M. doi:10.1193/1.3631293. S2CID 110899301.
3. ^ Lin, Rong-Gong; Allen, Sam (26 February 2011). "New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
4. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBCtsunami was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012. U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths
6. ^ ^{a b} [1] Archived 30 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Columbia Journalism Review, "Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute", 20 January 2012
7. ^ ^{a b} Kolbe, Athena R.; Hutson, Royce A.; Shannon, Harry; Trzcinski, Eileen; Miles, Bart; Levitz, Naomi; Puccio, Marie; James, Leah; Roger Noel, Jean; Muggah, Robert (2010). "Mortality, crime and access to basic needs before and after the Haiti earthquake: a random survey of Port-au-Prince households". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 26 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1080/13623699.2010.535279. PMID 21314081. S2CID 26000167.
8. ^ Cite error: The named reference USGS_Haiti was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
9. ^ Cite error: The named reference abc1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
10. ^ Cite error: The named reference forbes24012010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
11. ^ Cite error: The named reference cbsnews1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
12. ^ "Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000". BBC. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
13. ^ "A Call to Action: Haiti at 6 months" Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, World Vision Australia (12 July 2010). Retrieved 13 January 2011
14. ^ Renois, Clarens (5 February 2010). "Haitians angry over slow aid". The Age. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
15. ^ Bell, Beverly (2013). Fault Lines: Views across Haiti's Divide. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 32–40. ISBN 978-0-8014-7769-0.
16. ^ Cite error: The named reference apny201013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
17. ^ Cite error: The named reference yahoo1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
18. ^ Cite error: The named reference thaindian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
19. ^ Cite error: The named reference unbriefing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
20. ^ Cite error: The named reference bbc16012010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
21. ^ McAlister, Elizabeth (2012). "Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake". Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism. 16 (3 39): 22–38. doi:10.1215/07990537-1894078. ISSN 0799-0537. S2CID 144995319. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
22. ^ Cite error: The named reference pressassoc21jan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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13 January 1953 – An article appears in Pravda accusing some of the most prestigious and prominent doctors, mostly Jews, in the Soviet Union of taking part in a vast plot to poison members of the top Soviet political and military leadership.

Doctors' plot

1951–1953 Soviet anti-semitic campaign

Not to be confused with Doctors' trial.

The "doctors' plot" (Russian: дело врачей, romanized: delo vrachey, lit. 'doctors' case') was a Soviet state-sponsored antisemitic campaign and conspiracy theory that alleged a cabal of prominent medical specialists, predominantly of Jewish ethnicity, intended to murder leading government and party officials.^[1] It was also known as the case of saboteur doctors or killer doctors. In 1951–1953, a group of mostly Jewish doctors from Moscow were accused of a conspiracy to assassinate Soviet leaders.^[2] This was later accompanied by publications of antisemitic character in the media which talked about the threats of Zionism and condemned people with Jewish surnames.^[3] Following this, many doctors, both Jews and non-Jews, were dismissed from their jobs, arrested, and tortured to produce admissions. A few weeks after Stalin's death in 1953, the new Soviet leadership said there was a lack of evidence regarding the doctors' plot and the case was dropped. Soon after, the case was declared to have been a fabrication.

1. ^ "Doctors' Plot | alleged conspiracy, Soviet Union [1953]". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
2. ^ "DOCTORS PLOT". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jerusalem, Israel: Encyclopaedia Judaica. 1972. pp. 144–145. OCLC 651524877 – via Internet Archive.
3. ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 68–170.

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14 January 1933 – The controversial Bodyline cricket tactics used by Douglas Jardine's England peaks when Australian captain Bill Woodfull was hit in the heart.

Bodyline

Cricket bowling technique

For the Allied World War II campaign code-named "Bodyline", see Operation Crossbow. For the TV series, see Bodyline (miniseries).

Bodyline, also known as fast leg theory bowling, was a cricketing tactic devised by the English cricket team for their 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. It was designed to combat the extraordinary batting skill of Australia's leading batsman, Don Bradman. A bodyline delivery was one in which the cricket ball was bowled at pace, aimed at the body of the batsman in the expectation that when he defended himself with his bat, a resulting deflection could be caught by one of several fielders deliberately placed nearby on the leg side.

At the time, no helmets or other upper body protective gear was worn, and critics of the tactic considered it intimidating, and physically threatening in a game that was traditionally supposed to uphold conventions of sportsmanship.^[1] The England team's use of the tactic was perceived by some, both in Australia and England, as overly aggressive or even unfair, and caused a controversy that rose to such a level that it threatened diplomatic relations between the two countries before the situation was calmed.^[2][3]

Although no serious injuries arose from any short-pitched deliveries while a leg theory field was actually set, the tactic led to considerable ill feeling between the two teams, particularly when Australian batsmen were struck, inflaming spectators.

After the introduction of helmets, short-pitched fast bowling, sometimes exceeding 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), continues to be permitted in cricket, even when aimed at the batsman, and is considered to be a legitimate bowling tactic when used sparingly.

Over time, several of the Laws of Cricket were changed to render the bodyline tactic less effective—and increase player safety—such as concussion breaks and inspections.

1. ^ Unit 2 – Managing the Match: Management issues and umpiring Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. International Institute of Cricket Umpiring and Scoring. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
2. ^ Frith, pp. 241–59.
3. ^ Cite error: The named reference p2601 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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15 January 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company, then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is originally incorporated in Atlanta, Georgia.

The Coca-Cola Company

American multinational beverage corporation

The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation founded in 1892. It produces Coca-Cola. The drink industry company also manufactures, sells, and markets other non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and alcoholic beverages. The company's stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of the DJIA and the S&P 500 and S&P 100 indexes.

The soft drink was developed in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton. At the time it was introduced, the product contained cocaine from coca leaves and caffeine from kola nuts which together acted as a stimulant. The coca and the kola are the source of the product name, and led to Coca-Cola's promotion as a "healthy tonic". Pemberton had been severely wounded in the American Civil War, and had become addicted to the pain medication morphine.^[relevant?] He developed the beverage as a patent medicine in an effort to control his addiction.^{[citation needed]}

In 1889, the formula and brand were sold for $2,300 (roughly $71,000 in 2022) to Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892. The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889.^[3] The company largely produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories. The company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments.^[4]

1. ^ "2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
2. ^ "2023 Proxy Statement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 10, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
3. ^ "The Story of Coca-Cola: A Successful Franchising Strategy". Prestige Franchising Limited. April 27, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
4. ^ Merced, Michael J. de la (February 25, 2010). "Coke Acquires North American Unit of Bottler (Published 2010)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 30, 2020.

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16 January 1979 – The Shah of Iran flees Iran with his family and relocates to Egypt.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran

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17 January 1991 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning. Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation.

Operation Desert Storm

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18 January 1977 – Australia's worst rail disaster occurs at Granville, Sydney killing 83.

Granville railway disaster

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19 January 1661 – Thomas Venner is hanged, drawn and quartered in London.

Thomas Venner

Thomas Venner (died 19 January 1661^{[note 1]}) was a cooper and rebel who became the last leader of the Fifth Monarchy Men, who tried unsuccessfully to overthrow Oliver Cromwell in 1657, and subsequently led a coup in London against the newly restored government of Charles II. This event, known as "Venner's Rising", lasted four days beginning on January 6, 1661, before the royal authorities captured the rebels. The rebel leadership suffered execution on 19 January 1661.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

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20 January 1920 – The American Civil Liberties Union is founded.

American Civil Liberties Union

Legal advocacy organization in the United States

For the conservative legal aid group founded in the 1990s, see American Civil Rights Union.

"ACLU" redirects here. For the Australian organisation (1980–2004), see Australian Civil Liberties Union.

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920. The organization strives "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."^[6][7][8] The ACLU works through litigation and lobbying and has more than 1,800,000 members as of July 2018, with an annual budget over $300 million. ACLU affiliates are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases where it considers civil liberties at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of amicus curiae briefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation.

In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions established by its board of directors. The ACLU's current positions include opposing the death penalty; supporting same-sex marriage and the right of LGBT people to adopt; supporting reproductive rights such as birth control and abortion rights; eliminating discrimination against women, minorities, and LGBT people; decarceration in the United States; protecting housing and employment rights of veterans;^[9] reforming sex offender registries^[10] and protecting housing and employment rights of convicted first-time offenders; supporting the rights of prisoners and opposing torture; and upholding the separation of church and state by opposing government preference for religion over non-religion or for particular faiths over others.

Legally, the ACLU consists of two separate but closely affiliated nonprofit organizations, namely the American Civil Liberties Union, a 501(c)(4) social welfare group; and the ACLU Foundation, a 501(c)(3) public charity. Both organizations engage in civil rights litigation, advocacy, and education, but only donations to the 501(c)(3) foundation are tax deductible, and only the 501(c)(4) group can engage in unlimited political lobbying.^[11][12] The two organizations share office space and employees.^[13]

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference W47 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ David Weigel (July 5, 2018). "The ACLU's Membership Has Surged and It's Putting Its New Resources to Use". Fortune.
3. ^ "ACLU Annual Report 2019 p. 18".
4. ^ "ACLU History," first section, paragraph 3. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
5. ^ "ACLU History," section: "And how we do it," paragraph 3. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
6. ^ "FAQs". American Civil Liberties Union.
7. ^ "ACLU History," section: "And how we do it," paragraph 1. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved May 9, 2015.
8. ^ Cooley, Amanda Harmon (2011). "American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)." Encyclopedia of Social Networks. Ed. George A. Barnett. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Vol. 1. pp. 26–27.
9. ^ "Homeless veterans: whose responsibility? | ACLU of Southern California". www.aclusocal.org. October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
10. ^ "Why We Must Rethink the Way We Treat People Convicted of Sex Offenses | New York Civil Liberties Union | ACLU of New York". www.nyclu.org. April 27, 2022. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
11. ^ "ACLU and ACLU Foundation: What Is the Difference?". American Civil Liberties Union web site. ACLU. Archived from the original on September 6, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
12. ^ Krehely, Jeff (2005). "Maximizing Nonprofit Voices and Mobilizing the Public" (PDF). Responsive Philanthropy: 9–10, 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
13. ^ "Annual report fiscal year 2007" (PDF). American Civil Liberties Union. p. 2. Retrieved March 10, 2015.

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23 January 2009 – Dendermonde nursery attack in Dendermonde, Belgium.

Dendermonde nursery attack

Stabbing attack on a daycare centre

The Dendermonde nursery attack was a stabbing attack on the Fabeltjesland daycare centre in the Flemish village of Sint-Gillis-bij-Dendermonde in Dendermonde, Belgium, at 10:00 a.m. CET (9:00 a.m. UTC) on January 23, 2009. Three people were stabbed to death,^[1] and twelve were mutilated in the attack.^[2] The suspect has been linked to a separate murder of an elderly lady and police have suggested he was plotting more nursery attacks. The daycare centre where the initial attack occurred is expected never to reopen.^[3]

1. ^ Het Laatste Nieuws, (Belgium)
2. ^ van de Velde, Antonia (2009-01-23). "Three die in Belgian child care center attack". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
3. ^ "Thousands mourn murdered children". Irish Independent. 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-01-25.

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24 January 1984 – The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.

Apple Macintosh

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• Mac (computer)

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25 January 2005 – A stampede at the Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi in India kills at least 258.

Mandher Devi temple stampede

2005 stampede in Wai, Maharashtra, India

The Mandher Devi temple stampede occurred on Tuesday, 25 January 2005 at Mandher Devi temple near Wai in Satara district in Indian state of Maharashtra. The stampede broke out as 300,000 people converged on the Mandher Devi temple to undertake the annual pilgrimage on the full moon day of Shakambhari Purnima,^[1] in January and for participation in a 24-hour-long festival that includes ritual animal sacrifices to the goddess. Festivities also include the devotees breaking coconuts at Mangirbaba temple near the entrance and dancing with the Goddess Kalubai's idol held high.

Witnesses said the rush started around midday after some pilgrims slipped on the temple's steep stone steps, which were wet with coconut water spilled from fruit presented as offerings to the goddess Kalubai. A fire then broke out in shops nearby and gas cylinders exploded. Scores were crushed to death on the steep and narrow hill path leading to the temple and many others were charred. It was alleged that some drunk people had created the chaos which led to the disaster, as also mentioned by Justice (retd.) Rajan Kochar of Bombay High Court, in his report. 291 pilgrims died in the stampede.^[2][3]

1. ^ Mandher Devi temple deadly stampede[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
2. ^ Patil, Gangadhar (15 October 2013). "Madhya Pradesh temple stampede: 27 of 29 stampedes in country in last five years at religious places". dnaIndia.com. New Delhi, India: Diligent Media Corporation. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
3. ^ "Hundreds die in pilgrimage crush". The Guardian. London.

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26 January 2004 – A whale explodes in the town of Tainan, Taiwan. A build-up of gas in the decomposing sperm whale is suspected of causing the explosion.

Exploding whale

Phenomenon of a beached whale exploding due to explosives or decomposition

There have been several cases of exploding whale carcasses due to a buildup of gas in the decomposition process. This would occur if a whale stranded itself ashore. Actual explosives have also been used to assist in disposing of whale carcasses, ordinarily after towing the carcass out to sea, and as part of a beach cleaning effort.^[1] It was reported as early as 1928, when an attempt to preserve a carcass failed due to faulty chemical usages.

A widely reported case of an exploding whale occurred in Florence, Oregon, in November 1970, when the Oregon Highway Division (now the Oregon Department of Transportation) blew up a decaying sperm whale with dynamite in an attempt to dispose of its rotting carcass. The explosion threw whale flesh around 800 feet (240 metres) away, and its odor lingered for some time. American humorist Dave Barry wrote about it in his newspaper column in 1990 after viewing television footage of the explosion, and later the same footage from news station KATU circulated on the Internet. It was also parodied in the 2007 American film Reno 911!: Miami and in the 2018 Australian film Swinging Safari, and has since been honored by the Eugene Emeralds of Minor League Baseball in 2023.

An example of a spontaneously bursting whale carcass occurred in Taiwan in 2004, when the buildup of gas inside a decomposing sperm whale caused it to burst in a crowded urban area while it was being transported for a post-mortem examination. Other cases, natural and artificial, have also been reported in Canada, South Africa, Iceland, Australia, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Artificial explosions have also been imposed by governments, and approved by the International Whaling Commission in emergency situations. However, it has also been criticized for its long-lasting odor.^[1]

1. ^ ^{a b} colliek2 (February 2022). "The Case of the Exploding Whale « Extension's Sustainable Tourism Blog". Retrieved April 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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27 January 2002 – An explosion at a military storage facility in Lagos, Nigeria, kills at least 1,100 people and displaces over 20,000 others.

Lagos Armoury Explosion

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28 January 1985 – Supergroup USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa) records the hit single We Are the World, to help raise funds for Ethiopian famine relief.

We Are the World

1985 charity single by USA for Africa

This article is about the original 1985 charity song. For other uses, see We Are the World (disambiguation).

"We Are the World" is a charity single originally recorded by the supergroup USA for Africa in 1985. It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and produced by Quincy Jones and Michael Omartian for the album We Are the World. With sales in excess of 20 million copies, it is the eighth-best-selling physical single of all time.

Soon after the British group Band Aid released "Do They Know It's Christmas?" in December 1984, the musician and activist Harry Belafonte decided to create an American benefit single for African famine relief. With the fundraiser Ken Kragen, he enlisted several musicians. Jackson and Richie completed the writing the night before the first recording session, on January 21, 1985. The event brought together some of the era's best-known musicians.

"We Are the World" was released on March 7, 1985, as the first single from the album by Columbia Records. It topped music charts throughout the world and became the fastest-selling U.S. pop single in history. "We Are the World" was certified quadruple platinum, becoming the first single to be certified multi-platinum. Its awards include four Grammy Awards, one American Music Award, and a People's Choice Award.

"We Are the World" was promoted with a music video, a VHS, a special edition magazine, a simulcast, and several books, posters, and shirts. The promotion and merchandise helped "We Are the World" raise more than $80 million ($222 million today) for humanitarian aid in Africa and the United States.^[1] Another cast of singers recorded a new version, "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", to raise relief following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

1. ^ "How pop's biggest names pulled a secret marathon all-nighter to create history's biggest charity single". ABC News. February 1, 2024 – via www.abc.net.au.

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29 January 1991 – Gulf War: The Battle of Khafji, the first major ground engagement of the war, as well as its deadliest, begins.

Battle of Khafji

1991 battle of the Gulf War

The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. It took place in and around the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji, from 29 January to 1 February 1991.

Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, who had already tried and failed to draw Coalition forces into costly ground engagements by shelling Saudi Arabian positions and oil storage tanks and firing Scud surface-to-surface missiles at Israel, ordered the invasion of Saudi Arabia from southern Kuwait. The 1st and 5th Mechanized Divisions and 3rd Armored Division were ordered to conduct a multi-pronged invasion toward Khafji, engaging Saudi Arabian, Kuwaiti, and U.S. forces along the coastline, with a supporting Iraqi commando force ordered to infiltrate further south by sea and harass the Coalition's rear.^[4]

These three divisions, which had suffered significant losses from attacks by Coalition aircraft in the preceding days, attacked on 29 January. Most of their attacks were repulsed by U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Army forces but one of the Iraqi columns occupied Khafji on the night of 29–30 January. Between 30 January and 1 February, two Saudi Arabian National Guard battalions and two Qatari tank companies attempted to retake control of the city, aided by Coalition aircraft and U.S. artillery. By 1 February, the city had been recaptured at the cost of 43 Coalition servicemen dead and 52 wounded. Iraqi Army fatalities numbered between 60 and 300, while an estimated 400 were captured as prisoners of war.

Although the invasion of Khafji was initially a propaganda victory for the Ba'athist Iraqi regime, it was swiftly recaptured by Coalition forces. The battle demonstrated the ability of air power to support ground forces.

1. ^ "Izzat Ibrahim Al-Douri / Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri". Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
2. ^ ^{a b} Cite error: The named reference Westermeyer132 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. ^ ^{a b} Cite error: The named reference Stanton10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
4. ^ Titus, James (1996). "The Battle of Khafji: An Overview and Preliminary Analysis" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.

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30 January 1933 – Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.

Machtergreifung

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31 January 1876 – The United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations.

Native Americans in the United States

Indigenous peoples of the United States

Native Americans, sometimes called American Indians, First Americans, or Indigenous Americans, are the Indigenous peoples of the United States or portions thereof, such as American Indians from the contiguous United States and Alaska Natives. The United States Census Bureau defines Native American as "all people indigenous to the United States and its territories, including Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders, whose data are published separately from American Indians and Alaska Natives".^[4] The U.S. census tracks data from American Indians and Alaska Native separately from Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders,^[4] who include Samoan Americans and Chamorros.

The European colonization of the Americas that began in 1492 resulted in a precipitous decline in the size of the Native American population because of newly introduced diseases, including weaponized diseases and biological warfare by European colonizers,^{[5][6][7][8][9]} wars, ethnic cleansing, and enslavement. Numerous historians have called this event a genocide. White settlers, as part of a policy of settler colonialism, continued to wage war and perpetrated massacres against Native American peoples, removed them from their ancestral lands, and subjected them to one-sided government treaties and discriminatory government policies. Into the 20th century, these later policies focused on forced assimilation.^[10][11][12]

When the United States was established, Native American tribes were generally considered semi-independent nations, because they generally lived in communities which were separate from communities of white settlers. The federal government signed treaties at a government-to-government level until the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 ended recognition of independent Native nations, and started treating them as "domestic dependent nations" subject to applicable federal laws. This law did preserve the rights and privileges agreed to under the treaties, including a large degree of tribal sovereignty. For this reason, many Native American reservations are still independent of state law and the actions of tribal citizens on these reservations are subject only to tribal courts and federal law, often differently applicable to tribal lands than to U.S. state or territory by exemption, exclusion, treaty, or superseding tribal or federal law.

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States who had not yet obtained it. This emptied the "Indians not taxed" category established by the United States Constitution, allowed Natives to vote in state and federal elections, and extended the Fourteenth Amendment protections granted to people "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States. However, some states continued to deny Native Americans voting rights for several decades. Titles II through VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code).^[13]

Since the 1960s, Native American self-determination movements have resulted in positive changes to the lives of many Native Americans, though there are still many contemporary issues faced by them. Today, there are over five million Native Americans in the United States, 78% of whom live outside reservations. The states with the highest percentage of Native Americans in the U.S. are Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, South Dakota, Montana, and North Dakota.^[14][15]

1. ^ "Overview of 2020 AIAN Redistricting Data: 2020" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
2. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". Retrieved January 16, 2022.
3. ^ Siebens, J & T Julian. Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010. United States Census Bureau. December 2011.
4. ^ ^{a b} "U.S. Census Bureau History: American Indians and Alaska Natives". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
5. ^ Alibek, Ken (2004). "Smallpox: a disease and a weapon". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 8. Elsevier BV: 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.09.004. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 15491869.
6. ^ Colonial Williamsburg, CW Journal, Spring 2004, "Colonial Germ Warfare"
7. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A. (2001). Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82 (1st ed.). Hill and Wang. pp. 88–89, 275–276. ISBN 080907821X.
8. ^ Fenn, Elizabeth A (March 2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffrey Amherst". Journal of American History. 86 (4): 1553. doi:10.2307/2567577. JSTOR 2567577.
9. ^ Robertson, Roland G. (2001). Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian (1st ed.). University of Nebraska Press. pp. 119, 124. ISBN 0870044192.
10. ^ Wolfe, Patrick (December 1, 2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 143873621.
11. ^ Hixson, W. (December 5, 2013). American Settler Colonialism: A History. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-37426-4 – via Google Books.
12. ^ Whitt, Laurelyn; Clarke, Alan W. (2019). North American Genocides: Indigenous Nations, Settler Colonialism, and International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-42550-6 – via Google Books.
13. ^ ""Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 14, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
14. ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
15. ^ "2020 Census: Native population increased by 86.5 percent". Ict News. August 13, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2022.

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1 February 2004 – Janet Jackson's breast is exposed during the half-time show of Super Bowl XXXVIII, resulting in US broadcasters adopting a stronger adherence to Federal Communications Commission censorship guidelines.

Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

2004 controversy over broadcast indecency

The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network, is notable for a moment in which Janet Jackson's right breast and nipple—adorned with a nipple shield—was exposed by Justin Timberlake to the viewing public. The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate or Janetgate, led to an immediate crackdown and widespread discourse on perceived indecency in broadcasting.

The halftime show was produced by MTV and was focused on the network's Choose or Lose campaign (the year 2004 was a presidential election year in the United States). The exposure was broadcast to a total audience of 150 million viewers. Following the incident, the National Football League (NFL) excluded MTV, which had also produced the halftime show for Super Bowl XXXV, from future halftime shows. In addition, CBS parent company Viacom and its co-owned subsidiaries, MTV and Infinity Broadcasting, enforced a blacklist of Jackson's singles and music videos on many radio formats and music channels worldwide. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) fined CBS for an indecency violation of $27,500 and increased it to $325,000. They eventually fined CBS a record $550,000 for the incident, but that fine was ultimately voided by the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in 2011, and a case to reinstate the fine was refused in 2012.^{[citation needed]}

The incident was ridiculed both within the United States and abroad, with a number of commentators opining that it was a planned publicity stunt. The next week, Timberlake apologized at the Grammy Awards ceremony, saying Jackson's nipple was accidentally exposed and was meant to be covered by a bright red brassiere. Some American commentators, including Jackson herself, argued it was being used as a means to distract the public from the ongoing Iraq War. The increased regulation of broadcasting raised concerns regarding censorship and free speech in the United States. YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim credits the incident with leading to the creation of the video sharing website. The scandalous incident also made Janet Jackson the most-searched person and term of 2004 and 2005, and it broke the record for "most-searched event over one day." It also became the most-watched, recorded, and replayed television moment in TiVo history and "enticed an estimated 35,000 new [TiVo] subscribers to sign up." The term "wardrobe malfunction" was coined as a result of the incident, and eventually added to the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.

In April 2021, celebrity stylist Wayne Scot Lukas claimed that the incident was planned by Timberlake, who sought to upstage his ex-girlfriend Britney Spears' MTV Video Music Awards appearance at which she kissed Madonna.^[1] This version of events was bolstered by USA Today, which reported in 2018 that Lukas was seen purchasing a sunburst nipple shield the weekend prior to the Super Bowl while allegedly stating to the artist he purchased it from, "OK, watch the halftime show...There's going to be a surprise at the end." In 2015, Lukas had stated that he was not aware of what happened with Timberlake.^[2] In the Hulu documentary Malfunction: The Dressing Down of Janet Jackson, released in November 2021, former Superbowl director Beth McCarthy Miller and producer Salli Frattini confirmed that Timberlake was informed of the new choreography by Jackson's team 20 minutes before show time after flying into Houston.^[3]

1. ^ Milton, Josh (April 12, 2021). "Justin Timberlake 'insisted' on Janet Jackson's wardrobe malfunction to upstage Britney Spears". Yahoo! News. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
2. ^ Acken, Lori (July 9, 2015). "Nat Geo's The 2000s: A New Reality—Janet Jackson's Super Bowl stylist Wayne Scot Lukas tells us what really down". Channel Guide Mag. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
3. ^ "The New York Times Presents | The Dressing Down of Janet Jackson". YouTube. Retrieved November 19, 2021.

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2 February 1972 – The British embassy in Dublin is destroyed in protest at Bloody Sunday.

Bloody Sunday (1972)

Mass shooting in Derry, Northern Ireland

For other events of the same name, see Bloody Sunday.

Bloody Sunday, or the Bogside Massacre,^[1] was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry,^{[n 1]} Northern Ireland. Thirteen men were killed outright and the death of another man four months later was attributed to gunshot injuries from the incident. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, and some were shot while trying to help the wounded.^[2] Other protesters were injured by shrapnel, rubber bullets, or batons, two were run down by British Army vehicles, and some were beaten.^[3][4] All of those shot were Catholics. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) to protest against internment without trial. The soldiers were from the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment ("1 Para"), the same battalion implicated in the Ballymurphy massacre several months before.^[5]

Two investigations were held by the British government. The Widgery Tribunal, held in the aftermath, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. It described some of the soldiers' shooting as "bordering on the reckless", but accepted their claims that they shot at gunmen and bomb-throwers. The report was widely criticised as a "whitewash".^[6][7][8]

The Saville Inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the incident much more thoroughly. Following a twelve-year investigation, Saville's report was made public in 2010 and concluded that the killings were "unjustified" and "unjustifiable". It found that all of those shot were unarmed, that none were posing a serious threat, that no bombs were thrown and that soldiers "knowingly put forward false accounts" to justify their firing.^[9][10] The soldiers denied shooting the named victims but also denied shooting anyone by mistake.^[11] On publication of the report, British Prime Minister David Cameron formally apologised.^[12] Following this, police began a murder investigation into the killings. One former soldier was charged with murder, but the case was dropped two years later when evidence was deemed inadmissible.^[13] Following an appeal by the families of the victims, the Public Prosecution Service resumed the prosecution.^[14]

Bloody Sunday came to be regarded as one of the most significant events of the Troubles because so many civilians were killed by forces of the state, in view of the public and the press.^[1] It was the highest number of people killed in a shooting incident during the conflict and is considered the worst mass shooting in Northern Irish history.^[15] Bloody Sunday fuelled Catholic and Irish nationalist hostility to the British Army and worsened the conflict. Support for the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) rose, and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally.^[16] The Republic of Ireland held a national day of mourning, and huge crowds besieged and burnt down the chancery of the British Embassy in Dublin.

Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page).

1. ^ ^{a b} Eamonn McCann (2006). The Bloody Sunday Inquiry – The Families Speak Out. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-2510-6. pp. 4–6
2. ^ Cite error: The named reference CAINBS was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. ^ 'Bloody Sunday', Derry 30 January 1972 – Names of the Dead and Injured Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). 23 March 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
4. ^ Extracts from 'The Road to Bloody Sunday' by Dr Raymond McClean Archived 9 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
5. ^ McGlinchey, Marisa (2019). Unfinished business: The politics of 'dissident' Irish republicanism. Manchester University Press. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0719096983.
6. ^ David Granville (28 July 2005). "More 'butcher' than 'grocer'". The Morning Star. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
7. ^ Nick Cohen (1 February 2004). "Schooled in scandal". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
8. ^ "1972: 'Bloody Sunday' report excuses Army". BBC News. 19 April 1972. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2007.
9. ^ "Bloody Sunday inquiry: key findings". The Guardian. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
10. ^ McDonald, Henry; Norton-Taylor, Richard (10 June 2010). "Bloody Sunday killings to be ruled unlawful". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
11. ^ Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry Archived 23 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. The Stationery Office. pp. 36–37
12. ^ "Bloody Sunday report published". BBC News. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
13. ^ O'Neill, Julian (2 July 2021). "Why did prosecutors drop cases against ex-soldiers?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
14. ^ Young, David (22 September 2022). "Halted prosecution of Soldier F over Bloody Sunday murders to resume". MSN. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
15. ^ Significant Violent Incidents During the Conflict Archived 2 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
16. ^ Peter Pringle and Philip Jacobson (2000). Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They?. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-316-8. P. 293: "Youngsters who had seen their friends die that day flocked to join the IRA…"

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3 February 2007 – A Baghdad market bombing kills at least 135 people and injures a further 339.

3 February 2007 Baghdad market bombing

Redirect to:

• February 2007 Al-Saydiya market bombing

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4 February 2006 – A stampede occurs in the ULTRA Stadium near Manila killing 71.

PhilSports Arena stampede

Redirect to:

• PhilSports Stadium stampede

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6 February 1840 – Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, establishing New Zealand as a British colony.

Treaty of Waitangi

1840 treaty between British Crown and people of New Zealand

Not to be confused with Treaty of Waitangi Tribunal.

The Treaty of Waitangi (Māori: Te Tiriti o Waitangi), sometimes referred to as Te Tiriti, is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the treatment of the Māori people in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, something that has been especially prominent from the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law,^[1] and has no independent legal status, being legally effective only to the extent it is recognised in various statutes.^[2] It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs (rangatira) from the North Island of New Zealand.

The treaty was written at a time when the New Zealand Company, acting on behalf of large numbers of settlers and would-be settlers, were establishing a colony in New Zealand, and when some Māori leaders had petitioned the British for protection against French ambitions. It was drafted with the intention of establishing a British Governor of New Zealand, recognising Māori ownership of their lands, forests and other possessions, and giving Māori the rights of British subjects. It was intended by the British Crown to ensure that when Lieutenant Governor Hobson subsequently made the declaration of British sovereignty over New Zealand in May 1840, the Māori people would not feel that their rights had been ignored.^[3] Once it had been written and translated, it was first signed by Northern Māori leaders at Waitangi. Copies were subsequently taken around New Zealand and over the following months many other chiefs signed.^[4] Around 530 to 540 Māori, at least 13 of them women, signed the Māori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, despite some Māori leaders cautioning against it.^[5][6] Only 39 signed the English version.^[7] An immediate result of the treaty was that Queen Victoria's government gained the sole right to purchase land.^[8] In total there are nine signed copies of the Treaty of Waitangi, including the sheet signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi.^[9]

The text of the treaty includes a preamble and three articles. It is bilingual, with the Māori text translated in the context of the time from the English.

• Article one of the Māori text grants governance rights to the Crown while the English text cedes "all rights and powers of sovereignty" to the Crown.
• Article two of the Māori text establishes that Māori will retain full chieftainship over their lands, villages and all their treasures while the English text establishes the continued ownership of the Māori over their lands and establishes the exclusive right of pre-emption of the Crown.
• Article three gives Māori people full rights and protections as British subjects.

As some words in the English treaty did not translate directly into the written Māori language of the time, the Māori text is not an exact translation of the English text, particularly in relation to the meaning of having and ceding sovereignty.^[10][11] These differences created disagreements in the decades following the signing, eventually contributing to the New Zealand Wars of 1845 to 1872 and continuing through to the Treaty of Waitangi settlements starting in the early 1990s.

During the second half of the 19th century Māori generally lost control of much of the land they had owned, sometimes through legitimate sale, but often by way of unfair deals, settlers occupying land that had not been sold, or through outright confiscations in the aftermath of the New Zealand Wars. In the period following the New Zealand Wars, the New Zealand government mostly ignored the treaty, and a court judgement in 1877 declared it to be "a simple nullity". Beginning in the 1950s, Māori increasingly sought to use the treaty as a platform for claiming additional rights to sovereignty and to reclaim lost land, and governments in the 1960s and 1970s responded to these arguments, giving the treaty an increasingly central role in the interpretation of land rights and relations between Māori people and the state.

In 1975 the New Zealand Parliament passed the Treaty of Waitangi Act, establishing the Waitangi Tribunal as a permanent commission of inquiry tasked with interpreting the treaty, investigating breaches of the Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi by the Crown or its agents, and suggesting means of redress.^[10] In most cases, recommendations of the tribunal are not binding on the Crown, but settlements with a total value of roughly $1 billion have been awarded to various Māori groups.^[10][12] Various legislation passed in the latter part of the 20th century has made reference to the treaty, which has led to ad hoc incorporation of the treaty into law.^[13] Increasingly, the treaty is recognised as a founding document in New Zealand's developing unwritten constitution.^[14][15][16] The New Zealand Day Act 1973 established Waitangi Day as a national holiday to commemorate the signing of the treaty.

1. ^ Cox, Noel (2002). "The Treaty of Waitangi and the Relationship Between the Crown and Maori in New Zealand". Brooklyn Journal of International Law. 28 (1): 132. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
2. ^ "The Status of the Treaty as a Legal Document". Treaty Resource Centre – He Puna Mātauranga o Te Tiriti. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
3. ^ "Additional Instructions from Lord Normanby to Captain Hobson 1839 – New Zealand Constitutional Law Resources". New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 15 August 1839. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
4. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi signings in the South Island". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015.
5. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi". Waitangi Tribunal. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
6. ^ Orange 1987, p. 260.
7. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 159
8. ^ Burns, Patricia (1989). Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company. Heinemann Reed. ISBN 0-7900-0011-3.
9. ^ "Treaty of Waitangi – Te Tiriti o Waitangi". Archives New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
10. ^ ^{a b c} "Meaning of the Treaty". Waitangi Tribunal. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
11. ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-116
12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Settlements was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
13. ^ Palmer 2008, p. 292.
14. ^ "New Zealand's Constitution". Government House. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
15. ^ "New Zealand's constitution – past, present and future" (PDF). Cabinet Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
16. ^ Palmer 2008, p. 25.

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7 February 2009 – Bushfires in Victoria left 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history.

Black Saturday bushfires

Deadly bushfires in Victoria State, Australia, in 2009

The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of bushfires that either ignited or were already burning across the Australian state of Victoria on and around Saturday, 7 February 2009, and were one of Australia's all-time worst bushfire disasters. The fires occurred during extreme bushfire weather conditions and resulted in Australia's highest-ever loss of human life from a bushfire,^[10] with 173 fatalities.^[11] Many people were left homeless as a result.

As many as 400 individual fires were recorded on Saturday 7 February; the day has become widely referred to in Australia as Black Saturday.

Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard described Black Saturday as "a tragedy beyond belief, beyond precedent and beyond words … one of the darkest days in Australia’s peacetime history."^[12]

The 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, headed by Justice Bernard Teague, was held in response to the bushfires.

1. ^ Collins, Pádraig (12 February 2009). "Rudd criticised over bush fire compensation". Irish Times. Ireland. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
2. ^ "About Black Saturday - Country Fire Authority". 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
3. ^ "What has Australia learned from Black Saturday?". 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
4. ^ "2009 Victorian Bushfires". 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Australian Medical Journal was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
6. ^ Cite error: The named reference VBRC-Vol.01-ch.5-p.075 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
7. ^ Rennie, Reko (1 April 2009). "Marysville fire deliberately lit: police". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
8. ^ "Lightning starts new bushfires in Grampians". ABC News. 8 February 2009. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
9. ^ "Police track arsonists responsible for Victoria bushfires". News Limited. The Australian. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
10. ^ Huxley, John (11 February 2009). "Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
11. ^ 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission - Final Report (PDF) (Report). Government Printer for the State of Victoria. July 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
12. ^ "Black Saturday bushfires". Lawson Crescent Acton Peninsula, Canberra: National Museum of Australia. 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024. Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard, 2009: A tragedy beyond belief, beyond precedent and beyond words … one of the darkest days in Australia's peacetime history.

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8 February 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah.

Seventh Crusade

Religious crusade in Egypt, 1248 to 1254

The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it aimed to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Near East. The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by Innocent IV in conjunction with a crusade against emperor Frederick II, Baltic rebellions and Mongol incursions. After initial success, the crusade ended in defeat, with most of the army – including the king – captured by the Muslims.

Following his release, Louis stayed in the Holy Land for four years, doing what he could towards the re-establishment of the kingdom. The struggle between the papacy and Holy Roman Empire paralyzed Europe, with few answering Louis' calls for help following his capture and ransoming. The one answer was the Shepherds’ Crusade, started to rescue the king and meeting with disaster. In 1254, Louis returned to France having concluded some important treaties. The second of Louis' Crusades was his equally unsuccessful 1270 expedition to Tunis, the Eighth Crusade, where he died of dysentery shortly after the campaign landed.

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