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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    25 October 2009 – The October 2009 Baghdad bombings kill 155 and wounds at least 721.

    October 2009 Baghdad bombings

    The 25 October 2009 Baghdad bombings were attacks in Baghdad, Iraq which killed 155 people and injured at least 721 people.[1]

    1. ^ a b c "Baghdad bomb fatalities pass 150". BBC News. 26 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
    2. ^ Londoño, Ernesto (27 October 2009). "Extremist group claims responsibility for Baghdad bombs". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
     
  2. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    26 October 1863The Football Association is founded.

    The Football Association

    The Football Association (known by its abbreviation The FA) is the governing body of association football in England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur and professional game in its territory.

    The FA facilitates all competitive football matches within its remit at national level, and indirectly at local level through the county football associations. It runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the FA Cup. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the men's, women's, and youth national football teams.

    The FA is a member of both UEFA and FIFA and holds a permanent seat on the International Football Association Board (IFAB) which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. As the first football association, it does not use the national name "English" in its title. The FA is based at Wembley Stadium, London. The FA is a member of the British Olympic Association, meaning that the FA has control over the men's and women's Great Britain Olympic football team.[1]

    All of England's professional football teams are members of the Football Association. Although it does not run the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, it has veto power over the appointment of the league chairman and chief executive and over any changes to league rules.[2] The English Football League, made up of the three fully professional divisions below the Premier League, is self-governing, subject to the FA's sanctions.

    1. ^ "Team GB decision reached". TheFA.com. The Football Association. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
    2. ^ "The Premier League and Other Football Bodies". Premier League. Archived from the original on 18 March 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
     
  3. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    27 October 2004 – The Boston Red Sox defeat the St. Louis Cardinals to win their first World Series in 86 years.

    2004 World Series

    The 2004 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2004 season. The 100th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Boston Red Sox and the National League (NL) champion St. Louis Cardinals;[1] the Red Sox swept the Cardinals in four games. The series was played from October 23 to 27, 2004, at Fenway Park and Busch Memorial Stadium, broadcast on Fox, and watched by an average of just under 25.5 million viewers. The Red Sox's World Series championship was their first since 1918, ending the Curse of the Bambino.[2][3][4][5][6]

    The Cardinals earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the NL Central division title, and had the best win–loss record in the NL. The Red Sox won the AL wild card to earn theirs. The Cardinals reached the World Series by defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in the best-of-five NL Division Series and the Houston Astros in the best-of-seven NL Championship Series. The Red Sox defeated the Anaheim Angels in the AL Division Series. After trailing three games to none to the New York Yankees in the AL Championship Series, the Red Sox came back to win the series, advancing to their first World Series since 1986. The Cardinals made their first appearance in the World Series since 1987. With the New England Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII, the World Series victory made Boston the first city to have Super Bowl and World Series championship teams in the same year (2004) since Pittsburgh in 1979.[7] The Red Sox became the third straight wild card team to win the World Series; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 and the Florida Marlins won in 2003.[8]

    The Red Sox had home-field advantage in the World Series by virtue of the AL winning the 2004 All-Star Game. In game one, Mark Bellhorn helped the Red Sox win with a go-ahead home run in the 8th, while starter Curt Schilling led the team to a game two victory by pitching six innings and allowing just one run. The Red Sox won the first two games despite committing four errors in each. The Red Sox won game three, aided by seven shutout innings by Pedro Martínez. A leadoff home run by Johnny Damon in the first inning gave the Sox a lead they never relinquished in game four for the Red Sox to secure the series. The Cardinals did not lead in any of the games in the series; the sixth and eighth innings of the first game was the only time that the two teams were tied. Manny Ramírez was named the series' Most Valuable Player. While not a particularly competitive series, the 2004 World Series is ranked as one of the most memorable World Series of all time, and one of the most iconic professional sports moments from the 2000s due to its historical significance for Boston.[9][10][11][12] The Red Sox and Cardinals faced each other again in the 2013 World Series, which the Red Sox also won, this time 4 games to 2.

    1. ^ Shaughnessy 2005, pp. 212–214
    2. ^ O'Nan, Stewart; King, Stephen (September 6, 2005). Faithful: Two Diehard Boston Red Sox Fans Chronicle the Historic 2004 Season. Thorndike Press. ISBN 0-7862-7422-0. OCLC 57243165.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    3. ^ Wisnia, Saul (May 5, 2015). Miracle at Fenway: The Inside Story of the Boston Red Sox 2004 Championship Season. Griffin. ISBN 978-1-250-06871-2. OCLC 889523902.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
    4. ^ Kepner, Tyler (October 28, 2004). "Red Sox Erase 86 Years of Futility in 4 Games". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    5. ^ Shaughnessy, Dan (October 28, 2004). "YES!!!". Boston.com. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    6. ^ Molski, Max (October 13, 2021). "Ranking the top 10 MLB postseason series of all time". RSN. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pittsburgh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ "How Many MLB Wild-Card Teams Have Won the World Series?". The Cheat Sheet. October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
    9. ^ Depta, Laura (September 10, 2014). "Top 20 Best Sports Moments of the 2000s". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    10. ^ Pucin, Diane (December 27, 2009). "The best, and worst, of the 2000s". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    11. ^ Knapel, Robert (October 20, 2011). "Power Ranking the 25 Greatest World Series in MLB History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
    12. ^ Miller, Sam (October 30, 2020). "Ranking every World Series in MLB history". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
     
  4. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    28 October 2009 – The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213.

    28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing

    The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing occurred in Peshawar, Pakistan, when a car bomb was detonated in a Mina Bazar (Market for women and children) of the city. The bomb killed 137 people and injured more than 200 others, making it the deadliest attack in Peshawar's history. Pakistani government officials believe the Taliban to be responsible, but both Taliban and Al-Qaeda sources have denied involvement in the attack.

    1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Hazrat Bacha, Ali (30 October 2009). "Death toll from Peshawar blast rises to 117". Dawn. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
     
  5. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    29 October 2015China announces the end of One-child policy after 35 years.

    One-child policy

    A propaganda painting in Guangdong Province promotes the idea of a nuclear family with a single child.
    Birth rate in China, 1950–2015

    The one-child policy (Simplified Chinese: 一孩政策) was a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1979 and 2015 to curb the country's population growth by restricting many families to a single child. The program had wide-ranging social, cultural, economic, and demographic effects, although the contribution of one-child restrictions to the broader program has been the subject of controversy.[1] Its efficacy in reducing birth rates and defensibility from a human rights perspective have been subjects of controversy.[2]

    China's family planning policies began to be shaped by fears of overpopulation in the 1970s, and officials raised the age of marriage and called for fewer and more broadly spaced births.[3] A near-universal one-child limit was imposed in 1980 and written into the country's constitution in 1982.[4][5] Numerous exceptions were established over time, and by 1984, only about 35.4% of the population was subject to the original restriction of the policy.[6]: 167  In the mid-1980s, rural parents were allowed to have a second child if the first was a daughter. It also allowed exceptions for some other groups, including ethnic minorities under 10 million people.[7] In 2015, the government raised the limit to two children, and in May 2021 to three.[8] In July 2021, it removed all limits,[9] shortly after implementing financial incentives to encourage individuals to have additional children.[10]

    Implementation of the policy was handled at the national level primarily by the National Population and Family Planning Commission and at the provincial and local level by specialized commissions.[11] Officials used pervasive propaganda campaigns to promote the program and encourage compliance. The strictness with which it was enforced varied by period, region, and social status. In some cases, women were forced to use contraception, receive abortions, and undergo sterilization.[12][13] Families who violated the policy faced large fines and other penalties.[14]

    The population control program had wide-ranging social effects, particularly for Chinese women. Patriarchal attitudes and a cultural preference for sons led to the abandonment of unwanted infant girls, some of whom died and others of whom were adopted abroad.[12][15] Over time, this skewed the country's sex ratio toward men and created a generation of "missing women".[15] However, the policy also resulted in greater workforce participation by women who would otherwise have been occupied with childrearing, and some girls received greater familial investment in their education.[16][17]

    The Chinese Communist Party credits the program with contributing to the country's economic ascendancy and says that it prevented 400 million births, although some scholars dispute that estimate.[18] Some have also questioned whether the drop in birth rate was caused more by other factors unrelated to the policy.[18] In the West, the policy has been widely criticized for perceived human rights violations and other negative effects.[2]

    1. ^ Hvistendahl, Mara (18 October 2017). "Analysis of China's one-child policy sparks uproar". ScienceInsider. 358 (6361): 283–284. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..283H. doi:10.1126/science.358.6361.283. PMID 29051354. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference policy outgrown was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Hershatter, Gail (2019). Women and China's Revolutions. Rowman et Littlefield. p. 253. ISBN 9781442215689.
    4. ^ Kane, P.; Choi, C. Y (9 October 1999). "China's one child family policy". BMJ. 319 (7215): 992–994. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7215.992. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1116810. PMID 10514169.
    5. ^ "中华人民共和国宪法". gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 22 April 2022.
    6. ^ Rodriguez, Sarah Mellors (2023). Reproductive Realities in Modern China: Birth Control and Abortion, 1911-2021. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-02733-5. OCLC 1366057905.
    7. ^ Kızlak, Kamuran (21 June 2021). "Çin'de üç çocuk: Siz yapın, biz bakalım" [Three children in China: You do it, we'll see]. BirGün (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 16 August 2022.
    8. ^ McDonnel, Stephen (31 May 2021). "China allows three children in major policy shift". BBC.
    9. ^ Cheng, Evelyn (21 July 2021). "China scraps fines, will let families have as many children as they'd like". CNBC. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
    10. ^ Meihan, Luo (13 January 2023). "Shenzhen Offers $2,800 Subsidy for Couples Having Third Child". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
    11. ^ Andrew Mullen (1 June 2021). "What was China's one-child policy and why was it so controversial?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
    12. ^ a b Kang, Inkoo (9 August 2019). "One Child Nation Is a Haunting Documentary About a Country's Attempts to Justify the Unjustifiable". Slate. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference :16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference dewey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    16. ^ Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference boston was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  6. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    30 October 1947 – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is founded.

    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

    The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."

    The GATT was first discussed during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). It was signed by 23 nations[2] in Geneva on 30 October 1947, and was applied on a provisional basis 1 January 1948.[1] It remained in effect until 1 January 1995, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established after agreement by 123 nations in Marrakesh on 15 April 1994, as part of the Uruguay Round Agreements. The WTO is the successor to the GATT, and the original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994.[3][4] Nations that were not party in 1995 to the GATT need to meet the minimum conditions spelled out in specific documents before they can accede; in September 2019, the list contained 36 nations.[5]

    The GATT, and its successor the WTO, have succeeded in reducing tariffs. The average tariff levels for the major GATT participants were about 22% in 1947, but were 5% after the Uruguay Round in 1999.[6] Experts attribute part of these tariff changes to GATT and the WTO.[7][8][9]

    1. ^ a b c "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Treaty data". Government of the Netherlands. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
    2. ^ Unger, Michael (7 December 2017). "GATT rounds: Who, what, when". Hinrich Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
    3. ^ "WTO legal texts: The Uruguay Round agreements". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
    4. ^ "Uruguay Round – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
    5. ^ "Acc Protocols of accession for new members since 1995, including commitments in goods and services". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Tomz, Michael; Goldstein, Judith L; Rivers, Douglas (May 2007). "Do We Really Know That the WTO Increases Trade? Comment". American Economic Review. Nashville, Tennessee: American Economic Association. 97 (5): 2005–2018. doi:10.1257/aer.97.5.2005. ISSN 0002-8282.
    8. ^ Goldstein, Judith L.; Rivers, Douglas; Tomz, Michael (January 2007). "Institutions in International Relations: Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade". International Organization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 61 (1): 37–67. doi:10.1017/S0020818307070014. ISSN 1531-5088.
    9. ^ Irwin, Douglas A. (9 April 2007). "GATT Turns 60". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
     
  7. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    31 October 1863 – The New Zealand Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.

    New Zealand Wars

    The New Zealand Wars took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand colonial government and allied Māori on one side, and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. They were previously commonly referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars,[2] while Māori language names for the conflicts included Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa ("the great New Zealand wars") and Te riri Pākehā ("the white man's anger").[2] Historian James Belich popularised the name "New Zealand Wars" in the 1980s,[3] although according to Vincent O'Malley, the term was first used by historian James Cowan in the 1920s.[4]

    Though the wars were initially localised conflicts triggered by tensions over disputed land purchases, they escalated dramatically from 1860 as the government became convinced it was facing united Māori resistance to further land sales and a refusal to acknowledge Crown sovereignty. The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops to mount major campaigns to overpower the Kīngitanga (Māori King) movement and also conquest of farming and residential land for British settlers.[5][6] Later campaigns were aimed at quashing the so-called Hauhau movement, an extremist part of the Pai Mārire religion, which was strongly opposed to the conquest of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity.[7]

    At the peak of hostilities in the 1860s, 18,000 British Army troops, supported by artillery, cavalry and local militia, battled about 4,000 Māori warriors[8] in what became a gross imbalance of manpower and weaponry.[9] Although outnumbered, the Māori were able to withstand their enemy with techniques that included anti-artillery bunkers and the use of carefully placed , or fortified villages, that allowed them to block their enemy's advance and often inflict heavy losses, yet quickly abandon their positions without significant loss. Guerrilla-style tactics were used by both sides in later campaigns, often fought in dense bush. Over the course of the Taranaki and Waikato campaigns, the lives of about 1,800 Māori and 800 Europeans were lost,[5] and total Māori losses over the course of all the wars may have exceeded 2,100.

    Violence over land ownership broke out first in the Wairau Valley in the South Island in June 1843, but rising tensions in Taranaki eventually led to the involvement of British military forces at Waitara in March 1860. The war between the government and Kīngitanga Māori spread to other areas of the North Island, with the biggest single campaign being the invasion of the Waikato in 1863–1864, before hostilities concluded with the pursuits of Riwha Tītokowaru in Taranaki (1868–1869) and Rangatira (chief) Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki on the east coast (1868–1872).

    Although Māori were initially fought by British Army forces, the New Zealand government developed its own military force, including local militia, rifle volunteer groups, the specialist Forest Rangers and kūpapa (pro-government Māori). As part of broader Australian involvement in the wars, the Colony of Victoria deployed its naval forces, and at least 2,500 volunteers formed contingents that crossed the Tasman Sea and integrated with the New Zealand militia.[10][11] The government also responded with legislation to imprison Māori opponents and confiscate expansive areas of the North Island for sale to settlers, with the funds used to cover war expenses;[12][13] punitive measures that on the east and west coasts provoked an intensification of Māori resistance and aggression.

    1. ^ "End of the New Zealand Wars". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
    2. ^ a b Keenan, Danny (20 June 2012). "New Zealand wars – New Zealand wars overview". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
    3. ^ The end of the war (video). Landmark Productions. Retrieved 24 March 2022 – via Te Ara.
    4. ^ O'Malley, Vincent (2019). The New Zealand Wars Nga Pakanga o Aotearoa. Bridget Williams Books. p. 29. ISBN 9781988545998.
    5. ^ a b King, Michael (1977). Te Puea: A Biography. Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 26. ISBN 0-340-22482-7.
    6. ^ Dalton, B.J. (1967). War and Politics in New Zealand 1855–1870. Sydney: Sydney University Press. p. 179.
    7. ^ Belich, James (1986x). The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict (1st ed.). Auckland: Penguin. pp. 204–205. ISBN 0-14-011162-X.
    8. ^ Belich, James (1986a). The New Zealand Wars. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 126–133. ISBN 0-14-027504-5.
    9. ^ Belich 1986a, pp. 24–25.
    10. ^ Hopkins-Weise, Jeffrey Ellis (2004). Australian Involvement in the New Zealand Wars of the 1840s and 1860s (PDF) (PhD). Brisbane, Qld.: University of Queensland, pp. 313–318. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
    11. ^ 'New Zealand Wars 1845–1864' https://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/colonialforces/newzealandwars (Victoria State Library)
    12. ^ Belich 1986a, p. 126.
    13. ^ Dalton 1967, pp. 181–182.
     
  8. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    1 November 1993 – The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.

    Maastricht Treaty

    The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the process of European integration"[2] chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single currency, and (with less precision) for common foreign and security policies, and a number of changes to the European institutions and their decision taking procedures, not least a strengthening of the powers of the European Parliament and more majority voting on the Council of ministers. Although these were seen by many to presage a "federal Europe", key areas remained inter-governmental with national governments collectively taking key decisions. This constitutional debate continued through the negotiation of subsequent treaties (see below), culminating in the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon.

    In the wake of the Eurozone debt crisis unfolding from 2009, the most enduring reference to the Maastricht Treaty has been to the rules of compliance – the "Maastricht criteria" – for the currency union.

    Against the background of the end of the Cold War and the re-unification of Germany, and in anticipation of accelerated globalisation, the treaty negotiated tensions between member states seeking deeper integration and those wishing to retain greater national control. The resulting compromise faced what was to be the first in a series of EU treaty ratification crises.

    1. ^ "Founding agreements". European Union. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    2. ^ Council of European Communities, Commission of the European Communities (1992). Treaty on European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 2. ISBN 92-824-0959-7.
     
  9. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 November 1983 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill creating Martin Luther King, Jr. Day.

    Martin Luther King Jr. Day

    Martin Luther King Jr. Day (officially Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr.,[1] and often referred to shorthand as MLK Day) is a federal holiday in the United States observed on the third Monday of January each year. King was chief spokesperson for nonviolent activism in the Civil Rights Movement, which protested racial discrimination in federal and state law and civil society. The movement led to several groundbreaking legislative reforms in the United States.

    Born in 1929, Martin Luther King Jr.'s actual birthday is January 15 (which in 1929 fell on a Tuesday). The earliest Monday for this holiday is January 15 and the latest is January 21. The Monday observance is similar for those federal holidays which fall under the Uniform Monday Holiday Act.

    The campaign for a federal holiday in King's honor began soon after his assassination in 1968. President Ronald Reagan signed the holiday into law in 1983, and it was first observed three years later on January 20, 1986. At first, some states resisted observing the holiday as such, giving it alternative names or combining it with other holidays. Official observance in each state's law as well as federal law occurred in 2000.

    1. ^ "Federal Holidays". Opm.gov. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
     
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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
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    3 November 1982 – The Salang Tunnel fire in Afghanistan kills up to 2,000 people.

    Salang Tunnel fire

    Salang Tunnel fire may refer to:

     
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    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    4 Novemeber 2015 – A building collapses in the Pakistani city of Lahore resulting in at least 45 deaths, and at least 100 injured.

    2015 Lahore factory disaster

    The 2015 Lahore factory disaster resulted when a shopping bag factory located at Sundar Industrial Estate[1] near Lahore, Pakistan collapsed[5][6][2] on 4 November 2015, killing at least 45 people[3] and trapping about 150.[2] The recovery was led by the Board of Management Sundar Industrial Estate with support from the Pakistan Army, Rescue 1122 and Bahria Town Rescue Team.

    A large rescue operation included a team of army engineers and urban search-and-rescue personnel.[2][3] Messages had been received via mobile phones from people trapped in the rubble.[2] The challenge of getting heavy machinery to the site of the collapse hampered the rescue effort, according to an official as of 4 November .[3]

    The disaster has had a seminal effect on the operation and management of all industrial estates and their bylaws.

    1. ^ a b "Pakistan Lahore factory collapse: Hopes dim for survivors". BBC. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
    2. ^ a b c d e f g AFP (5 November 2015). "Race to find survivors after deadly factory collapse in Pakistan". 24France. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
    3. ^ a b c d e f "Hunt for survivors at collapsed Pakistan building site". Al Jazeera English. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
    4. ^ Gabol, Imran (7 November 2015). "Lahore factory collapse: Search for survivors continues as death toll climbs to 45". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
    5. ^ Gabol, Imran (5 November 2015). "At least 25 dead as rescuers scrabble through Lahore factory rubble". Dawn. Pakistan. AFP. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
    6. ^ Shahzad, Muhammad (5 November 2015). "At least 23 killed in Lahore factory collapse; rescue operations underway". The Express Tribune. Pakistan. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
     
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    5 November 1943 – World War II: Bombing of the Vatican.

    Bombing of the Vatican

    Map of Vatican City showing the buildings of the Governatorate, the Tribunal, and the Archpriest, and the railway station, which were damaged on 5 November 1943. The mosaic workshop, which received a direct hit, is positioned between the railway station and the residence of the archpriest.

    Vatican City was bombed twice during World War II. The first occasion was on the evening of 5 November 1943, when a plane dropped bombs on the area south-west of St. Peter's Basilica, causing considerable damage but no casualties. The second bombing, which affected only the outer margin of the city, was at about the same hour on 1 March 1944. It killed one person and injured another.[1]

     
  13. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    6 November 2013 – Several small bombs explode outside a provincial office of the Communist Party of China.

    2013 Taiyuan attack

    A series of suspected bombs exploded outside the office of the Chinese Communist Party in Taiyuan, Shanxi, on 6 November 2013. The blast killed at least 1 and another 8 were injured. A 41-year-old Taiyuan resident, Feng Zhijun, was arrested on 8 November.

     
  14. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    7 November 1929 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.

    Museum of Modern Art

    The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The institution was conceived in 1929 by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Lillie P. Bliss, and Mary Quinn Sullivan. Initially located in the Heckscher Building on Fifth Avenue, it opened just days after the Wall Street Crash. The museum, America's first devoted exclusively to modern art, was led by A. Conger Goodyear as president and Abby Rockefeller as treasurer, with Alfred H. Barr Jr. as its first director. Under Barr's leadership, the museum's collection rapidly expanded, beginning with an inaugural exhibition of works by European modernists. Despite financial challenges, including opposition from John D. Rockefeller Jr., the museum moved to several temporary locations in its early years, and John D. Rockefeller Jr. eventually donated the land for its permanent site.

    During the 1930s and 1950s, MoMA gained international recognition with landmark exhibitions, such as Barr's influential "Cubism and Abstract Art" in 1936, a retrospective of Pablo Picasso's works organized in 1939-40 and the "Indian Art of the United States" exhibition in 1941. Abby Rockefeller's son, Nelson, became the museum's president in 1939, playing a key role in its expansion and publicity. His brother, David Rockefeller, joined the board in 1948 and continued the family's close association with the museum. Significant events during this period included a major fire in 1958, which destroyed a painting by Claude Monet and led to the evacuation of other artworks. The museum's architectural evolution also continued, with a redesign of the sculpture garden by Philip Johnson and relocation to its current home designed by Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Stone, which opened in 1939.

    In later decades, the controversial decision to withdraw funding from the antiwar poster "And Babies" in 1969, and the subsequent protests, highlighted the museum's involvement in contemporary sociopolitical issues. It was also among several institutions to aid CIA in its efforts to engage in cultural propaganda during the Cold War.[2] Major expansions in the 1980s and the early 21st century, including the selection of Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi for a significant renovation, nearly doubled MoMA's space for exhibitions and programs. The 2000s saw the formal merger with the P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center, and in 2019, another major renovation added significant gallery space.

    In 2022, MoMA was the 17th most-visited art museum in the world and the 4th most-visited museum in the United States. MoMA's collection spans the late 19th-century to the present, and includes over 200,000 works of architecture and design, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated and artist's books, film, as well as electronic media.[3] The museum is considered one of the most influential cultural institutions globally devoted to modern and contemporary art.[4] At the same time, MoMA has long faced criticism for developing and perpetuating Eurocentric narratives of modernism and for its insufficient focus on expanding access to socioeconomically underprivileged groups.[5][6][7] The museum has been involved in controversies regarding its labor practices, and the institution's labor union, founded in 1971, has been described as the first of its kind in the U.S.[8] The MoMA Library includes about 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than 1,000 periodical titles and more than 40,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups.[9] The archives hold primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art.[10]

    1. ^ The Art Newspaper, List of most-visited museums in 2022, published 28 March 2023
    2. ^ Dasal, Jennifer (September 24, 2020). "How MoMA and the CIA Conspired to Use Unwitting Artists to Promote American Propaganda During the Cold War". Artnet News. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
    3. ^ "About the Collection". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
    4. ^ Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2005). "The Development of Modernist Art: The Early 20th Century". Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 796. ISBN 978-0-4950-0478-3. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City is consistently identified as the institution most responsible for developing modernist art ... the most influential museum of modern art in the world.
    5. ^ Reilly, Maura (October 31, 2019). "MoMA's Revisionism Is Piecemeal and Problem-Filled: Feminist Art Historian Maura Reilly on the Museum's Rehang". ARTnews.com. Retrieved December 16, 2023. According to Barr, "modern art" was a synchronic, linear progression of "isms" in which one (heterosexual, white) male "genius" from Europe or the U.S. influenced another who inevitably trumped or subverted his previous master, thereby producing an avant-garde progression. Barr's story was so ingrained in the institution that it was never questioned as problematic. The fact that very few women, artists of color, and those not from Europe or North America—in other words, all "Other" artists—were not on display was not up for discussion.
    6. ^ Cotter, Holland (October 10, 2019). "MoMA Reboots With 'Modernism Plus'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 16, 2023. After decades of stonewalling multiculturalism, MoMA is now acknowledging it, even investing in it, most notably in a permanent collection rehang that features art — much of it recently acquired — from Africa, Asia, South America, and African America, and a significant amount of work by women.
    7. ^ McGrath, Jack (October 18, 2019). "What the New MoMA Misunderstands About Pablo Picasso and Faith Ringgold". Frieze. Retrieved December 16, 2023. Despite MoMA's progressive intentions, however, questions remain about what revamped purpose its expansion announces – especially on the levels of education, curatorial method and economic positionality.
    8. ^ Greenberger, Alex (October 16, 2019). "'Art Workers Don't Kiss Ass': Looking Back on the Formation of MoMA's Pioneering Union in the 1970s". ARTnews.com. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
    9. ^ "Library". MoMA. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
    10. ^ "About the Archives". MoMA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016.
     
  15. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    8 November 2002Iraq disarmament crisis: UN Security Council Resolution 1441: The United Nations Security Council unanimously approves a resolution on Iraq, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face "serious consequences".

    United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441

    United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 is a United Nations Security Council resolution adopted unanimously by the United Nations Security Council on 8 November 2002, offering Iraq under Saddam Hussein "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" that had been set out in several previous resolutions (Resolutions 660, 661, 678, 686, 687, 688, 707, 715, 986, and 1284).[1] It provided a legal justification for the subsequent US-led invasion of Iraq.[2][3][4]

    Resolution 1441 stated that Iraq was in material breach of the ceasefire terms presented under the terms of Resolution 687. Iraq's breaches related not only to weapons of mass destruction (WMD), but also the known construction of prohibited types of missiles, the purchase and import of prohibited armaments, and the continuing refusal of Iraq to compensate Kuwait for the widespread looting conducted by its troops during the 1990–1991 invasion and occupation. It also stated that "...false statements or omissions in the declarations submitted by Iraq pursuant to this resolution and failure by Iraq at any time to comply with, and cooperate fully in the implementation of, this resolution shall constitute a further material breach of Iraq's obligations."

    1. ^ "Text of U.N. resolution on Iraq - Nov. 8, 2002". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
    2. ^ "Gulf war - PBS Frontline Interviews". PBS Frontline. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
    3. ^ Gardner, Carl (2010). "The invasion of Iraq was lawful". Head of Legal: Independent Legal Comment and Analysis.
    4. ^ "UK Government Web Archive" (PDF). webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 2003.
     
  16. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    9 November 1994 – The chemical element darmstadtium is discovered.

    Darmstadtium

    Darmstadtium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Ds and atomic number 110. It is extremely radioactive: the most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 14 seconds. Darmstadtium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, after which it was named.

    In the periodic table, it is a d-block transactinide element. It is a member of the 7th period and is placed in the group 10 elements, although no chemical experiments have yet been carried out to confirm that it behaves as the heavier homologue to platinum in group 10 as the eighth member of the 6d series of transition metals. Darmstadtium is calculated to have similar properties to its lighter homologues, nickel, palladium, and platinum.

    1. ^ "darmstadtium". Lexico UK English Dictionary UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020.
    2. ^ Darmstadtium. The Periodic Table of Videos. University of Nottingham. September 23, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
    3. ^ a b c d e Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
    4. ^ a b Östlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals". Physical Review B. 84 (11): 113104. Bibcode:2011PhRvB..84k3104O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104.
    5. ^ Gyanchandani, Jyoti; Sikka, S. K. (May 10, 2011). "Physical properties of the 6 d -series elements from density functional theory: Close similarity to lighter transition metals". Physical Review B. 83 (17): 172101. Bibcode:2011PhRvB..83q2101G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.172101.
    6. ^ Kratz; Lieser (2013). Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed.). p. 631.
    7. ^ a b Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
    8. ^ Chemical Data. Darmstadtium - Ds, Royal Chemical Society
    9. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
     
  17. Admin2

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    10 November 1989 – Germans begin to tear down the Berlin Wall.

    Berlin Wall

    Satellite image of Berlin, with the Wall's location marked in yellow
    West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map (interactive map)

    The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˌliːnɐ ˈmaʊɐ] ) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).[a][1][3] Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West.[5]

    The Soviet Bloc propaganda portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from "fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people" from building a communist state in the GDR. The authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall, pronounced [antifaˌʃɪstɪʃɐ ˈʃʊtsval] ). The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the "Wall of Shame", a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement.[6] Along with the separate and much longer inner German border, which demarcated the border between East and West Germany, it came to symbolize physically the Iron Curtain that separated the Western Bloc and Soviet satellite states of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.[7]

    Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration.[8] During this period, over 100,000[9] people attempted to escape, and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall, with an estimated death toll of those murdered by East German authorities ranging from 136[10] to more than 200[7][11] in and around Berlin.

    In 1989, a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries—in Poland and Hungary in particular—caused a chain reaction in East Germany.[12] In particular, the Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 set in motion a peaceful development during which the Iron Curtain largely broke, the rulers in the East came under pressure to cease their repressive policies, the Berlin Wall fell and finally the Eastern Bloc collapsed.[13][14][15] After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit the FRG and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall.[7] The Brandenburg Gate, a few meters from the Berlin Wall, was opened on 22 December 1989. The demolition of the Wall officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1994.[1] The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which formally took place on 3 October 1990.[7]

    1. ^ a b c "Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall". Chicago Tribune. 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
    2. ^ Piotrowicz, Ryszard W.; Blay, Sam (1997). The unification of Germany in international and domestic law. Rodopi. p. 42. ISBN 90-5183-755-0. OCLC 36437948.
    3. ^ Video: Berlin, 1961/08/31 (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1961. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
    4. ^ Marck, Jack (October 2006). "Over the Wall: A Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience". American Heritage. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008.
    5. ^ "Berlin Wall". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23 January 2024.
    6. ^ "Berlin Wall: Five things you might not know". The Telegraph. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
    7. ^ a b c d "Berlin Wall Fast Facts". CNN. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
    8. ^ "Freedom!". Time. 20 November 1989. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
    9. ^ "Victims of the Wall". www.berlin.de. 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chronik was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Cite error: The named reference contemporary research was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    12. ^ Mary Elise Sarotte, Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, New York: Basic Books, 2014
    13. ^ Hilde Szabo: Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland - German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.
    14. ^ Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
    15. ^ Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German - August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  18. Admin2

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    11 November 2004New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is dedicated at the National War Memorial, Wellington.

    New Zealand Tomb of the Unknown Warrior

     
  19. Admin2

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    12 November 1991Santa Cruz massacre: Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor.

    Santa Cruz massacre

    The Santa Cruz massacre (also known as the Dili massacre) was the murder of at least 250 East Timorese pro-independence demonstrators in the Santa Cruz cemetery in the capital, Dili, on 12 November 1991, during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor and is part of the East Timor genocide.

     
  20. Admin2

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    13 November 1994 – In a referendum, voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union.

    1994 Swedish European Union membership referendum

    A non-binding referendum on membership for the European Union was held in Sweden on 13 November 1994.[1] 53% of voters voted in favour, with a turnout of 83%.[1]

    1. ^ a b "Folkomröstningar 1922-2003" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
     
  21. Admin2

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    14 November 2012Israel launches a major military operation in the Gaza Strip, as hostilities with Hamas escalate.

    Operation Pillar of Defense

     
  22. Admin2

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    14 November 2012Israel launches a major military operation in the Gaza Strip, as hostilities with Hamas escalate.

    Operation Pillar of Defense

     
  23. Admin2

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    15 November 2006Al Jazeera English launches worldwide.

    Al Jazeera English

    Al Jazeera English (AJE; Arabic: الجزيرة‎, romanizedal-jazīrah, lit.'the Peninsula', pronounced [æl (d)ʒæˈziːrɐ]) is a 24-hour English-language news channel. It operates under the ownership of the Al Jazeera Media Network, which, in turn, is funded by the government of Qatar. It is the first global English-language news channel to be headquartered in the Middle East.[3] Al Jazeera broadcasts in over 150 countries and territories, and has a large global audience of over 430 million people.[4]

    Al Jazeera is known for its in-depth and frontline reporting particularly in conflict zones.[5][6] It has been praised for its in-depth coverage of events such as the Arab Spring, the Gaza–Israel conflict and others.[7][8][6][9] Al Jazeera's coverage of the Arab Spring won the network numerous awards, including the Peabody Award.[10][5][11]

    1. ^ Habib Toumi (13 July 2011). "Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
    2. ^ Bridges, Scott (19 October 2012). "How Al Jazeera took on the (English-speaking) world". Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
    3. ^ "Al-Jazeera Says Its English-Language News Channel Will Launch November 15". The Post-Star. 1 November 2006. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009.
    4. ^ "About Us". Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
    5. ^ a b "Al-Jazeera English wins RTS news channel of the year". Archived from the original on 4 April 2023.
    6. ^ a b Ruddick, Graham (24 June 2017). "Al-Jazeera: the Qatar broadcaster at centre of diplomatic crisis". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
    7. ^ Cohen, Noam (January 2009). "Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
    8. ^ "Al-Jazeera English, N.Y. Times Take Home duPont Awards". 21 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
    9. ^ "Al-Jazeera English, N.Y. Times Take Home duPont Awards". Reuters. 21 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
    10. ^ "Al Jazeera's Coverage of the Arab Awakening". Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
    11. ^ "Arab Spring coverage earns Al Jazeera English top award". Archived from the original on 1 September 2012.
     
  24. Admin2

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    16 November 1945UNESCO is founded.

    UNESCO

    The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)[a] is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.[2][3] It has 194 member states and 12 associate members,[4] as well as partners in the non-governmental, intergovernmental and private sector.[5] Headquartered in Paris, France, UNESCO has 53 regional field offices[6] and 199 national commissions.[7][8]

    UNESCO was founded in 1945 as the successor to the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.[9] Its constitution establishes the agency's goals, governing structure, and operating framework.[10] UNESCO's founding mission, which was shaped by the events of World War II, is to advance peace, sustainable development and human rights by facilitating collaboration and dialogue among nations.[10] It pursues this objective through five major programme areas: education, natural sciences, social/human sciences, culture and communication/information. UNESCO sponsors projects that improve literacy, provide technical training and education, advance science, protect independent media and press freedom, preserve regional and cultural history, and promote cultural diversity.[11][12][13]

    UNESCO's activities have broadened over the years. It assists in the translation and dissemination of world literature, helps establish and secure World Heritage Sites of cultural and natural importance, works to bridge the worldwide digital divide, and creates inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication.[14] UNESCO has launched several initiatives and global movements, such as Education For All.

    UNESCO is governed by the General Conference composed of member states and associate members, which meets biannually to set the agency's programs and budget. It also elects members of the executive board, which manages UNESCO's work, and appoints every four years a Director-General, who serves as UNESCO's chief administrator. UNESCO is a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group,[15] a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.

    1. ^ "UNESCO". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
    2. ^ "Introducing UNESCO". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
    3. ^ "UNESCO history". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
    4. ^ "List of UNESCO members and associates". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
    5. ^ "Partnerships". UNESCO. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
    6. ^ "Field offices". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
    7. ^ "National Commissions". UNESCO. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
    8. ^ "About UNESCO Office for the Pacific States". UNESCO. 1 August 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
    9. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2018). Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres [The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period]. Lausanne: Université de Lausanne. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2019. (English summary Archived 22 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine).
    10. ^ a b "UNESCO. General Conference, 39th, 2017 [892]". unesdoc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
    11. ^ "MOFA: Project list of The UNESCO Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Capacity-building of Human Resources". mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
    12. ^ "Sponsors". climats-bourgogne.com. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
    13. ^ "Sponsors and Contributors". wcrp-climate.org. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
    14. ^ "UNESCO • General Conference; 34th; Medium-term Strategy, 2008–2013; 2007" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
    15. ^ "UNDG Members". United Nations Development Group. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  25. Admin2

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    17 November 2012 – At least 50 schoolchildren are killed in an accident at a railway crossing near Manfalut, Egypt.

    Manfalut railway accident

    The Manfalut railway accident occurred on 17 November 2012 when a school bus, which was carrying about 70 school children between four and six years old, was hit by a train on a rail crossing near Manfalut, Egypt, 350 km (230 miles) south of the Egyptian capital Cairo.[1] At least 50 children and the bus driver died in the crash,[2] and about 17 people were injured.[3] Witnesses reported that barriers at the crossing were not closed when the crash occurred.[4]

    After the crash, a number of people began searching the tracks to find the remains of their children and victims they knew.[1] Additionally, schoolbags and schoolbooks were scattered across the tracks.[2] Police did not arrive until two hours after the accident, and by the time the first ambulance came, most of the children were dead.[3] Afterwards, the families of the victims protested at the crash site.[5]

    The Egyptian minister of transportation, Mohammad Rashad Al Matini, and the head of the railways authority resigned after the accident.[1][4] President Mohamed Morsi pledged to hold those responsible accountable. The crossing worker, who was allegedly asleep, was detained,[5] and Ibrahim El-Zaafrani, the secretary-general of the relief committee of the Arab Doctors Union, said that 10,000 (about $1,600)[6] will be awarded to families of the dead and E£5,000 (about $800) to families of the injured.[3]

    1. ^ a b c "Egypt bus crash kills 50 children near Manfalut". BBC News. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    2. ^ a b "Scores of schoolchildren die in Egypt crash". Al Jazeera. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    3. ^ a b c "Protesters demand Assiut governor resign over fatal bus-train collision". Ahram Online. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
    4. ^ a b "Train slams into school bus in Egypt, killing 48 children, injuring 27 others". Haaretz. Cairo. Reuters. 18 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    5. ^ a b "Dozens Killed, Mostly Children, in Egypt Crash". The New York Times. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
    6. ^ Mohamed Fadel Fahmy (18 November 2012). "Bus, train crash in Egypt kills 51 -- mostly children". CNN. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
     
  26. Admin2

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    18 November 1755 – The Corsican Constitution is voted.

    Corsican Constitution

    Preamble of the Corsican Constitution in Corsican, French, English and Italian

    The first Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1755 for the short-lived Corsican Republic independent from Genoa beginning in 1755, and remained in force until the annexation of Corsica by France in 1769. It was written in Tuscan Italian, the language of elite culture and people in Corsica at the time.[1]

    It was drafted by Pasquale Paoli, and inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who, commissioned by the Corsicans wrote "Projet de constitution pour la Corse," in 1763.[2]

    The second Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1794 for the short-lived (1794–96) Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and introduced suffrage for all property owners. It was also considered a highly democratic constitution for its time.

    Linda Colley credits Paoli as writing the first ever written constitution of a nation state.[3]

    1. ^ Tufi, Stefania; Blackwood, Robert J. (2016-04-29). The Linguistic Landscape of the Mediterranean: French and Italian Coastal Cities. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31456-7.
    2. ^ Carrington, Dorothy (July 1973). "The Corsican constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)". The English Historical Review. 88 (348): 481–503. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.481. JSTOR 564654.
    3. ^ Linda Colley (2021). The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World. Profile Books. p. 19. ISBN 9781846684975.
     
  27. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    18 November 1755 – The Corsican Constitution is voted.

    Corsican Constitution

    Preamble of the Corsican Constitution in Corsican, French, English and Italian

    The first Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1755 for the short-lived Corsican Republic independent from Genoa beginning in 1755, and remained in force until the annexation of Corsica by France in 1769. It was written in Tuscan Italian, the language of elite culture and people in Corsica at the time.[1]

    It was drafted by Pasquale Paoli, and inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who, commissioned by the Corsicans wrote "Projet de constitution pour la Corse," in 1763.[2]

    The second Corsican Constitution was drawn up in 1794 for the short-lived (1794–96) Anglo-Corsican Kingdom and introduced suffrage for all property owners. It was also considered a highly democratic constitution for its time.

    Linda Colley credits Paoli as writing the first ever written constitution of a nation state.[3]

    1. ^ Tufi, Stefania; Blackwood, Robert J. (2016-04-29). The Linguistic Landscape of the Mediterranean: French and Italian Coastal Cities. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31456-7.
    2. ^ Carrington, Dorothy (July 1973). "The Corsican constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)". The English Historical Review. 88 (348): 481–503. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.481. JSTOR 564654.
    3. ^ Linda Colley (2021). The Gun, the Ship, and the Pen: Warfare, Constitutions, and the Making of the Modern World. Profile Books. p. 19. ISBN 9781846684975.
     
  28. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    19 November 1989 – Germans begin to tear down the Berlin Wall.

    Berlin Wall

    Satellite image of Berlin, with the Wall's location marked in yellow
    West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map (interactive map)

    The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˌliːnɐ ˈmaʊɐ] ) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).[a][1][3] Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[4] accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West.[5]

    The Soviet Bloc propaganda portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from "fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people" from building a communist state in the GDR. The authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall, pronounced [antifaˌʃɪstɪʃɐ ˈʃʊtsval] ). The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the "Wall of Shame", a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement.[6] Along with the separate and much longer inner German border, which demarcated the border between East and West Germany, it came to symbolize physically the Iron Curtain that separated the Western Bloc and Soviet satellite states of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.[7]

    Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, the Wall prevented almost all such emigration.[8] During this period, over 100,000[9] people attempted to escape, and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall, with an estimated death toll of those murdered by East German authorities ranging from 136[10] to more than 200[7][11] in and around Berlin.

    In 1989, a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries—in Poland and Hungary in particular—caused a chain reaction in East Germany.[12] In particular, the Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 set in motion a peaceful development during which the Iron Curtain largely broke, the rulers in the East came under pressure to cease their repressive policies, the Berlin Wall fell and finally the Eastern Bloc collapsed.[13][14][15] After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit the FRG and West Berlin. Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall, joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere. Over the next few weeks, souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall.[7] The Brandenburg Gate, a few meters from the Berlin Wall, was opened on 22 December 1989. The demolition of the Wall officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1994.[1] The fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way for German reunification, which formally took place on 3 October 1990.[7]

    1. ^ a b c "Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall". Chicago Tribune. 31 October 2014. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
    2. ^ Piotrowicz, Ryszard W.; Blay, Sam (1997). The unification of Germany in international and domestic law. Rodopi. p. 42. ISBN 90-5183-755-0. OCLC 36437948.
    3. ^ Video: Berlin, 1961/08/31 (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1961. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
    4. ^ Marck, Jack (October 2006). "Over the Wall: A Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience". American Heritage. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008.
    5. ^ "Berlin Wall". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23 January 2024.
    6. ^ "Berlin Wall: Five things you might not know". The Telegraph. 12 August 2011. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
    7. ^ a b c d "Berlin Wall Fast Facts". CNN. 16 September 2013. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
    8. ^ "Freedom!". Time. 20 November 1989. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
    9. ^ "Victims of the Wall". www.berlin.de. 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chronik was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Cite error: The named reference contemporary research was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    12. ^ Mary Elise Sarotte, Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, New York: Basic Books, 2014
    13. ^ Hilde Szabo: Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland - German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall - German), in: Profil 9 August 2014.
    14. ^ Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German - Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
    15. ^ Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows" (German - August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  29. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    20 November 1985Microsoft Windows 1.0 is released.

    Windows 1.0

    Windows 1.0 is the first major release of Microsoft Windows, a family of graphical operating systems for personal computers developed by Microsoft. It was first released to manufacturing in the United States on November 20, 1985, while the European version was released as Windows 1.02 in May 1986.

    Its development began after the Microsoft co-founder and spearhead of Windows 1.0, Bill Gates, saw a demonstration of a similar software suite, Visi On, at COMDEX in 1982. The operating environment was showcased to the public in November 1983, although it ended up being released two years later. Windows 1.0 runs on MS-DOS, as a 16-bit shell program known as MS-DOS Executive, and it provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. It introduced multitasking and the use of the mouse, and various built-in programs such as Calculator, Paint, and Notepad. The operating environment does not allow its windows to overlap, and instead, the windows are tiled. Windows 1.0 received four releases numbered 1.01 through 1.04, mainly adding support for newer hardware or additional languages.

    The system received lukewarm reviews; critics raised concerns about not fulfilling expectations, its compatibility with very little software, and its performance issues, while it has also received positive responses to Microsoft's early presentations and support from a number of hardware- and software-makers. Its last release was 1.04, and it was succeeded by Windows 2.0, which was released in December 1987. Microsoft ended its support for Windows 1.0 on December 31, 2001, making it the longest-supported out of all versions of Windows.

     
  30. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    21 November 2009 – A mine explosion in Heilongjiang, China kills 108.

    2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion

    The 2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion (Chinese: 鹤岗新兴煤矿爆炸事故; pinyin: Hègǎng Xīnxīng méikuàng bàozhà shìgù) was a mining accident that occurred on November 21, 2009, near Hegang in the Heilongjiang province, northeastern China, which killed 108 people.[1] A further 29 people were hospitalised.[2][3] The explosion occurred in the Xinxing coal mine shortly before dawn, at 02:30 CST, when 528 people were believed to be in the pit. Of these, 420 are believed to have been rescued.

    1. ^ "黑龍江新興煤礦事故最終確定108人死亡" [Heilongjiang Mine Incident Confirmed to have a Final Death Toll of 108 People] (in Chinese). Sina.com. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
    2. ^ Bradsher, Keith (22 November 2009). "At least 87 dies in Chinese mine explosion". New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
    3. ^ "At least 89 killed in coal mine blast". USA: Statesman.com. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
     
  31. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    23 November 1963 – The Beatles release With the Beatles.

    With the Beatles

    With the Beatles is the second studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released in the United Kingdom on 22 November 1963 on Parlophone, eight months after the band's debut Please Please Me. Produced by George Martin, the album features eight original compositions (seven by Lennon–McCartney and "Don't Bother Me", George Harrison's first recorded solo composition and his first released on a Beatles album) and six covers (mostly of rock and roll and Motown R&B hits). The sessions also yielded the non-album single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" backed by "This Boy". The cover photograph was taken by the fashion photographer Robert Freeman and has since been mimicked by several music groups. A different cover was used for the Australian release of the album, which the Beatles were displeased with.

    In the United States, the album's tracks were unevenly split over the group's first two albums released on Capitol Records: Meet the Beatles! and The Beatles' Second Album. It was also released in Canada under the name Beatlemania! With the Beatles. The album was ranked number 420 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003, and was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die (2010). It was also voted number 275 in the third edition of English writer Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

    1. ^ Hase, Stewart; Kenyon, Chris (2013). Self-Determined Learning: Heutagogy in Action. A&C Black. p. 119. ISBN 978-1441108913. With the Beatles…demonstrated the 'uniform traits' of the Mersey Beat style
    2. ^ O'Dell, Denis; Neaverson, Bob (2002). At the Apple's core: the Beatles from the inside. Peter Owen Limited. p. 27. the first truly convincing British rock and roll album, With The Beatles
    3. ^ Howlett, Kevin; Heatley, Mike (2009). With the Beatles (CD historical notes). p. 12.
    4. ^ Courrier, Kevin (2008). Artificial Paradise: The Dark Side of the Beatles' Utopian Dream. ABC-CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 978-0313345876. …the bold R&B of With the Beatles
     
  32. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    23 November 1914Mexican Revolution: The last of U.S. forces withdraw from Veracruz, occupied seven months earlier in response to the Tampico Affair.

    Mexican Revolution

    The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history"[6] and resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army, its replacement by a revolutionary army,[7] and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war, but foreign powers, having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico, figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles; the U.S. involvement was particularly high.[8] The conflict led to the deaths of around one million people, mostly noncombatants.

    Although the decades-long regime of President Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) was increasingly unpopular, there was no foreboding in 1910 that a revolution was about to break out.[8] The aging Díaz failed to find a controlled solution to presidential succession, resulting in a power struggle among competing elites and the middle classes, which occurred during a period of intense labor unrest, exemplified by the Cananea and Río Blanco strikes.[9] When wealthy northern landowner Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in the 1910 presidential election and Díaz jailed him, Madero called for an armed uprising against Díaz in the Plan of San Luis Potosí. Rebellions broke out first in Morelos, and then to a much greater extent in northern Mexico. The Federal Army was unable to suppress the widespread uprisings, showing the military's weakness and encouraging the rebels.[10] Díaz resigned in May 1911 and went into exile, an interim government was installed until elections could be held, the Federal Army was retained, and revolutionary forces demobilized. The first phase of the Revolution was relatively bloodless and short-lived.

    Madero was elected President, taking office in November 1911. He immediately faced the armed rebellion of Emiliano Zapata in Morelos, where peasants demanded rapid action on agrarian reform. Politically inexperienced, Madero's government was fragile, and further regional rebellions broke out. In February 1913, prominent army generals from the Díaz regime staged a coup d'etat in Mexico City, forcing Madero and Vice President Pino Suárez to resign. Days later, both men were assassinated by orders of the new President, Victoriano Huerta. This initiated a new and bloody phase of the Revolution, as a coalition of northerners opposed to the counter-revolutionary regime of Huerta, the Constitutionalist Army led by Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza, entered the conflict. Zapata's forces continued their armed rebellion in Morelos. Huerta's regime lasted from February 1913 to July 1914, and saw the Federal Army defeated by revolutionary armies. The revolutionary armies then fought each other, with the Constitutionalist faction under Carranza defeating the army of former ally Francisco "Pancho" Villa by the summer of 1915.

    Carranza consolidated power, and a new constitution was promulgated in February 1917. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 established universal male suffrage, promoted secularism, workers' rights, economic nationalism, and land reform, and enhanced the power of the federal government.[11] Carranza became President of Mexico in 1917, serving a term ending in 1920. He attempted to impose a civilian successor, prompting northern revolutionary generals to rebel. Carranza fled Mexico City and was killed. From 1920 to 1940, revolutionary generals held office, a period when state power became more centralized and revolutionary reforms were implemented, bringing the military under the control of the civilian government.[12] The Revolution was a decade-long civil war, with new political leadership that gained power and legitimacy through their participation in revolutionary conflicts. The political party they founded, which would become the Institutional Revolutionary Party, ruled Mexico until the presidential election of 2000. Even the conservative winner of that election, Vicente Fox, contended his election was heir to the 1910 democratic election of Francisco Madero, thereby claiming the heritage and legitimacy of the Revolution.[13]

    1. ^ "Obregón Salido Álvaro". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
    2. ^ "Elías Calles Campuzano Plutarco". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
    3. ^ Finley, James P.; Reilly, Jeanne (1993). "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambos Nogales". BYU Library. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2016. Mexican casualties are not known, but found among the Mexican dead were the bodies of two German agents provocateurs.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference online was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ a b Rummel, Rudolph. "Table 11.1 The Mexican Democide Line 39". Statistics of Mexican Democide.
    6. ^ Joseph, Gilbert and Jürgen Buchenau (2013). Mexico's Once and Future Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1
    7. ^ Lieuwen 1981.
    8. ^ a b Katz 1981, p. 3.
    9. ^ Womack, John Jr. "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920". Mexico Since Independence. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, 128.
    10. ^ Lieuwen 1981, p. 9.
    11. ^ Gentleman, Judith. "Mexico since 1910". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, 15.
    12. ^ Lieuwen 1981, pp. xii–xii.
    13. ^ Bantjes, Adrien A. "The Mexican Revolution". In A Companion to Latin American History, London: Wiley-Blackwell 2011, 330
     
  33. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    23 November 1914Mexican Revolution: The last of U.S. forces withdraw from Veracruz, occupied seven months earlier in response to the Tampico Affair.

    Mexican Revolution

    The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history"[6] and resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army, its replacement by a revolutionary army,[7] and the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico, which aimed to create a strong central government. Revolutionary generals held power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war, but foreign powers, having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico, figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles; the U.S. involvement was particularly high.[8] The conflict led to the deaths of around one million people, mostly noncombatants.

    Although the decades-long regime of President Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) was increasingly unpopular, there was no foreboding in 1910 that a revolution was about to break out.[8] The aging Díaz failed to find a controlled solution to presidential succession, resulting in a power struggle among competing elites and the middle classes, which occurred during a period of intense labor unrest, exemplified by the Cananea and Río Blanco strikes.[9] When wealthy northern landowner Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in the 1910 presidential election and Díaz jailed him, Madero called for an armed uprising against Díaz in the Plan of San Luis Potosí. Rebellions broke out first in Morelos, and then to a much greater extent in northern Mexico. The Federal Army was unable to suppress the widespread uprisings, showing the military's weakness and encouraging the rebels.[10] Díaz resigned in May 1911 and went into exile, an interim government was installed until elections could be held, the Federal Army was retained, and revolutionary forces demobilized. The first phase of the Revolution was relatively bloodless and short-lived.

    Madero was elected President, taking office in November 1911. He immediately faced the armed rebellion of Emiliano Zapata in Morelos, where peasants demanded rapid action on agrarian reform. Politically inexperienced, Madero's government was fragile, and further regional rebellions broke out. In February 1913, prominent army generals from the Díaz regime staged a coup d'etat in Mexico City, forcing Madero and Vice President Pino Suárez to resign. Days later, both men were assassinated by orders of the new President, Victoriano Huerta. This initiated a new and bloody phase of the Revolution, as a coalition of northerners opposed to the counter-revolutionary regime of Huerta, the Constitutionalist Army led by Governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza, entered the conflict. Zapata's forces continued their armed rebellion in Morelos. Huerta's regime lasted from February 1913 to July 1914, and saw the Federal Army defeated by revolutionary armies. The revolutionary armies then fought each other, with the Constitutionalist faction under Carranza defeating the army of former ally Francisco "Pancho" Villa by the summer of 1915.

    Carranza consolidated power, and a new constitution was promulgated in February 1917. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 established universal male suffrage, promoted secularism, workers' rights, economic nationalism, and land reform, and enhanced the power of the federal government.[11] Carranza became President of Mexico in 1917, serving a term ending in 1920. He attempted to impose a civilian successor, prompting northern revolutionary generals to rebel. Carranza fled Mexico City and was killed. From 1920 to 1940, revolutionary generals held office, a period when state power became more centralized and revolutionary reforms were implemented, bringing the military under the control of the civilian government.[12] The Revolution was a decade-long civil war, with new political leadership that gained power and legitimacy through their participation in revolutionary conflicts. The political party they founded, which would become the Institutional Revolutionary Party, ruled Mexico until the presidential election of 2000. Even the conservative winner of that election, Vicente Fox, contended his election was heir to the 1910 democratic election of Francisco Madero, thereby claiming the heritage and legitimacy of the Revolution.[13]

    1. ^ "Obregón Salido Álvaro". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
    2. ^ "Elías Calles Campuzano Plutarco". Bicentenario de México. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
    3. ^ Finley, James P.; Reilly, Jeanne (1993). "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: The Battle of Ambos Nogales". BYU Library. Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2016. Mexican casualties are not known, but found among the Mexican dead were the bodies of two German agents provocateurs.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference online was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ a b Rummel, Rudolph. "Table 11.1 The Mexican Democide Line 39". Statistics of Mexican Democide.
    6. ^ Joseph, Gilbert and Jürgen Buchenau (2013). Mexico's Once and Future Revolution. Durham: Duke University Press, 1
    7. ^ Lieuwen 1981.
    8. ^ a b Katz 1981, p. 3.
    9. ^ Womack, John Jr. "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920". Mexico Since Independence. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, 128.
    10. ^ Lieuwen 1981, p. 9.
    11. ^ Gentleman, Judith. "Mexico since 1910". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, 15.
    12. ^ Lieuwen 1981, pp. xii–xii.
    13. ^ Bantjes, Adrien A. "The Mexican Revolution". In A Companion to Latin American History, London: Wiley-Blackwell 2011, 330
     
  34. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    24 November 1859Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.

    On the Origin of Species

    On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)[3] is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology; it was published on 24 November 1859.[4] Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.[5]

    Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.

    The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. Darwin was already highly regarded as a scientist, so his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades, there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.

    1. ^ Darwin 1859, p. iii
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Freeman 1977 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. In the 1872 sixth edition, "On" was omitted, so the full title is The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. This edition is usually known as The Origin of Species. The 6th is Darwin's final edition; there were minor modifications in the text of certain subsequent issues. See Freeman, R. B. "The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist." In Van Wyhe, John, ed. Darwin Online: On the Origin of Species, 2002.
    4. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 477.
    5. ^ "Darwin Manuscripts (Digitised notes on Origin)". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
     
  35. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    25 November 1975 – Suriname gains independence from the Netherlands.

    Suriname

    Suriname (/ˈsʊərɪnæm, -nɑːm/ SOOR-ih-NAM, -⁠NAHM, Dutch: [syːriˈnaːmə] ), officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname [reːpyˌblik ˌsyːriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America, sometimes considered part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. Situated slightly north of the equator, over 90% of its territory is covered by rainforests, the highest proportion of forest cover in the world. Suriname is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, and Brazil to the south. It is the smallest country in South America by both population and territory,[a] with around 612,985 inhabitants in an area of approximately 163,820 square kilometers (63,251 square miles).[12][13][14][15] The capital and largest city is Paramaribo, which is home to roughly half the population.

    Suriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various indigenous peoples, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Wayana. Europeans arrived in the 16th century, with the Dutch establishing control over much of the country's current territory by the late 17th century. During the Dutch colonial period, Suriname was a lucrative source of sugar. Its plantation economy was initially driven by African slave labour; with the abolition of slavery in 1863, indentured servants were brought from Asia, predominantly from British India and the Dutch East Indies. In 1954, Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 25 November 1975, it became independent following negotiations with the Dutch government. Suriname continues to maintain close diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties with the Netherlands.

    Suriname's culture and society strongly reflect the legacy of Dutch colonial rule. It is the only sovereign nation outside Europe where Dutch is the official and prevailing language of government, business, media, and education;[16] an estimated 60% of the population speak Dutch as a native language.[17] Sranan Tongo, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Most Surinamese are descendants of slaves and labourers brought from Africa and Asia by the Dutch. Suriname is highly diverse, with no ethnic group forming a majority; proportionally, its Muslim and Hindu populations are the largest and third largest, respectively, in the Americas. Most people live along the northern coast, centered around Paramaribo, making Suriname one of the least densely populated countries on Earth.

    Suriname is a developing country with a high level of human development; its economy is heavily dependent on its abundant natural resources, namely bauxite, gold, petroleum, and agricultural products. Suriname is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the United Nations, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

    1. ^ Suriname: An Asian Immigrant and the Organic Creation of the Caribbean's Most Unique Fusion Culture, archived from the original on 20 February 2017, retrieved 19 July 2017
    2. ^ "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014.
    3. ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 29 September 2021.
    4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Census was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ a b "Census statistieken 2012". Statistics-suriname.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
    6. ^ "Definitieve Resultaten (Vol I) Etniciteit". Presentatie Evaluatie Rapport CENSUS 8: 42.
    7. ^ a b "Suriname". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
    8. ^ "Suriname country profile". BBC News. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    9. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Suriname)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
    10. ^ Nations, United (13 March 2024). Human Development Report 2023-24 (Report). United Nations.
    11. ^ "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
    12. ^ "Suriname country profile". BBC News. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    13. ^ "Suriname". Central Intelligence Agency. 29 November 2023 – via CIA.gov.
    14. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    15. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    16. ^ Cite error: The named reference cia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ "Taalonderzoek in Nederland, Vlaanderen en Suriname (2005)". taal:unie. Retrieved 17 September 2021.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  36. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    25 November 1975 – Suriname gains independence from the Netherlands.

    Suriname

    Suriname (/ˈsʊərɪnæm, -nɑːm/ SOOR-ih-NAM, -⁠NAHM, Dutch: [syːriˈnaːmə] ), officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname [reːpyˌblik ˌsyːriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America, sometimes considered part of the Caribbean and the West Indies. Situated slightly north of the equator, over 90% of its territory is covered by rainforests, the highest proportion of forest cover in the world. Suriname is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, and Brazil to the south. It is the smallest country in South America by both population and territory,[a] with around 612,985 inhabitants in an area of approximately 163,820 square kilometers (63,251 square miles).[12][13][14][15] The capital and largest city is Paramaribo, which is home to roughly half the population.

    Suriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various indigenous peoples, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Wayana. Europeans arrived in the 16th century, with the Dutch establishing control over much of the country's current territory by the late 17th century. During the Dutch colonial period, Suriname was a lucrative source of sugar. Its plantation economy was initially driven by African slave labour; with the abolition of slavery in 1863, indentured servants were brought from Asia, predominantly from British India and the Dutch East Indies. In 1954, Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. On 25 November 1975, it became independent following negotiations with the Dutch government. Suriname continues to maintain close diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties with the Netherlands.

    Suriname's culture and society strongly reflect the legacy of Dutch colonial rule. It is the only sovereign nation outside Europe where Dutch is the official and prevailing language of government, business, media, and education;[16] an estimated 60% of the population speak Dutch as a native language.[17] Sranan Tongo, an English-based creole language, is a widely used lingua franca. Most Surinamese are descendants of slaves and labourers brought from Africa and Asia by the Dutch. Suriname is highly diverse, with no ethnic group forming a majority; proportionally, its Muslim and Hindu populations are the largest and third largest, respectively, in the Americas. Most people live along the northern coast, centered around Paramaribo, making Suriname one of the least densely populated countries on Earth.

    Suriname is a developing country with a high level of human development; its economy is heavily dependent on its abundant natural resources, namely bauxite, gold, petroleum, and agricultural products. Suriname is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the United Nations, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

    1. ^ Suriname: An Asian Immigrant and the Organic Creation of the Caribbean's Most Unique Fusion Culture, archived from the original on 20 February 2017, retrieved 19 July 2017
    2. ^ "Censusstatistieken 2012" (PDF). Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname). p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014.
    3. ^ "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 29 September 2021.
    4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Census was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ a b "Census statistieken 2012". Statistics-suriname.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
    6. ^ "Definitieve Resultaten (Vol I) Etniciteit". Presentatie Evaluatie Rapport CENSUS 8: 42.
    7. ^ a b "Suriname". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
    8. ^ "Suriname country profile". BBC News. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    9. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Suriname)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
    10. ^ Nations, United (13 March 2024). Human Development Report 2023-24 (Report). United Nations.
    11. ^ "GINI index". World Bank. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
    12. ^ "Suriname country profile". BBC News. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    13. ^ "Suriname". Central Intelligence Agency. 29 November 2023 – via CIA.gov.
    14. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    15. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    16. ^ Cite error: The named reference cia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ "Taalonderzoek in Nederland, Vlaanderen en Suriname (2005)". taal:unie. Retrieved 17 September 2021.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  37. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    26 November 2004Ruzhou School massacre: A man stabs and kills eight people and seriously wounds another four in a school dormitory in Ruzhou, China.

    Yan Yanming

     
  38. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    27 November 1978 – The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is founded in the city of Riha (Urfa) in Turkey.

    Kurdistan Workers' Party

    The Kurdistan Workers' Party[a] or PKK is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement which historically operated throughout Kurdistan but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq. Since 1984, the PKK has been involved in asymmetric warfare in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (with several ceasefires between 1993 and 2013–2015). Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its goals changed to seeking autonomy and increased political and cultural rights for Kurds within Turkey.[25]

    The PKK is designated as a terrorist organization by Turkey,[26] the United States,[27] the EU[28] and some other countries;[29][30] however, the labeling of the PKK as a terrorist organization is controversial to some analysts and organizations,[31] who believe that the PKK no longer engages in organized terrorist activities or systemically targets civilians.[32][33][34][35][36][37] This view became controversial after 2016, however, as the PKK restarted its terror activities.[38][39] Turkey has often characterized the demand for education in Kurdish as supporting terrorist activities by the PKK.[40][41][42] Both in 2008 and 2018 the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the PKK was classified as a terror organization without due process.[43][44] Nevertheless, the EU has maintained the designation.[45]

    The PKK's ideology was originally a fusion of revolutionary socialism and Marxism–Leninism with Kurdish nationalism, seeking the foundation of an independent Kurdistan.[46] The PKK was formed as part of a growing discontent over the suppression of Turkey's Kurds, in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for the Kurdish minority.[47] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.[48] Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[49] The Turkish government denied the existence of Kurds and the PKK was portrayed trying to convince Turks of being Kurds.[50]

    The PKK has been involved in armed clashes with Turkish security forces since 1979, but the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Kurdish civilians.[51][52] In 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured and imprisoned.[53] In May 2007, serving and former members of the PKK set up the Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), an umbrella organisation of Kurdish organisations in Turkish, Iraqi, Iranian, and Syrian Kurdistan. In 2013, the PKK declared a ceasefire and began slowly withdrawing its fighters to Iraqi Kurdistan as part of a peace process with the Turkish state. The ceasefire broke down in July 2015.[54] Both the PKK and the Turkish state have been accused of engaging in terror tactics and targeting civilians. The PKK has bombed city centres and recruited child soldiers,[55][56][57] while Turkey has depopulated and burned down thousands of Kurdish villages and massacred Kurdish civilians in an attempt to root out PKK militants.[note 2]

    1. ^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 September 2020. Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) ... militant Kurdish nationalist organization ...
    2. ^ "Handbuch Extremismusprävention". Federal Criminal Office (in German). 10 July 2020. p. 159. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ... der inzwischen stärker durch kurdischen Nationalismus geprägten PKK. [... the PKK, which is now more strongly influenced by Kurdish nationalism.]
    3. ^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved 15 May 2021. In 2003, Öcalan reformulated the ideological basis of the PKK. Inspired by eco-anarchists Murray Bookchin and Janet Beihl, he advocated for a new anti-nationalist approach he referred to as 'democratic confederalism.'
    4. ^ O'Connor, Francis (1 January 2017). "The Kurdish Movement in Turkey: Between Political Differentiation and Violent Confrontation". Peace Research Institute Frankfurt: 16–17. The PKK has explicitly renounced its demand for an independent state... [Öcalan] describes [his theory] as 'an anti-Nationalist movement [...]'
    5. ^ a b de Jong, Alex (18 March 2016). "The New-Old PKK". Jacobin Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
    6. ^ "It's time to delist the PKK as a terror organisation".
    7. ^ Novellis, Andrea (2018). "The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?". Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies. 2 (1): 115–133. doi:10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115. hdl:2434/817740. JSTOR 10.13169/zanjglobsoutstud.2.1.0115.
    8. ^ "Americans Shouldn't Accept Erdogan's Cynical Stance on the PKK".
    9. ^ "Mad Dreams of Independence". 15 July 1994.
    10. ^ Wali, Zhelwan Z. "Kurd vs Kurd: Fears of full-scale war rise in northern Iraq". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 April 2021. The PKK has an estimated 5,000 fighters stationed largely in Iraqi Kurdish region's rugged mountainous areas
    11. ^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2019". United States Department of State. Retrieved 19 April 2021. The PKK is estimated to consist of 4,000 to 5,000 members
    12. ^ "Terrorism Profile – Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)". The Mackenzie Institute. Retrieved 19 April 2021. The exact number of fighters in the PKK is unknown, however, it is widely believed to be approximately 7000
    13. ^ "Assyrian Nationalists Cooperate with Kurdish PKK Insurgents". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
    14. ^ "MLKP salutes the PKK on the anniversary of 15 August". Firat News Agency. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
    15. ^ "Turkey spy agency denies role in Paris Kurds murder, launches probe". 16 January 2014.
    16. ^ "Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions" (PDF). European Commission. 29 May 2019.
    17. ^ "TRILATERAL MEMORANDUM" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
    18. ^ "Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)". Australian National Security. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
    19. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations".
    20. ^ "Currently listed entities". 21 December 2018.
    21. ^ "MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like". www.mofa.go.jp.
    22. ^ "Listed terrorist organisations | Australian National Security". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
    23. ^ "Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations". Home Office. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
    24. ^ "Designation of Terrorist Entities". New Zealand Government. 18 February 2010.
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stanton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Cite error: The named reference RadioFrance was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    27. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". United States Department of State. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
    28. ^ "Turkey 2019 Report" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. p. 5. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
    29. ^ department, Attorney-General's. "Listed terrorist organisations". www.nationalsecurity.gov.au. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
    30. ^ "MOFA: Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like". Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
    31. ^ Haner, Murat; Cullen, Francis T.; Benson, Michael L. (13 February 2019). "Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism". International Criminal Justice Review. 30 (3): 279–301. doi:10.1177/1057567719826632. ISSN 1057-5677. S2CID 150900998.
    32. ^ "Kurdish Fighters Aren't Terrorists". Bloomberg News. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    33. ^ Levy, Bernard-Henri (22 October 2014). "Stop Calling Our Closest Allies Against ISIS 'Terrorists'". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    34. ^ Rubin, Michael (7 February 2020). "US should follow Belgium's lead and end PKK terror designation". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    35. ^ Beklevic, Tuna (22 October 2019). "Trump says the PKK is worse than ISIS. I say he's wrong — and I'm a Turk". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 March 2021. I am Turkish. I am a former government official. And I believe that the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the PKK... is not a terrorist organization.
    36. ^ "The Case for Delisting the PKK as a Foreign Terrorist Organization". Lawfare. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    37. ^ Bodette, Meghan (23 October 2018). "It's time for the US to delist the PKK — here's why". The Region. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    38. ^ Agencies, The New Arab Staff & (23 December 2023). "Turkey says 12 soldiers killed in PKK attacks in Iraq". www.newarab.com/. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    39. ^ Rodgers, Winthrop (16 October 2023). "Under threat from Turkey, is the PKK changing its strategy?". www.newarab.com/. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    40. ^ Can, Osman (17 June 2021). "The Motion before Turkey's Constitutional Court to Ban the Pro-Kurdish HDP". German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
    41. ^ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (2008). "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation". Genocide Studies and Prevention. p. 46.
    42. ^ Protesting as a terrorist offense (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2010. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-1564327086. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
    43. ^ Cite error: The named reference :6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    44. ^ Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    45. ^ tagesschau.de. "EU-Gericht: PKK zu Unrecht auf EU-Terrorliste". tagesschau.de (in German). Retrieved 17 January 2021.
    46. ^ Jongerden, Joost (1 October 2017). "Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés (8): 233–256. doi:10.4000/anatoli.618. ISSN 2111-4064.
    47. ^ Joseph, J. (2006). Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 0230598587.
    48. ^ Toumani, Meline. Minority Rules, The New York Times, 17 February 2008
    49. ^ Aslan, Senem (2014). Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1107054608.
    50. ^ Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence; Ray, Marie Le (31 December 2006). "Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (5). doi:10.4000/ejts.777. hdl:10036/37913. ISSN 1773-0546.
    51. ^ Michael, Gasper (2019). Lust, Ellen (ed.). The Middle East. CQ Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1544358215. The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey
    52. ^ Abadi, Cameron (17 October 2019). "Why Is Turkey Fighting Syria's Kurds?". Foreign Policy.
    53. ^ Hooper, John; Kundnani, Hans; Morris, Chris (18 February 1999). "Military action and three deaths after Ocalan's capture". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
    54. ^ "PKK group says Turkish ceasefire over". Rudaw. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
    55. ^ "No Security Without Human Rights". Amnesty International. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    56. ^ Roth, Mitchel P.; Sever, Murat (2007). "The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) as Criminal Syndicate: Funding Terrorism through Organized Crime, A Case Study". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 30 (10): 901–920. doi:10.1080/10576100701558620. S2CID 110700560.
    57. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey". Child Soldiers International. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
    58. ^ Jongerden, Joost (6 June 2005). "Villages of No Return". MERIP. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    59. ^ Filkins, Dexter (24 October 2003). "Kurds Are Finally Heard: Turkey Burned Our Villages". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    60. ^ Phillips, David (8 July 2020). "Turkey must face a reckoning for its crimes in Iraqi Kurdistan". Ahval. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    61. ^ Ferhad Ibrahim, Gülistan Gürbey. The Kurdish conflict in Turkey: obstacles and chances for peace and democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. p. 167. ISBN 0312236298
    62. ^ Dahlman, Carl. The Political Geography of Kurdistan Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine p. 11


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
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  39. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    28 November 1979Air New Zealand Flight 901, a DC-10 sightseeing flight over Antarctica, crashes into Mount Erebus, killing all 257 people on board.

    Air New Zealand Flight 901

     
  40. Admin2

    Admin2 Administrator Staff Member

    29 November 1987 – North Korean agents plant a bomb on Korean Air Flight 858, which kills all 115 passengers and crew.

    Korean Air Flight 858

    Korean Air Flight 858 was a scheduled international passenger flight between Baghdad, Iraq, and Seoul, South Korea. On 29 November 1987, the aircraft flying that route exploded in mid-air upon the detonation of a bomb planted inside an overhead storage bin in the airplane's passenger cabin by two North Korean agents.

    The agents, acting upon orders from the North Korean government, planted the device before disembarking from the aircraft during the first stop-over, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. While the aircraft was flying over the Andaman Sea to its second stop-over, in Bangkok, Thailand, the bomb detonated and destroyed the Korean Air Boeing 707-3B5C. Everyone aboard the airliner was killed, a total of 104 passengers and 11 crew members (almost all were South Koreans). The attack occurred 34 years after the Korean Armistice Agreement that ended the hostilities of the Korean War on 27 July 1953.

    The two bombers were traced to Bahrain, where they both took ampules of cyanide hidden in cigarettes when they realized they were about to be taken into custody. The man died, but the woman, Kim Hyon-hui, survived and later confessed to the bombing. She was sentenced to death after being put on trial for the attack, but was later pardoned by the President of South Korea, Roh Tae-woo because it was deemed that she had been brainwashed in North Korea. Kim's testimony implicated Kim Jong Il, who at that time was the future leader of North Korea, as the person ultimately responsible for the incident. The United States Department of State specifically refers to the bombing of KAL 858 as a "terrorist act" and, except between 2008 and 2017, has included North Korea on its State Sponsors of Terrorism list.

    Since the attack, diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea have not significantly improved, although some progress has been made in the form of four Inter-Korean summits. Kim Hyon-hui later released a book, The Tears of My Soul, in which she recalled being trained in an espionage school run by the North Korean army, and being told personally by Kim Jong Il to carry out the attack. She was branded a traitor by North Korea and became a critic of North Korea after seeing South Korea. Kim now resides in exile, and under constant tight security, fearing that the North Korean government wants to kill her.[1] "Being a culprit, I do have a sense of agony with which I must fight", she said at a press conference in 1990. "In that sense I must still be a prisoner or a captive—of a sense of guilt."[2]

    1. ^ "North Korean ex-spy who blew up jetliner: Don't trust Kim Jong Un". NBC News. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Huidresses was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     

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