This day in .....

25 May 1925 – Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching human evolution in Tennessee.

John T. Scopes

American schoolteacher and Scopes Trial figure (1900–1970)

John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970) was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925, with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a case known as the Scopes trial, and was found guilty and fined $100 (equivalent to $1,793 in 2024).

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26 May 1868 – The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson ends with his acquittal by one vote.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

1868 impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th US president

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors" was initiated by the United States House of Representatives on February 24, 1868. The alleged high crimes and misdemeanors were afterwards specified in eleven articles of impeachment adopted by the House on March 2 and 3, 1868. The primary charge against Johnson was that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act. Specifically, that he had acted to remove Edwin Stanton from the position of Secretary of War and to replace him with Brevet Major General Lorenzo Thomas as secretary of war ad interim. The Tenure of Office Act had been passed by Congress in March 1867 over Johnson's veto with the primary intent of protecting Stanton from being fired without the Senate's consent. Stanton often sided with the Radical Republican faction and had a good relationship with Johnson.

Johnson was the first United States president to be impeached. After the House formally adopted the articles of impeachment, they forwarded them to the United States Senate for adjudication. The trial in the Senate began on March 5, with Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding. On May 16, the Senate voted against convicting Johnson on one of the articles, with its 35–19 vote in favor of conviction falling one vote short of the necessary two-thirds majority. A 10-day recess of the Senate trial was called to before reconvening to convict him on additional articles. On May 26, the Senate voted against convicting the president on two more articles by margins identical to the first vote. After this, the trial was adjourned sine die without votes being held on the remaining eight articles of impeachment.

The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson had important political implications for the balance of federal legislative-executive power. It maintained the principle that Congress should not remove the president from office simply because its members disagreed with him over policy, style, and administration of the office. It also resulted in diminished presidential influence on public policy and overall governing power, fostering a system of governance which future-president Woodrow Wilson referred to in the 1880s as "Congressional Government".

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27 May 1996 – First Chechen War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire.

First Chechen War

1994–1996 Chechen-Russian war

The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a struggle for independence waged by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the invading Russian Federation from 1994 to 1996. After a mutually agreed on treaty and terms, the Russians withdrew until they invaded again three years later, in the Second Chechen War of 1999–2000.

During the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Chechnya came under the control of a secessionist regime led by Dzhokhar Dudayev. Russian president Boris Yeltsin supported anti-Dudayev militias until 1994, when he launched a military operation to "establish constitutional order in Chechnya". Thousands of Chechen civilians were killed in aerial bombings and urban warfare before Grozny was captured in March 1995, but a Russian victory was denied as efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance and frequent surprise raids by Chechen guerrillas. Despite the killing of Dudayev in a Russian airstrike in April 1996, the recapture of Grozny by separatists in August brought about the Khasavyurt Accord ceasefire and Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty in 1997.

The official Russian estimate of Russian military deaths was 5,500,^[5] though independent estimates range from 5,000^[4] to as high as 14,000.^[5] According Aslan Maskhadov, approximately 2,800 Chechen fighters were killed, while independent sources estimate the number to be between 3,000 and 10,000.^[3] the number of Chechen civilian deaths was between 30,000 and 100,000. Over 200,000 Chechen civilians may have been injured, more than 500,000 people were displaced, and cities and villages were reduced to rubble across the republic.^[6]

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference UN 1996 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ Gall & Waal 1998, p. 173.
3. ^ ^{a b} "Война, проигранная по собственному желанию". Archived from the original on 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
4. ^ ^{a b} Cite error: The named reference Кривошеев was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
5. ^ ^{a b c} Cite error: The named reference Jamestown was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "The War That Continues to Shape Russia, 25 Years Later". The New York Times. 2019-12-10. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2020-09-08.

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28 May 1974 – Northern Ireland's power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement collapses following a general strike by loyalists.

Sunningdale Agreement

1973 treaty between Ireland and the United Kingdom

The Sunningdale Agreement was an attempt to establish a power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive and a cross-border Council of Ireland. The agreement was signed by the British and Irish government in Sunningdale, Berkshire, on 9 December 1973.^[1] Unionist opposition, violence and a general strike caused the collapse of the agreement in May 1974.

1. ^ "1973: Sunningdale Agreement signed". BBC News. 9 December 1973. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2010.

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29 May 1868 – Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia is assassinated.

Mihailbrenović,_Prince_of_Serbia

 

30 May 1814 – The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1792 extent, and restoring the House of Bourbon to power.

Treaty of Paris (1814)

Agreement ending the War of the Sixth Coalition

For other treaties of Paris, see Treaty of Paris (disambiguation).

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 May 1814, ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies.^[1] The treaty set the borders for France under the House of Bourbon and restored territories to other nations. It is sometimes called the First Peace of Paris, as another one followed in 1815.

1. ^ Büsch 1992, p. 72.

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31 May 1859 – The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time.

Big Ben

Clock tower in London, England

For other uses, see Big Ben (disambiguation).

Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the Great Clock of Westminster,^[1][2] and, by extension, for the clock tower itself,^[3] which stands at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, England.^[4] Originally named the Clock Tower, it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The clock is a striking clock with five bells.^[2]

It was designed by Sir Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin in the Perpendicular Gothic and Gothic Revival styles and was completed in 1859. It is elaborately decorated with stone carvings and features symbols related to the four countries of the United Kingdom and the Tudor dynasty. A Latin inscription celebrates Queen Victoria, under whose reign the palace was built.^[5] It stands 316 feet (96 m) tall, and the climb from ground level to the belfry is 334 steps. Its base is square, measuring 40 feet (12 m) on each side. The dials of the clock are 22.5 feet (6.9 m) in diameter.

The clock uses its original mechanism and was the largest and most accurate four-faced striking and chiming clock in the world upon its completion.^[6] It was designed by Edmund Beckett Denison and George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, and constructed by Edward John Dent and Frederick Dent. It is known for its reliability, and can be adjusted by adding or removing pre-decimal pennies from the pendulum. The Great Bell was cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry and weighs 13.5 long tons (13.7 tonnes; 15.1 short tons).^[4] Its nickname derives from that of the tall Sir Benjamin Hall, who oversaw its installation. There are four quarter bells, which chime on the quarter hours.

Big Ben is a British cultural icon. It is a prominent symbol of Britain and parliamentary democracy,^[7] and is often used in the establishing shot of films set in London.^[8] It has been part of a Grade I listed building since 1970, and in 1987 it was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.^[9] The clock and tower were renovated between 2017 and 2021, during which the bells remained silent (with a few exceptions).^[10]

1. ^ Andersson, Jasmine (29 October 2022). "When do the clocks go back? Big Ben prepares for first change in five years". BBC News. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
2. ^ ^{a b} "West Dial re-connected to the Great Clock". Living Heritage. UK Parliament. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
3. ^ Fowler, p. 95.
4. ^ ^{a b} "The Story of Big Ben". Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
5. ^ Hartland, Nicole (15 March 2021). "Leek, Thistle, Shamrock and Rose: Symbols of the UK and the Elizabeth Tower". Parliamentary Archives: Inside the Act Room. UK Parliament. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
6. ^ Excell, Jon (5 July 2016). "Why is Big Ben falling silent?". BBC News.
7. ^ "Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church". UNESCO.
8. ^ "Big Ben in films and popular culture". The Daily Telegraph. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
9. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "UNESCO World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
10. ^ Fowler, Susanne (12 April 2021). "What Does It Take to Hear Big Ben Again? 500 Workers and a Hiding Place". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2021.

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1 June 1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.

CNN

American news channel

This article is about the channel. For other uses, see CNN (disambiguation).

Television channel

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD),^[2] CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

As of December 2023, CNN had 68,974,000 television households as subscribers in the United States. According to Nielsen,^[8] down from 80 million in March 2021.^[9] In June 2021, CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks, behind Fox News and MSNBC, averaging 580,000 viewers throughout the day, down 49% from a year earlier, amid sharp declines in viewers across all cable news networks.^[10] While CNN ranked 14th among all basic cable networks in 2019,^[11][12] then jumped to 7th during a major surge for the three largest cable news networks (completing a rankings streak of Fox News at number 5 and MSNBC at number 6 for that year),^[13] it settled back to number 11 in 2021^[14] and had further declined to number 21 in 2022.^[15]

Globally, CNN programming has aired through CNN International, seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.^[16] Since May 2019, however, the American domestic version has absorbed international news coverage in order to reduce programming costs. The American version, sometimes referred to as CNN (US), is also available in Canada, and some islands in the Caribbean. CNN also licenses its brand and content to other channels, such as CNN-News18 in India. In Japan it broadcasts CNNj which started in 2003, with simultaneous translation in Japanese.^[17]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Barr, Jeremy; Izadi, Elahe; Ellison, Sarah; Farhi, Paul (February 2, 2022). "CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns, citing undisclosed relationship with colleague". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
2. ^ "Time Warner: Turner Broadcasting". Archived from the original on January 22, 2011.
3. ^ Kiesewetter, John (May 28, 2000). "In 20 years, CNN has changed the way we view the news". Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
4. ^ "Charles Bierbauer, CNN senior Washington correspondent, discusses his 19-year career at CNN. (May 8, 2000)". CNN. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
5. ^ "Reese's Pieces: Mr. Schonfeld, Forgotten Founder of CNN, Is a Man of Many Projects". Observer. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
6. ^ Stelter, Brian (July 28, 2020). "Reese Schonfeld, CNN's founding president, has died at 88". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
7. ^ "CNN changed news – for better and worse". Taipei Times. May 31, 2005. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
8. ^ "U.S. cable network households (universe), 1990 – 2023". wrestlenomics.com. May 14, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
9. ^ "CNN Worldwide Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
10. ^ Johnson, Ted (June 29, 2021). "Fox News Tops June And Q2 Viewership, But Plunge In Ratings Continues Across All Major Cable News Networks". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
11. ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Johnson, Ted (December 27, 2019). "Cable Ratings 2019: Fox News Tops Total Viewers, ESPN Wins 18–49 Demo As Entertainment Networks Slide". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
12. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 26, 2019). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2019's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
13. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 28, 2020). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2020's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
14. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 30, 2021). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2021's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
15. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 29, 2022). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2022's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
16. ^ "CNN is Viewers Cable Network of Choice for Democratic and Republican National Convention Coverage" (Press release). Time Warner. August 18, 2000. Retrieved February 20, 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
17. ^ "CNN Partners". CNN Asia Pacific. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2020.

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1 June 1980 – Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.

CNN

American news channel

This article is about the channel. For other uses, see CNN (disambiguation).

Television channel

Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD),^[2] CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

As of December 2023, CNN had 68,974,000 television households as subscribers in the United States. According to Nielsen,^[8] down from 80 million in March 2021.^[9] In June 2021, CNN ranked third in viewership among cable news networks, behind Fox News and MSNBC, averaging 580,000 viewers throughout the day, down 49% from a year earlier, amid sharp declines in viewers across all cable news networks.^[10] While CNN ranked 14th among all basic cable networks in 2019,^[11][12] then jumped to 7th during a major surge for the three largest cable news networks (completing a rankings streak of Fox News at number 5 and MSNBC at number 6 for that year),^[13] it settled back to number 11 in 2021^[14] and had further declined to number 21 in 2022.^[15]

Globally, CNN programming has aired through CNN International, seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.^[16] Since May 2019, however, the American domestic version has absorbed international news coverage in order to reduce programming costs. The American version, sometimes referred to as CNN (US), is also available in Canada, and some islands in the Caribbean. CNN also licenses its brand and content to other channels, such as CNN-News18 in India. In Japan it broadcasts CNNj which started in 2003, with simultaneous translation in Japanese.^[17]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Barr, Jeremy; Izadi, Elahe; Ellison, Sarah; Farhi, Paul (February 2, 2022). "CNN president Jeff Zucker resigns, citing undisclosed relationship with colleague". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
2. ^ "Time Warner: Turner Broadcasting". Archived from the original on January 22, 2011.
3. ^ Kiesewetter, John (May 28, 2000). "In 20 years, CNN has changed the way we view the news". Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
4. ^ "Charles Bierbauer, CNN senior Washington correspondent, discusses his 19-year career at CNN. (May 8, 2000)". CNN. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
5. ^ "Reese's Pieces: Mr. Schonfeld, Forgotten Founder of CNN, Is a Man of Many Projects". Observer. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
6. ^ Stelter, Brian (July 28, 2020). "Reese Schonfeld, CNN's founding president, has died at 88". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
7. ^ "CNN changed news – for better and worse". Taipei Times. May 31, 2005. Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2009.
8. ^ "U.S. cable network households (universe), 1990 – 2023". wrestlenomics.com. May 14, 2024. Retrieved July 28, 2019.
9. ^ "CNN Worldwide Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
10. ^ Johnson, Ted (June 29, 2021). "Fox News Tops June And Q2 Viewership, But Plunge In Ratings Continues Across All Major Cable News Networks". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
11. ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Johnson, Ted (December 27, 2019). "Cable Ratings 2019: Fox News Tops Total Viewers, ESPN Wins 18–49 Demo As Entertainment Networks Slide". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
12. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 26, 2019). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2019's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
13. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 28, 2020). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2020's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
14. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 30, 2021). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2021's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
15. ^ Schneider, Michael (December 29, 2022). "Most-Watched Television Networks: Ranking 2022's Winners and Losers". Variety. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
16. ^ "CNN is Viewers Cable Network of Choice for Democratic and Republican National Convention Coverage" (Press release). Time Warner. August 18, 2000. Retrieved February 20, 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
17. ^ "CNN Partners". CNN Asia Pacific. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2020.

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2 June 1835 – P. T. Barnum and his circus start their first tour of the United States.

P. T. Barnum

American showman and politician (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For other uses with the name Barnum, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, and politician remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and founding with James Anthony Bailey the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.^[1] He was also an author, publisher, and philanthropist, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me."^[2] According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his own coffers".^[2] The adage "there's a sucker born every minute" has frequently been attributed to him, although no evidence exists that he had coined the phrase.^[3]

Barnum became a small-business owner in his early twenties and founded a weekly newspaper before moving to New York City in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first with a variety troupe called "Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater", and soon after by purchasing Scudder's American Museum, which he renamed after himself. He used the museum as a platform to promote hoaxes and human curiosities such as the Fiji mermaid and General Tom Thumb.^[4] In 1850, he promoted the American tour of Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind, paying her an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent to $37,796 in 2024, per night for 150 nights. He suffered economic reversals in the 1850s from unwise investments, as well as years of litigation and public humiliation, but he embarked on a lecture tour as a temperance speaker to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded its wax-figure department.

Barnum served two terms in the Connecticut legislature in 1865 as a Republican for Fairfield, Connecticut. He spoke before the legislature concerning the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab, or a Hottentot—it is still an immortal spirit."^[5] He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he worked to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. He was instrumental in the inception of Bridgeport Hospital in 1878 and was its first president.^[6] The circus business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source of much of his enduring fame. He established P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome in 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that adopted many names over the years.

Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, and they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married Nancy Fish, his friend's daughter and 40 years his junior. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of a stroke at his home. He was buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he designed himself.^[7]

1. ^ North American Theatre Online: Phineas T. Barnum
2. ^ ^{a b} Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. vi
3. ^ Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44.
4. ^ Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 73
5. ^ Barnum, Phineas (1888). The life of P. T. Barnum. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 237 – via Ebook and Texts Archive – American Libraries.
6. ^ Cite error: The named reference kunhardt2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
7. ^ Rogak, Lisa (2004). Stones and Bones of New England: A guide to unusual, historic, and otherwise notable cemeteries. Globe Pequat. ISBN 978-0-7627-3000-1.

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3 June 1940 – World War II: The Luftwaffe bombs Paris.

Paris in World War II

Surrender of Paris

The city of Paris started mobilizing for war in September 1939, when Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union attacked Poland, but the war seemed far away until May 10th 1940, when the Germans attacked France and quickly defeated the French army. The French government departed Paris on June 10th, and the Germans occupied the city on June 14th. During the occupation, the French government moved to Vichy, and Paris was governed by the German military and by French officials approved by the Germans. For Parisians, the occupation was a series of frustrations, shortages and humiliations. A curfew was in effect from nine in the evening until five in the morning; at night, the city went dark. Rationing of food, tobacco, coal and clothing was imposed from September 1940. Every year the supplies grew more scarce and the prices higher. A million Parisians left the city for the provinces, where there was more food and fewer Germans. The French press and radio contained only German propaganda.

Jews in Paris were forced to wear the yellow Star of David badge, and were barred from certain professions and public places. On July 16–17 1942, 13,152 Jews, including 4,115 children, were rounded up by the French police, on orders of the Germans, and were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp. The first demonstration against the occupation, by Paris students, took place on November 11 1940. As the war continued, anti-German clandestine groups and networks were created, some loyal to the French Communist Party, others to General Charles de Gaulle in London. They wrote slogans on walls, organized an underground press, and sometimes attacked German officers. Reprisals by the Germans were swift and harsh.

Following the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6 1944, the French Resistance in Paris launched an uprising on 19 August, seizing the police headquarters and other government buildings. The city was liberated by French and American troops on August 25th; the next day, General de Gaulle led a triumphant parade down the Champs-Élysées on August 26th, and organized a new government. In the following months, ten thousand Parisians who had collaborated with the Germans were arrested and tried, eight thousand convicted, and 116 executed. On April 29th and May 13th 1945, the first post-war municipal elections were held, in which French women voted for the first time.

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4 June 1920 – Hungary loses 71% of its territory and 63% of its population when the Treaty of Trianon is signed in Paris.

Treaty of Trianon

1920 peace treaty on Hungary after World War I

The Treaty of Trianon (French: Traité de Trianon; Hungarian: Trianoni békeszerződés; Italian: Trattato del Trianon; Romanian: Tratatul de la Trianon), often referred to in Hungary as the Peace Dictate of Trianon^{[1][2][3][4][5]} or Dictate of Trianon,^[6][7] was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference. It was signed on the one side by Hungary and, on the other, by the Allied and Associated Powers, in the Grand Trianon château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It formally terminated the state of war issued from World War I between most of the Allies of World War I^[a] and the Kingdom of Hungary.^{[8][9][10][11]} The treaty is famous primarily due to the territorial changes imposed on Hungary and recognition of its new international borders after the First World War.

As part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Hungary had been involved in the First World War since August 1914. After its allies, Bulgaria and later Turkey, signed armistices with the Entente, the political elite in Budapest also opted to end the war. On 31 October 1918, the Budapest government declared independence of Hungary from Austria and immediately began peace talks with the Allies.

Despite the end of hostilities, Hungary's neighbours Czechoslovakia (which declared its independence on 28 October 1918), Romania, and Yugoslavia put Hungary under an economic blockade. They prevented Hungary from importing food, fuel (coal and petrol), and other important goods. In an attempt to alleviate the economic crisis, succeeding Hungarian governments pleaded with the Entente to lift the blockade and restore regional trade.^[12]

The first peace talks led to an armistice in Belgrade on 13 November 1918: Hungary undertook to demobilise its army and granted the Allies the right to occupy the south (Vojvodina and Croatia) and east of Hungary (south Transylvania) until a peace treaty was signed. In December 1918, Budapest allowed the Czechoslovak troops to occupy northern Hungary (Slovakia) as well. In exchange, Budapest hoped to reopen foreign trade and a supply of coal.^[13]

In order to extend their zones of occupation in Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia moved their armies further into Hungary in April 1919, provoking a renewal of hostilities among these three countries.

In June 1919, the Entente powers ordered Budapest, Prague, and Bucharest to cease fighting and accept new demarcation lines that would be guaranteed as the future borders of Hungary. Despite temporary military successes against the Czechs, Budapest accepted the offer and withdrew its army behind the demarcation line. Bucharest, however, ignored the Entente order and continued its offensive. In early August 1919, the Romanian army entered Budapest and a pro-Romanian government was installed in Hungary. This marked the end of hostilities between the Hungarians and the Romanians.

However, the Entente pressed the Romanians to leave Budapest in November 1919 and orchestrated formation of a new Hungarian coalition government. The new cabinet was invited to attend the Paris Peace Conference. In January 1920, it received the Allied proposal for a peace treaty. The treaty stipulated the legalization of the demarcation lines of 13 June 1919 as the new borders and guaranteed the end of the blockade and the restoration of free trade between the former Habsburg lands, as well as importing of coal into Hungary.

The government in Budapest and the Hungarian Parliament (opened in February 1920) accepted the peace terms. While it welcomed the restoration of peace and trade, it still formally protested against the cession of their former territories without plebiscites. The Peace Treaty was signed on 4 June 1920, ratified by Hungary on 16 November 1920 and came into force on 26 July 1921.

The post-1920 Hungary became a landlocked state that included 93,073 square kilometres (35,936 sq mi), 28% of the 325,411 square kilometres (125,642 sq mi) that had constituted the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary (the Hungarian half of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy). The kingdom had a population of 7.6 million, 36% compared to the pre-war kingdom's population of 20.9 million.^{[citation needed]} The areas allocated to neighbouring countries had 3.3 million Hungarians living there, representing 31% of the Hungarian population, and they became minorities in the new jurisdictions.^{[14][15][16][17]} The treaty limited Hungary's army to 35,000 officers and men, and the Austro-Hungarian Navy ceased to exist. It also required Hungary to pay war reparations to its neighbours. These decisions and their consequences have been the cause of deep resentment in Hungary ever since.^[18]

The principal beneficiaries were the Kingdom of Romania, the Czechoslovak Republic, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and the First Austrian Republic.

The treaty did lead to international recognition of Hungary and of its sovereignty. The treaty canceled the Belgrade armistice, which had given the right to the Allied powers to occupy Hungary. The treaty also granted Hungarian citizens abroad right of protection of their property from nationalization. Most importantly, it guaranteed the free trade between Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia (for 5 years), and obliged Czechoslovakia and Poland to supply coal to Hungary in "reasonable quantity".

One of the main elements of the treaty was the doctrine of "self-determination of peoples", which was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians of the former empire their own national states.^[19]

The treaty was dictated by the Allies rather than negotiated, and the Hungarians faced an option only to accept or reject its terms in full. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest; agitation for its revision began immediately.^[15][20] The current boundaries of Hungary are for the most part the same as those defined by the Treaty of Trianon. Minor modifications occurred in 1921–1924 on the Hungarian-Austrian border and the transfer of three villages to Czechoslovakia in 1947.^[21][22] But the actual borders of Hungary stem from the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, following World War II. These cancelled the territorial aggrandizement that Hungary undertook in 1938–1941. The Paris treaty of 1947 de facto restored the Trianon borders of Hungary.

After World War I, despite the "self-determination of peoples" idea of the US President Wilson, the Allies refused to organise plebiscites in Hungary as the basis for drawing new borders. The Allies explained this decision in a cover letter, which accompanied the text of the Peace Treaty with Hungary. The letter, signed by the President of the Paris Peace Conference, Alexander Millerand, dated 6 May 1920, stated that the Entente Powers and their allies determined new borders of Hungary without plebiscites due to their belief that "a popular consultation ... would not produce significantly different results". At the same time, the letter suggested that the Council of the League of Nations might offer its mediation to rectify the new borders amicably if suggested by the delimitation commission.^[23] Hungarian diplomats later appealed to the Millerand letter as a Great Powers promise of future territorial revisions in favour of Hungary.

But only one plebiscite was permitted (later known as the Sopron plebiscite) to settle disputed borders of the former territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.^[24] It settled a smaller territorial dispute between the First Austrian Republic and the Kingdom of Hungary, because some months earlier, the Rongyos Gárda launched a series of attacks to oust the Austrian forces that entered the area. During the Sopron plebiscite in late 1921, the polling stations were supervised by British, French, and Italian army officers of the Allied Powers.^[25]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

1. ^ "Hungarian President János Áder's Speech on the Day of National Unity". Consulate General of Hungary Manchester.
2. ^ Dobó, Attila; Kollár, Ferenc; Zsoldos, Sándor; Kohári, Nándor (2021). A trianoni békediktátum [The Peace Dictate of Trianon] (PDF) (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Magyar Kultúra Emlékívek Kiadó. ISBN 978-615-81078-9-1.
3. ^ Gulyás, László (2021). Trianoni kiskáté – 101 kérdés és 101 válasz a békediktátumról (in Hungarian).
4. ^ Makkai, Béla (2019). "Chopping Hungary Up by the 1920 Peace Dictate of Trianon. Causes, Events and Consequences". Polgári Szemle: Gazdasági És Társadalmi Folyóirat. 15 (Spec): 204–225.
5. ^ Gulyás, László; Anka, László; Arday, Lajos; Csüllög, Gábor; Gecse, Géza; Hajdú, Zoltán; Hamerli, Petra; Heka, László; Jeszenszky, Géza; Kaposi, Zoltán; Kolontári, Attila; Köő, Artúr; Kurdi, Krisztina; Ligeti, Dávid; Majoros, István; Maruzsa, Zoltán; Miklós, Péter; Nánay, Mihály; Olasz, Lajos; Ördögh, Tibor; Pelles, Márton; Popély, Gyula; Sokcsevits, Dénes; Suba, János; Szávai, Ferenc; Tefner, Zoltán; Tóth, Andrej; Tóth, Imre; Vincze, Gábor; Vizi, László Tamás (2019–2020). A trianoni békediktátum története hét kötetben [The history of the Peace Dictate of Trianon in seven volumes] (in Hungarian). Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. ISBN 978-615-80462-9-9.
6. ^ Bank, Barbara; Kovács, Attila Zoltán (2022). Trianon – A diktátum teljes szövege [Trianon – Full text of the dictate] (in Hungarian). Erdélyi Szalon. ISBN 978-615-6502-24-7.
7. ^ Raffay, Ernő; Szabó, Pál Csaba. A Trianoni diktátum története és következményei [The history and consequences of the Dictate of Trianon] (in Hungarian). Trianon Museum.
8. ^ Craig, G. A. (1966). Europe since 1914. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
9. ^ Grenville, J. A. S. (1974). The Major International Treaties 1914–1973. A history and guides with texts. London: Methnen.
10. ^ Lichtheim, G. (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century. New York: Praeger.
11. ^ "Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920".
12. ^ Krizman, Bogdan (1970). "The Belgrade Armistice of 13 November 1918" (PDF). The Slavonic and East European Review. 48 (110): 67–87. JSTOR 4206164.
13. ^ Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2023). "'Each Wagon of Coal Should be Paid for with Territorial concessions.' Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 34 (1): 86–116. doi:10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795.
14. ^ Frucht 2004, p. 360.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Trianon, Treaty of". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2009.
16. ^ Macartney, C. A. (1937). Hungary and her successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919–1937. Oxford University Press.
17. ^ Bernstein, Richard (9 August 2003). "East on the Danube: Hungary's Tragic Century". The New York Times.
18. ^ Toomey, Michael (2018). "History, Nationalism and Democracy: Myth and Narrative in Viktor Orbán's 'Illiberal Hungary'". New Perspectives. 26 (1): 87–108. doi:10.1177/2336825x1802600110. S2CID 158970490.
19. ^ van den Heuvel, Martin P.; Siccama, J. G. (1992). The Disintegration of Yugoslavia. Rodopi. p. 126. ISBN 90-5183-349-0.
20. ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 1183: "Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately."
21. ^ Botlik, József (June 2008). "AZ ŐRVIDÉKI (BURGENLANDI) MAGYARSÁG SORSA". vasiszemle.hu. VASI SZEMLE.
22. ^ "Pozsonyi hídfő". Szlovákiai Magyar Adatbank.
23. ^ Documents diplomatiques français. 1920–1932. 1920, Tome I, 10 janvier-18 mai / Ministère des affaires étrangères, Commission de publication des documents diplomatiques français; [réd. Par Anne Hogenhuis-Seliverstoff, Corine Defrance, Traian Sandu]; [sous la dir. De Jacques Bariéty]. 1997.
24. ^ Richard C. Hall (2014). War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia. ABC-CLIO. p. 309. ISBN 978-1-61069-031-7.
25. ^ Irredentist and National Questions in Central Europe, 1913–1939: Hungary. Irredentist and National Questions in Central Europe, 1913–1939 Seeds of conflict. Vol. 5, Part 1. Kraus Reprint. 1973. p. 69.

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5 June 1981 – The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that five people in Los Angeles, California, have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, in what turns out to be the first recognized cases of AIDS.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Weekly epidemiological report published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

This article is about the weekly publication of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. For other uses of the term "morbidity and mortality", see morbidity and mortality (disambiguation).

Academic journal

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It was originally established as Weekly Health Index in 1930, changing its title to Weekly Mortality Index in 1941 and Morbidity and Mortality in 1952. It acquired its current name in 1976. It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments. Material published in the report is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission.^[1] As of 2019^[update], the journal's editor-in-chief is Charlotte Kent.^[2]

As noted in the sequel, some single reports have evoked media interest also outside health and medical contexts. However, many reports are parts of series, providing consistent long-term statistics, and also indicating trend changes. Such a standing report section is the "Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables", which reports deaths by disease and state, and city for city, for 122 large cities. As another example, there are more than a hundred items about West Nile virus infections since the 1999 outbreak of the disease in the US. In 2001–2005, there were weekly updates of the WNV situation, during the warm seasons.^[3]

1. ^ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: About Us, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
2. ^ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Staff, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
3. ^ MMWR Weekly: Past Volumes (1982–2010)

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6 June 1933 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey.

Drive-in theater

Cinema format

A drive-in theater/theatre or drive-in cinema is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor movie screen, a projection booth, a concession stand, and a large parking area for automobiles. Within this enclosed area, customers can view movies from the privacy and comfort of their cars. Some drive-ins have small playgrounds for children and a few picnic tables or benches.

The screen can be as simple as a painted white wall, or it can be a steel truss structure with a complex finish. Originally, the movie's sound was provided by speakers on the screen and later by individual speakers hung from the window of each car, which was attached to a small pole by a wire. These speaker systems were superseded by the more practical method of microbroadcasting the soundtrack to car radios. This also has two advantages: 1. the film soundtrack to be heard in stereo on car stereo systems, which are typically of much higher quality and fidelity than the basic small mono speakers used in the old systems; and 2. it prevents the driver from forgetting the speaker is attached to their window, and driving off, which breaks: the cord connecting the speaker to the sound system, the driver's side window, or both.

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7 June 1929 – The Lateran Treaty is ratified, bringing Vatican City into existence.

Lateran Treaty

1929 treaty between Italy and the Holy See

The Lateran Treaty (Italian: Patti Lateranensi; Latin: Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between Italy under Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question. The treaty and associated pacts were named after the Lateran Palace where they were signed on 11 February 1929,^[1] and the Italian Parliament ratified them on 7 June 1929.

The treaty recognised Vatican City as an independent state under the sovereignty of the Holy See. Italy also agreed to give the Catholic Church financial compensation for the loss of the Papal States.^[2] In 1948, the Lateran Treaty was recognized in the Constitution of Italy as regulating the relations between the Italian Republic and the Catholic Church.^[3] While the treaty was significantly revised in 1984, ending the status of Catholicism as the sole state religion of Italy, the Vatican remains a distinct sovereign entity to the present day.

1. ^ ^{a b} "Vatican City turns 91". Vatican News. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021. The world's smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy
2. ^ A History of Western Society (Tenth ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. 2010. p. 900.
3. ^ Constitution of Italy, Article 7.

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8 June 1949 – George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four is published.

Nineteen Eighty-Four

1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell

This article is about the 1949 novel by George Orwell. For the year, see 1984. For other uses, see 1984 (disambiguation).

Nineteen Eighty-Four (also published as 1984) is a dystopian novel by the English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final completed book. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society.^[3][4] Orwell, a democratic socialist and an anti-Stalinist, modelled an authoritarian socialist Britain on the Soviet Union in the era of Stalinism and the practices of censorship and propaganda in Nazi Germany.^[5] More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within societies and the ways in which they can be manipulated.

The story takes place in an imagined future. The current year is uncertain, but believed to be 1984. Much of the world is in perpetual war. Great Britain, now known as Airstrip One, has become a province of the totalitarian superstate Oceania, which is led by Big Brother, a dictatorial leader supported by an intense cult of personality manufactured by the Party's Thought Police. The Party engages in omnipresent government surveillance and, through the Ministry of Truth, historical negationism and constant propaganda to persecute individuality and independent thinking.^[6]

Nineteen Eighty-Four has become a classic literary example of political and dystopian fiction. It also popularised the term "Orwellian" as an adjective, with many terms used in the novel entering common usage, including "Big Brother", "doublethink", "Thought Police", "thoughtcrime", "Newspeak" and the expression that "2 + 2 = 5". Parallels have been drawn between the novel's subject-matter and real life instances of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and violations of freedom of expression, among other themes.^[7][8][9] Orwell described his book as a "satire",^[10] and a display of the "perversions to which a centralised economy is liable", while also stating he believed "that something resembling it could arrive".^[10] Time magazine included it on its list of the 100 best English-language novels published from 1923 to 2005,^[11] and it was placed on the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels list, reaching number 13 on the editors' list and number 6 on the readers' list.^[12] In 2003 it was listed at number eight on The Big Read survey by the BBC.^[13] It has been adapted across media since its publication, most notably as a film, released in 1984, starring John Hurt, Suzanna Hamilton and Richard Burton.

1. ^ "Nineteen Eighty-Four". knowthyshelf.com. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
2. ^ "Classify". OCLC. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
3. ^ Murphy, Bruce (1996). Benét's reader's encyclopedia. New York: Harper Collins. p. 734. ISBN 978-0-06-181088-6. OCLC 35572906.
4. ^ Aaronovitch, David (8 February 2013). "1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
5. ^ Lynskey, Dorian (10 June 2019). "George Orwell's 1984: Why it still matters". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023 – via YouTube.
6. ^ Chernow, Barbara; Vallasi, George (1993). The Columbia Encyclopedia (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 2030. OCLC 334011745.
7. ^ Crouch, Ian (11 June 2013). "So Are We Living in 1984?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
8. ^ Seaton, Jean. "Why Orwell's 1984 could be about now". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
9. ^ Leetaru, Kalev. "As Orwell's 1984 Turns 70 It Predicted Much of Today's Surveillance Society". Forbes. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b} "The savage satire of '1984' still speaks to us today". The Independent. 7 June 1999. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023. Orwell said that his book was a satire – a warning certainly, but in the form of satire.
11. ^ Grossman, Lev (8 January 2010). "Is 1984 one of the All-TIME 100 Best Novels?". Time. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
12. ^ "100 Best Novels". Modern Library. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
13. ^ "The Big Read – Top 100 Books". BBC. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2022.

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9 June 1979 – The Ghost Train fire at Luna Park Sydney, Australia, kills seven.

1979 Sydney Ghost Train fire

1979 amusement park fire in Milson's Point, New South Wales, Australia

The Sydney Ghost Train fire at Luna Park Sydney in Milsons Point, New South Wales, Australia killed seven people (six children and one adult) on 9 June 1979. Inadequate fire-fighting measures and low staffing caused the fire to completely destroy the amusement park's ghost train.^[1]

The fire was originally blamed on electrical faults, but arson by known figures has also been claimed. The exact cause of the fire could not be determined by a coronial inquiry. The coroner also ruled that, while the actions of Luna Park's management and staff before and during the fire (in particular their decision not to follow advice on the installation of a fire sprinkler system in the ride) breached their duty of care, charges of criminal negligence should not be laid. The case was reopened in 1987 but no new findings were made, although the original police investigation and coronial inquiry were criticised.

Artist Martin Sharp, long associated with the park, obsessively collected evidence on the fire for decades until his death in 2013. An entire room of his house was dedicated to an archive of "documents, court records, government reports, newspaper clippings, photographs and hundreds of hours of cassette tape recordings, which were stories about the fire he taped off the radio and conversations and musings with people who had information and theories about the cause of the fire."^[2] Sharp also used the incident as the basis for his unreleased film, Street of Dreams.

In 2021, the ABC released the documentary Exposed: The Ghost Train Fire which used evidence collected by Sharp as well as freshly-obtained accounts of witnesses. The ABC's investigation concluded that Abe Saffron was responsible for the fire, and that the NSW Police had conspired with Saffron and Premier Neville Wran to cover it up. This led to public demand for a second formal investigation and the formation of Task Force Sedgeman.

As of late 2024, the matter is back before the courts with the potential for a second coroner's inquest.^[3]

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Marshall110 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ Johnson, Natasha (14 March 2021). "Inside the making of the ABC EXPOSED investigation into the Ghost Train fire at Sydney's Luna Park in 1979". ABC. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
3. ^ Mackay, Melissa (10 September 2024). "Redacted NSW Police review of Luna Park Ghost Train fire handed to coroner, ahead of decision about whether a fresh inquest will be held". ABC News. Retrieved 9 June 2025.

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10 June 1947 – Saab produces its first automobile.

Saab Automobile

Defunct Swedish car manufacturer (1945-2016)

This article is about the car manufacturer. For the aerospace and defence company, see Saab AB. For other uses, see Saab.

Saab Automobile AB^[1][2] (/sɑːb/) was a car manufacturer that was founded in Sweden in 1945 when its parent company, Saab AB, began a project to design a small automobile. The first production model, the Saab 92, was launched in 1949. In 1968, the parent company merged with Scania-Vabis, and ten years later the Saab 900 was launched, in time becoming Saab's best-selling model. In the mid-1980s, the new Saab 9000 model also appeared.

In 1989, the automobile division of Saab-Scania was restructured into an independent company, Saab Automobile AB. The American manufacturer General Motors (GM) took 50 percent ownership. Two well-known models to come out of this period were the Saab 9-3 and the Saab 9-5. Then, in 2000, GM exercised its option to acquire the remaining 50 percent. In 2010, GM sold Saab Automobile AB to the Dutch automobile manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V.^[3][4]

After many years establishing a sound engineering reputation and ultimately a luxury price tag, Saab failed to build its customer base beyond its niche following.^[5] After struggling to avoid insolvency throughout 2011, the company petitioned for bankruptcy following the failure of a Chinese consortium to complete a purchase of the company; the purchase had been blocked by the former owner GM, which opposed the transfer of technology and production rights to a Chinese company.^[6] On 13 June 2012, it was announced that a newly formed company called National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) had bought Saab Automobile's bankrupt estate.^[7] According to "Saab United", the first NEVS Saab 9-3 drove off its pre-production line on 19 September 2013.^[8] Full production restarted on 2 December 2013,^[9] initially the same petrol-powered 9-3 Aero sedans that were built before Saab went bankrupt, and intended to get the car manufacturer's supply chain re-established as it attempted development of a new line of NEVS-Saab products.^[10][11] NEVS lost its license to manufacture automobiles under the Saab name (which the namesake aerospace company still owns) in the summer of 2014 and later produced electric cars based on the Saab 9-3 but under its own new car designation "NEVS".^[12][13]

1. ^ "History and Background: Timeline, Video". US: Saab Group. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
2. ^ "The History of Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget or Saab". Saab history. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
3. ^ Durrenberger, E. Paul (15 August 2017). Uncertain Times: Anthropological Approaches to Labor in a Neoliberal World. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-631-1. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
4. ^ "Spyker Cars finalises the purchase of Saab" (PDF) (Press release). Spyker. 23 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
5. ^ "The People Who Will Miss Saab the Most; With the bankruptcy and impending doom facing Saab, we mourn with the certain, loyal fans that will miss the Swedish auto-maker". US: The Atlantic. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
6. ^ "Saab Automobile Files for Bankruptcy" (Press release). Saab Automobile. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011..
7. ^ Zachariasson, Helena (13 June 2012). "Saab har fatt en kopare" [Saab's new owners will hire hundreds]. SVT (in Swedish). SE. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
8. ^ "First Nevs Saab Rolls off Pre-Production Line" (Youtube) (video Posted). Trollhättan: Saab Group. 19 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
9. ^ Lönnroth, Valdemar (28 November 2014), "Lööf på plats nar Nevs drar igang produktion" [Lööf in place when Nevs kicks off production], Ttela (in Swedish), SE, archived from the original on 28 November 2013.
10. ^ Gastelu, Gary (2 December 2013). "Saab restarts production". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
11. ^ Stoll, John D. (2 December 2013). "Saab Automobile Is Poised to Resume Production". Gasgoo Automotive News. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
12. ^ Saab carmaker NEVS granted creditor protection by court but loses right to use Saab name; Automotive News Europe, 29 August 2014, at europe.autonews.com Archived 15 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 November 2017
13. ^ "nevs.com: NEVS launches its new trademark". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.

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11 June 1825 – The first cornerstone is laid for Fort Hamilton in New York City.

Fort Hamilton

U.S. Army installation in Brooklyn, New York

This article is about the fort in Brooklyn, New York. For other uses, see Fort Hamilton (disambiguation).

Fort Hamilton is a United States Army installation in the southwestern corner of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, surrounded by the communities of Bay Ridge and Dyker Heights. It is one of several posts that are part of the region which is headquartered by the Military District of Washington. Its mission is to provide the New York metropolitan area with military installation support for the Army National Guard and the United States Army Reserve. The original fort was completed in 1831, with major additions made in the 1870s and 1900s. However, all defenses except about half of the original fort have been demolished or buried.

1. ^ "Commanders of Fort Hamilton 1831–1987". Official Harbor Defense Museum of Fort Hamilton. Harbor Defense Museum of Fort Hamilton. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

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12 June 1997 – Queen Elizabeth II reopens the Globe Theatre in London.

Globe Theatre

16th/17th-century theatre in London

This article is about the historic theatre. For the modern reconstruction, see Shakespeare's Globe. For other uses, see Globe Theatre (disambiguation).

The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 at Southwark, close to the south bank of the Thames, by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. It was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613. A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and stayed open until the London theatre closures of 1642. As well as plays by Shakespeare, early works by Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker and John Fletcher were first performed here.^[1]

A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named "Shakespeare's Globe", opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre.^[2]

1. ^ "Fact Sheet: The First Globe". Teach Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Globe. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
2. ^ Measured using Google Earth

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13 June 1982 – Battles of Tumbledown and Wireless Ridge, during the Falklands War.

Battle of Mount Tumbledown

1982 Falklands War

Mount Tumbledown, Mount William, and Sapper Hill are located to the west of Port Stanley, the capital of the Falkland Islands. Due to their proximity to the capital, these positions held strategic importance during the 1982 Falklands War. On the night of 13–14 June, British forces launched an offensive against Mount Tumbledown and the surrounding high ground. The operation was successful, forcing the retreat of the Argentine force. This engagement, one of several night battles during the British advance toward Stanley, allowed British troops to secure a dominant position over the town, leading to the fall of Stanley and the surrender of Argentine forces on the islands.

British forces were the 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards, 42 Commandos Mortars and four light tanks of the Blues and Royals. The 7th Gurkha Rifles were in reserve with the task of capturing Mount William, allowing the Welsh Guards through to take Sapper Hill. The attack was supported by gunfire from HMS Active.

The Argentinian forces defending the mountains around Port Stanley were Commander Carlos Hugo Robacio's 5th Marine Infantry Battalion (BIM 5), a reinforced, cold-weather-trained and equipped Marine battalion. Prior to the British landings, the Argentine Marines battalion had been brought up to brigade strength by a company of the Amphibious Engineers Company, a heavy machine-gun company of the Headquarters Battalion, a battery of the 1st Marine Field Artillery Battalion, three Tigercat SAM, Six Hispano-Suiz, HS-831 30mm AA batteries of the 1st Marine Anti-Aircraft Regiment, a 2nd and 3rd Marine Infantry Battalion platoon, military police and a canine platoon.^[7]

1. ^ ^{a b} Robacio: homenaje a 85 años del nacimiento de un Comandante ejemplar
2. ^ ^{a b} Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: War and diplomacy. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-5207-8.
3. ^ Airborne Engineers Association
4. ^ ^{a b} Falklands hero hails Magaret Thatcher’s leadership
5. ^ Gurkhas and the Falklands War
6. ^ Tumbledown, Wireless Ridge, & Sapper Hill
7. ^ Argentine Ground Forces in the Falklands War of 1982, Orders of Battle & TO&E - By R Mark Davies

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16 June 1959 – Disneyland Monorail System, the first daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in Anaheim, California

Disneyland Monorail

Transit line at the Disneyland Resort

This article is about the monorail line at the Disneyland Resort. For monorail lines at other Disney theme parks, see Disney monorail (disambiguation).

The Disneyland Monorail (originally named the Disneyland Alweg Monorail System) is an attraction and transportation line at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, United States. It was the first daily operating monorail in the world.^[1]

1. ^ Strodder, Chris (2017). The Disneyland Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Santa Monica Press. pp. 336–337. ISBN 978-1595800909.

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15 June 1808 – Joseph Bonaparte becomes King of Spain.

Joseph Bonaparte

King of Naples (1806–08) and Spain (1808–13)

For his grandson, see Joseph Lucien Bonaparte.

"José I Bonaparte" redirects here. For the Argentine paleontologist, see José Bonaparte.

Joseph Bonaparte (born Giuseppe di Buonaparte, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe di ˌbwɔnaˈparte]; Corsican: Ghjuseppe Bonaparte; Spanish: José Bonaparte; 7 January 1768 – 28 July 1844) was a French statesman, lawyer, diplomat and older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Napoleonic Wars, the latter made him King of Naples (1806–1808), and then King of Spain and the Indies (1808–1813). After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself Comte de Survilliers and emigrated to the United States, where he settled near Bordentown, New Jersey, on Pointe Breeze estate overlooking the Delaware River not far from Philadelphia.

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16 June 1976 – Soweto uprising: A non-violent march by 15,000 students in Soweto, South Africa, turns into days of rioting when police open fire on the crowd.

Soweto uprising

1976 student-led protests in South Africa that were violently suppressed

The Soweto uprising, also known as the Soweto riots, was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa during apartheid that began on the morning of 16 June 1976.^[1]

Students from various schools began to protest in the streets of the Soweto township in response to the introduction of Afrikaans, considered by many blacks as the "language of the oppressor", as the medium of instruction in black schools.^[2] It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests. They were met with fierce police brutality, and many were shot and killed. The number of pupils killed in the uprising reach estimates as high as 850 fatalities.^[3][4][5] The riots were a key moment in the fight against apartheid as it sparked renewed opposition against apartheid in South Africa both domestically and internationally. In remembrance of these events, 16 June is a public holiday in South Africa, named Youth Day. Internationally, 16 June is known as The Day of the African Child (DAC).^[6][7]

1. ^ "The birth and death of apartheid". Retrieved 17 June 2002.
2. ^ "The Youth Struggle". South African History Online.
3. ^ Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "16 June 1976 Student Uprising in Soweto". africanhistory.about.com.
4. ^ Harrison, David (1987). The White Tribe of Africa. p. 43.
5. ^ (Les Payne of Newsday said at least 850 murders were documented) Elsabe Brink; Gandhi Malungane; Steve Lebelo; Dumisani Ntshangase; Sue Krige, Soweto 16 June 1976, 2001, 9
6. ^ "About Day of the African Child | ACERWC - African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child". www.acerwc.africa. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
7. ^ "The Day of the African Child demonstrates the importance of defending children's rights in the digital space". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 21 August 2023.

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17 June 1930 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law.

Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act

1930 U.S. law which raised import duties

The Tariff Act of 1930, also known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, was a protectionist trade measure signed into law in the United States by President Herbert Hoover on June 17, 1930. Named after its chief congressional sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, the act raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods in an effort to shield American industries from foreign competition during the onset of the Great Depression, which had started in October 1929.^[1]

Hoover signed the bill against the advice of many senior economists, yielding to pressure from his party and business leaders. Intended to bolster domestic employment and manufacturing, the tariffs instead deepened the Depression because the U.S.'s trading partners retaliated with tariffs of their own, leading to U.S. exports and global trade plummeting. Economists and historians widely regard the act as a policy misstep, and it remains a cautionary example of protectionist policy in modern economic debates.^[2] It was followed by more liberal trade agreements, such as the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934.

1. ^ Taussig 1931.
2. ^ Whaples, Robert (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 55 (1). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 144. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.482.4975. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602. JSTOR 2123771. S2CID 145691938.

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18 June 1940 – The "Finest Hour" speech is delivered by Winston Churchill.

This was their finest hour

1940 speech by Winston Churchill

"This was their finest hour" was a speech delivered by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 18 June 1940, just over a month after he took over as Prime Minister at the head of an all-party coalition government.

It was the third of three speeches which he gave during the period of the Battle of France, after the "Blood, toil, tears and sweat" speech of 13 May and the "We shall fight on the beaches" speech of 4 June.^[1][2] "This was their finest hour" was made after France had sought an armistice on the evening of 16 June.^[a]

1. ^ Hansard debate, 13 May 1940 "His Majesty's Government"
2. ^ The Churchill Centre: We Shall Fight on the Beaches
3. ^ BBC Written Archives quoted in Gilbert, Martin (27 June 1983). Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–1941. Heinemann. p. 566. ISBN 978-0434291878.

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19 June 1961 – Kuwait declares independence from the United Kingdom.

Kuwait

Country in West Asia

For other uses, see Kuwait (disambiguation).

Kuwait,^[a] officially the State of Kuwait,^[b] is a country in West Asia and the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. It is situated in the northern edge of the Arabian Peninsula at the head of the Persian Gulf, bordering Iraq to the north and Saudi Arabia to the south.^[13] With a coastline of approximately 500 km (311 mi), Kuwait also shares a maritime border with Iran, across the Persian Gulf.^[14] Kuwait is a city-state,^[15] most of the country's population reside in the urban agglomeration of Kuwait City, the capital and largest city.^[16] As of 2024^[update], Kuwait has a population of 4.82 million, of which 1.53 million are Kuwaiti citizens while the remaining 3.29 million are foreign nationals from over 100 countries.^[17] Kuwait has the world's third largest number of foreign nationals as a percentage of the population, where its citizens make up less than 30% of the overall population.^[18]

The territory of modern-day Kuwait has been occupied by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location at the head of the Persian Gulf near the mouth of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the early 18th century, the territory of modern-day Kuwait was under the jurisdiction of the Bani Khalid Emirate of the Bani Khalid clan; then the territory became known as the Sheikdom of Kuwait, it became a British protectorate in 1899. Prior to the discovery of oil reserves in 1938, the territory of modern-day Kuwait contained a regional trade port.^[19][20] The protectorate agreements with the United Kingdom ended in June 1961 when Kuwait officially became an independent state.

From 1946 to 1982, Kuwait underwent large-scale modernization, largely based on income from oil production. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash. It suffered pro-Iranian attacks during the Iran–Iraq War, as a result of Kuwait's financial support to Iraq. In 1990, the state of Kuwait was invaded, installed a puppet regime, and subsequently annexed by Iraq under the leadership of Saddam Hussein following disputes over oil production. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ended on 26 February 1991, after a U.S and Saudi Arabia–led international coalition expelled Iraqi forces from the country during the Gulf War.^[21]

Like most other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Kuwait is an emirate; the emir is the head of state and the ruling Al Sabah family dominates the country's political system. Kuwait's official state religion is Islam, specifically the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. Kuwait is a high-income economy, backed by the world's sixth largest oil reserves. Kuwait is considered to be a pioneer in the region when it comes to the arts and popular culture, often called the "Hollywood of the Gulf"; the nation started the oldest modern arts movement in the Arabian Peninsula and is known to have created among the leading artists in the region.^[22][23] Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of theatre, radio, music, and television soap opera, is exported to neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states.^[24] Kuwait is a founding member of the GCC and is also a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and OPEC.

1. ^ "Kuwait's Constitution of 1962, Reinstated in 1992" (PDF). Constitute Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Middle East ::KUWAIT". CIA The World Factbook. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
3. ^ Cite error: The named reference loc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
4. ^ "Article 4 of Kuwait's Constitution of 1962, Reinstated in 1992" (PDF). Constitution Net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
5. ^ "دستور الكويت, الباب الرابع" [Constitution of Kuwait, Chapter Four]. National Assembly website (in Arabic).
6. ^ "ما أسباب تأجيل انعقاد مجلس الأمة الكويتي؟" [What are the reasons for postponing the Kuwaiti National Assembly?]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). 9 April 2024.
7. ^ "Kuwait Population (2025) - Worldometer".
8. ^ "Kuwait". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
10. ^ "Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
11. ^ "Kuwait – definition of Kuwait in English". Lexico. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
12. ^ "Definition of Kuwait by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
13. ^ "Kuwait". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
14. ^ "Coastline - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
15. ^ El-Katiri, Laura, Bassam Fattouh and Paul Segal. 2011 Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait. Kuwait City: Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States
16. ^ "The World's Cities in 2018. Data Booklet" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
17. ^ Jabr, Ahmad (22 February 2024). "Expats still make up two thirds of population as some communities grow". Kuwait Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
18. ^ UN_MigrantStockTotal_2019
19. ^ Woertz, Eckart; Ajl, Max (2018). "Wise cities" in the Mediterranean? : challenges of urban sustainability. Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs. ISBN 978-84-92511-57-0. OCLC 1117436298.
20. ^ "Contributors". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 35 (2): 382–384. 2015. doi:10.1215/1089201x-3139815. ISSN 1089-201X.
21. ^ "OPEC pressures Kuwait to moderate quota demand", New Straits Times, 7 June 1989
22. ^ "Kuwait's theater culture is still thriving. Here's why". Fast Company Middle East. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
23. ^ "Culture". kuwaitembassy.ca. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
24. ^ Cite error: The named reference cliv was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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20 June 1840 – Samuel Morse receives the patent for the telegraph.

Samuel Morse

American inventor and painter (1791–1872)

For other uses, see Samuel Morse (disambiguation).

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After establishing his reputation as a portrait painter, Morse, in his middle age, contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of Morse code in 1837 and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy.

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21 June 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.

Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road

1864 battle of the American Civil War in Petersburg, Virginia

The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road, also known as the First Battle of the Weldon Railroad, took place during the American Civil War fought June 21–23, 1864, near Petersburg, Virginia. It was the first of a series of battles during the Siege of Petersburg aimed at extending the Union siege lines to the west and cutting the rail lines supplying Petersburg. Two infantry corps of the Union Army of the Potomac attempted to sever the Weldon Railroad, but were attacked and driven off by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's Third Corps, principally the division of Brig. Gen. William Mahone. The battle victory left the Weldon Railroad temporarily in Confederate hands, but the Union Army began to extend its fortifications to the west, starting to increase the pressure of the siege.

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference result was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ ^{a b} Cite error: The named reference cwsac was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. ^ ^{a b} Kennedy, 354. Trudeau, p. 78, lists the Union II Corps casualties as 650 killed and wounded, 1,742 captured; VI Corps casualties as 150. on the Confederate side, Trudeau, p. 80, lists Mahone's casualties as 421, Wilcox's 151.

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22 June 1990 – Cold War: Checkpoint Charlie is dismantled in Berlin.

Checkpoint Charlie

Well-known crossing point in the Berlin Wall; now a museum

A view of Checkpoint Charlie in 1963, from the American sector

Map of Berlin Wall with location of Checkpoint Charlie

Checkpoint Charlie (or "Checkpoint C") was the Western Bloc's name for the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991),^[1] becoming a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West.

East German leader Walter Ulbricht agitated and maneuvered to get the Soviet Union's permission to construct the Berlin Wall in 1961 to prevent brain drain, emigration and defection from East Berlin and the wider German Democratic Republic into West Berlin.^[2]

Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. On 26 June 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited Checkpoint Charlie and looked from a platform onto the Berlin Wall and into East Berlin, the same day he gave his famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech.^[3]

After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany, the American guard house at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the Allied Museum in the Dahlem neighborhood of Berlin.52°30′27″N 13°23′25″E / 52.50750°N 13.39028°E / 52.50750; 13.39028

1. ^ "A brief history of Checkpoint Charlie". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
2. ^ Thackeray 2004, p. 188
3. ^ Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 134‒35.

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23 June 1946 – The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake strikes Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

1946 Vancouver Island earthquake

Canadian natural disaster

The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake struck Vancouver Island on the coast of British Columbia, Canada, on June 23 at 10:15 a.m.^[1] with a magnitude estimated at 7.0 M_s^[2] and 7.5 M_w.^[6] The main shock epicenter occurred in the Forbidden Plateau area northwest of Courtenay. While most of the large earthquakes in the Vancouver area occur at tectonic plate boundaries, the 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake was a crustal event. Shaking was felt from Portland, Oregon, to Prince Rupert, British Columbia. This is one of the most damaging earthquakes in the history of British Columbia, but damage was restricted because there were no heavily populated areas near the epicentre, where severe shaking occurred.

This earthquake is Canada's largest historic onshore earthquake.^[1] However, the greatest earthquake in Canadian history recorded by seismometers was the 1949 Queen Charlotte earthquake, an interplate earthquake that occurred on the ocean bottom just off the rugged coast of Graham Island, which reached magnitude 8.1 on the moment magnitude scale.^[7]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} The M7.3 Vancouver Island Earthquake of 1946 Retrieved on 2008-06-11
2. ^ ^{a b} ISC-OB Event 898434 [IRIS].
3. ^ ANSS: Canada 1946 .
4. ^ International Seismological Centre, Bulletin of the ISC, Thatcham, United Kingdom [Event 898434].
5. ^ Cite error: The named reference NGDC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
6. ^ ANSS, "Canada 1946", Comprehensive Catalog, U.S. Geological Survey
7. ^ The Magnitude 8.1 Queen Charlotte Island Earthquake of August 22, 1949 Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-06-11

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24 June 1939 – Siam is renamed Thailand by Plaek Phibunsongkhram, the country's third prime minister.

Plaek Phibunsongkhram

Prime Minister of Thailand (1938–1944; 1948–1957)

"Phibunsongkhram" redirects here. For other uses, see Phibunsongkhram (disambiguation).

Plaek Phibunsongkhram^[b]; 14 July 1897 – 11 June 1964) was a Thai military officer and politician who served as the third prime minister of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and again from 1948 to 1957. He rose to power as a leading member of the Khana Ratsadon, becoming prime minister in 1938 and later consolidating his influence as a military dictator. His regime allied with the Empire of Japan during the Second World War, and his administration was marked by authoritarian policies and the promotion of Thai nationalism. He was closely involved in both domestic reforms and foreign policy during the war and played a central role in shaping modern Thai state ideology.

Phibun was a member of the army wing of Khana Ratsadon, the first political party in Thailand, and a leader of the Siamese revolution of 1932, which replaced Thailand's absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. Phibun became the third Prime Minister of Thailand in 1938 while serving as Commander of the Royal Siamese Army. Inspired by the Italian fascism of Benito Mussolini, he established a de facto military dictatorship run along fascist lines, promoted Thai nationalism and Sinophobia, and allied Thailand with Imperial Japan in World War II. Phibun launched a modernization campaign known as the Thai Cultural Revolution that included a series of cultural mandates, which changed the country's name from "Siam" to "Thailand", and promoted the Thai language.

Phibun was ousted as prime minister by the National Assembly in 1944 and replaced by members of the Free Thai Movement, but returned to power after the Siamese coup d'état of 1947, led by the Coup Group. Phibun aligned Thailand with anti-communism in the Cold War, entered the Korean War under the United Nations Command, and abandoned fascism for a façade of democracy. Phibun's second term as prime minister was plagued by political instability and several attempts to launch a coup d'etat against him were made, including the Army General Staff plot in 1948, the Palace Rebellion in 1949, and the Manhattan Rebellion in 1951. Phibun attempted to transform Thailand into an electoral democracy from the mid-1950s onward, but was overthrown in 1957 and went into exile in Japan, where he died in 1964.

At fifteen years and one month, Phibun's term as Prime Minister of Thailand was the longest to date.

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25 June 1910 – Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird is premiered in Paris, bringing him to prominence as a composer.

The Firebird

1910 ballet by Igor Stravinsky

This article is about the ballet to Stravinsky's 1910 music. For other uses of the word, see Firebird.

The Firebird (French: L'Oiseau de feu; Russian: Жар-птица, romanized: Zhar-ptitsa) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1910 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company; the original choreography was by Michel Fokine, who collaborated with Alexandre Benois and others on a scenario based on the Russian fairy tales of the Firebird and the blessing and curse it possesses for its owner. It was first performed at the Opéra de Paris on 25 June 1910 and was an immediate success, catapulting Stravinsky to international fame and leading to future Diaghilev–Stravinsky collaborations including Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913).

The Firebird's mortal and supernatural elements are distinguished with a system of leitmotifs placed in the harmony dubbed "leit-harmony". Stravinsky intentionally used many specialist techniques in the orchestra, including ponticello, col legno, flautando, glissando, and flutter-tonguing. Set in the evil immortal Koschei's castle, the ballet follows Prince Ivan, who battles Koschei with the help of the magical Firebird.

Stravinsky later created three concert suites based on the work: in 1911, ending with the "Infernal Dance"; in 1919, which remains the most popular today; and in 1945, featuring significant reorchestration and structural changes. Other choreographers have staged the work with Fokine's original choreography or created entirely new productions using the music, some with new settings or themes. Many recordings of the suites have been made; the first was released in 1928, using the 1911 suite. A film version of the popular Sadler's Wells Ballet production, which revived Fokine's original choreography, was produced in 1959.

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26 June 1927 – The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island.

Coney Island Cyclone

Wooden roller coaster in New York City

"Cyclone (roller coaster)" redirects here. For other roller coasters named "Cyclone", see Cyclone (disambiguation) § Roller coasters.

The Cyclone, also called the Coney Island Cyclone, is a wooden roller coaster at Luna Park in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. Designed by Vernon Keenan, it opened to the public on June 26, 1927. The roller coaster is on a plot of land at the intersection of Surf Avenue and West 10th Street. The Cyclone reaches a maximum speed of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) and has a total track length of 2,640 feet (800 m), with a maximum height of 85 feet (26 m).

The roller coaster operated for more than four decades before it began to deteriorate, and by the early 1970s the city planned to scrap the ride. On June 18, 1975, Dewey and Jerome Albert, owners of the adjacent Astroland amusement park, entered an agreement with New York City to operate the ride. The roller coaster was refurbished in the 1974 off-season and reopened on July 3, 1975. Astroland Park continued to invest millions of dollars in the Cyclone's upkeep. The roller coaster was declared a New York City designated landmark in 1988 and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. After Astroland closed in 2008, Cyclone Coasters president Carol Hill Albert continued to operate it under a lease agreement with the city. In 2011, Luna Park took over the Cyclone.

1. ^ Denson, Charles (2002). Coney Island: Lost and Found. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 9781580084550.
2. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
3. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYCL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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27 June 1950 – The United States decides to send troops to fight in the Korean War.

Korean War

1950–1953 war between North and South Korea

For other conflicts and wars involving Korea, see List of Korean battles. For the conflict from 1945 to the present, see Korean conflict.

The Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was an armed conflict on the Korean Peninsula fought between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK) and their allies. North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, while South Korea was supported by the United Nations Command (UNC) led by the United States. The conflict was one of the first major proxy wars of the Cold War. Fighting ended in 1953 with an armistice but no peace treaty, leading to the ongoing Korean conflict.

After the end of World War II in 1945, Korea, which had been a Japanese colony for 35 years, was divided by the Soviet Union and the United States into two occupation zones^[b] at the 38th parallel, with plans for a future independent state. Due to political disagreements and influence from their backers, the zones formed their governments in 1948. North Korea was led by Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang, and South Korea by Syngman Rhee in Seoul; both claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea and engaged in border clashes as internal unrest was fomented by communist groups in the south. On 25 June 1950, the Korean People's Army (KPA), equipped and trained by the Soviets, launched an invasion of the south. In the absence of the Soviet Union's representative,^[c] the UN Security Council denounced the attack and recommended member states to repel the invasion.^[20] UN forces comprised 21 countries, with the United States providing around 90% of military personnel.^[21][22]

Seoul was captured by the KPA on 28 June, and by early August, the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) and its allies were nearly defeated, holding onto only the Pusan Perimeter in the peninsula's southeast. On 15 September, UN forces landed at Inchon near Seoul, cutting off KPA troops and supply lines. UN forces broke out from the perimeter on 18 September, re-captured Seoul, and invaded North Korea in October, capturing Pyongyang and advancing towards the Yalu River—the border with China. On 19 October, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) crossed the Yalu and entered the war on the side of the North.^[23] UN forces retreated from North Korea in December, following the PVA's first and second offensive. Communist forces captured Seoul again in January 1951 before losing it to a UN counter-offensive two months later. After an abortive Chinese spring offensive, UN forces retook territory roughly up to the 38th parallel. Armistice negotiations began in July 1951, but dragged on as the fighting became a war of attrition and the North suffered heavy damage from U.S. bombing.

Combat ended on 27 July 1953 with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, which allowed the exchange of prisoners and created a four-kilometre-wide (2+1⁄2-mile) Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) along the frontline, with a Joint Security Area at Panmunjom. The conflict caused more than one million military deaths and an estimated two to three million civilian deaths. Alleged war crimes include the mass killing of suspected communists by Seoul and the mass killing of alleged reactionaries by Pyongyang. North Korea became one of the most heavily bombed countries in history,^[24] and virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed.^[25] No peace treaty has been signed, making the war a frozen conflict.^[26][27]

1. ^ Kim, Heesu (1996). Anglo-American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953–1960 (PDF) (Thesis). London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 213. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
2. ^ Birtle, Andrew J. (2000). The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. p. 34. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
3. ^ Millett, Allan Reed, ed. (2001). The Korean War, Volume 3. Korea Institute of Military History. U of Nebraska Press. p. 692. ISBN 978-0-8032-7796-0. Retrieved 16 February 2013. Total Strength 602,902 troops
4. ^
   • Ashley Rowland (22 October 2008). "U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
     Colonel Tommy R. Mize, United States Army (12 March 2012). "U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea, Anachronistic?" (PDF). United States Army War College. Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
   • Louis H. Zanardi; Schmitt, Barbara A.; Konjevich; Elizabeth Guran, M.; Susan E. Cohen; Judith A. McCloskey (August 1991). "Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater" (PDF). Reports to Congressional Requesters. United States General Accounting Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
5. ^ The Statistics of the Korean War – ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK) Archived 9 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean)
6. ^ The Statistics of the Korean War – ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF) Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean)
7. ^ Fact Sheet: America's Wars". Archived 27 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017.
8. ^ 19만7056명 첫 全數조사 "젊은사람들 내 뒤에서 '얼마나 죽였길래' 수군수군 이젠 훈장 안 달고 다녀…세상이 야속하고 나 스스로 비참할 뿐" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
9. ^ Shrader, Charles R. (1995). Communist Logistics in the Korean War. Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-313-29509-6. Retrieved 17 February 2013. NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades.
10. ^ Zhang 1995, p. 257.
11. ^ Xiaobing, Li (2009). A History of the Modern Chinese Army Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 105: "By December 1952, the Chinese forces in Korea had reached a record high of 1.45 million men, including fifty-nine infantry divisions, ten artillery divisions, five antiaircraft divisions, and seven tank regiments. CPVF numbers remained stable until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953."
12. ^ ^{a b} Kolb, Richard K. (1999). "In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force". VFW Magazine. 86 (11). Retrieved 17 February 2013. Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale. During the war, 72,000 Soviet troops (among them 5,000 pilots) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria. At least 12 air divisions rotated through. A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952.^{[permanent dead link]}
13. ^ Cite error: The named reference xu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
14. ^ The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF) Archived 2021-01-11 at the Wayback Machine (in Korean) Page 449.
15. ^ Khorram-Manesh, Amir; Burkle, Frederick M.; Goniewicz, Krzysztof; Robinson, Yohan (2021). "Estimating the Number of Civilian Casualties in Modern Armed Conflicts–A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Public Health. 9 (1). Bibcode:2021FrPH....965261K. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.765261. PMC 8581199. PMID 34778192.
16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cumings p. 35 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lewy pp. 450-453 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
18. ^ ^{a b} Cite error: The named reference ROK Web was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
19. ^ White, James D. (31 July 1950). "Soviet Union Ending Boycott of United Nation [sic] Because War in Korea Getting Bit Too Hot". Walla Walla Union-Bulletin/Associated Press. No. 106. Walla Walla, Washington. p. 9 – via NewspaperArchive.
20. ^ Derek W. Bowett, United Nations Forces: A Legal Study of United Nations Practice, Stevens, London, 1964, pp. 29–60
21. ^ Pembroke, Michael (2018). Korea: Where the American Century Began. Hardie Grant Books. p. 141.
22. ^ "United Nations Command > History > 1950–1953: Korean War (Active Conflict)". www.unc.mil. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
23. ^ Cite error: The named reference Devine 2007 819-821 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
24. ^ Fisher, Max (3 August 2015). "Americans have forgotten what we did to North Korea". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
25. ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 119-120. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
26. ^ He, Kai; Feng, Huiyun (2013). Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific: Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-135-13119-7. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017.
27. ^ Li, Narangoa; Cribb, Robert (2014). Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia. Columbia University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-231-16070-4. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017.

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28 June 1997 – Holyfield–Tyson II: Mike Tyson is disqualified in the third round for biting a piece off Evander Holyfield's ear.

Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II

Boxing competition

Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as The Sound and the Fury and afterwards infamously referred to as The Bite Fight, was a professional boxing match contested between the champion Evander Holyfield and the challenger Mike Tyson on June 28, 1997, for the WBA World Heavyweight Championship.^[1] It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history after Tyson bit off a part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated.

The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on the Las Vegas Strip. Mills Lane was the fight's referee, who was brought in as a replacement after Mitch Halpern, who refereed the 1996 match between the boxers, stepped aside.^[2][3]

1. ^ Bracelin, Jason (June 27, 2022). "A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Bout that Took Boxing to a New Level of Crazy". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022.
2. ^ Lane late replacement, center of action^[usurped], AP via Slam! Boxing, 1997-06-29, Retrieved on March 9, 2007.
3. ^ Friend, Tom (June 28, 1997). "Like It or Not, Tyson Gets Wish As Referee Bows Out Of Bout". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2025.

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29 June 1952 – The first Miss Universe pageant is held. Armi Kuusela from Finland wins the title of Miss Universe 1952.

Miss Universe

Annual international beauty pageant competition

For the most recent competition, see Miss Universe 2024.

"MUO" redirects here. For other uses, see MUO (disambiguation).

Miss Universe is an annual international major beauty pageant that is run by a Thailand and Mexican-based Miss Universe Organization.^[1] Along with Miss World, Miss International, and Miss Earth, it is one of the Big Four beauty pageants.^[2]

The Miss Universe Organization and its brand is currently owned by JKN Global Group and Legacy Holding Group USA Inc., an American division of Mexican company Legacy Holding through the joint venture company JKN Legacy Inc.^[3] Telemundo has the licensing rights to air the pageant through 2023.^[4] The pageant's advocacy is "humanitarian issues and is a voice to affect positive change in the world."^[5][6]

The reigning Miss Universe is Victoria Kjær Theilvig of Denmark, who was crowned on 16 November 2024 at the Arena CDMX in Mexico City, Mexico.

1. ^ Natalie Tadena (July 2, 2015)."Donald Trump's Miss USA Pageant Lands on Reelz Cable Channel" Archived July 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Wall Street Journal.
2. ^ Enriquez, Amee (February 2, 2014). "Beauty Pageant Basics". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
3. ^ Bundel, Ani (December 16, 2018). "Miss Universe is the only major beauty pageant worth watching. Here's why". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
4. ^ "Miss Universe Returns To Telemundo After 5-Year Absence". forbes.com. November 3, 2019. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
5. ^ "About Miss Universe". Miss Universe Website. April 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
6. ^ Scott, H. Allan (December 16, 2018). "Catriona Gray of Philippines Crowned". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved April 26, 2020.

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30 June 1859 – French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.

Charles Blondin

French tightrope walker (1824–1897)

"Blondin" redirects here. For other uses, see Blondin (disambiguation).

Charles Blondin (born Jean François Gravelet, 28 February 1824 – 22 February 1897) was a French tightrope walker and acrobat. He toured the United States and was known for crossing the 1,100 ft (340 m) Niagara Gorge on a tightrope.

During an event in Dublin in 1860, the rope on which he was walking broke and two workers were killed, although Blondin was not injured.

He married three times and had eight children. His name became synonymous with tightrope walking.

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1 July 1903 – Start of first Tour de France bicycle race.

1903 Tour de France

Cycling race

The 1903 Tour de France was the first cycling race set up and sponsored by the newspaper L'Auto, ancestor of the current daily, L'Équipe. It ran from 1 to 19 July in six stages over 2,428 km (1,509 mi), and was won by Maurice Garin.^[1]

The race was invented to boost the circulation of L'Auto, after its circulation started to plummet from competition with the long-standing Le Vélo. Originally scheduled to start in June, the race was postponed one month, and the prize money was increased, after a disappointing level of applications from competitors. The 1903 Tour de France was the first stage road race, and compared to modern Grand Tours, it had relatively few stages, but each was much longer than those raced today. The cyclists did not have to compete in all six stages, although this was necessary to qualify for the general classification.

The pre-race favourite, Maurice Garin, won the first stage, and retained the lead throughout. He also won the last two stages, and had a margin of almost three hours over the next cyclist. The circulation of L'Auto increased more than sixfold during and after the race, so the race was considered successful enough to be rerun in 1904, by which time Le Vélo had been forced out of business.

1. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 108.

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2 July 1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 treaty dividing the unclaimed world between Spanish and Portuguese sovereignty

This article is about the 1494 treaty between Portugal and Spain that divided the world as then understood between the two. For the treaty signed in 1524 between the Habsburgs and Monaco, see Treaty of Tordesillas (1524).

The Treaty of Tordesillas,^[a] signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 600 kilometres (370 mi) west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. That line of demarcation was about halfway between Cape Verde (already Portuguese) and the islands visited by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Castile and León), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antillia (Cuba and Hispaniola).

The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile, modifying an earlier bull by Pope Alexander VI. The treaty was signed by Spain on 2 July 1494, and by Portugal on 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal and Spain largely respected the treaties, while the Indigenous peoples of the Americas did not acknowledge them.^[5]

The Treaty of Tordesillas was added by UNESCO to its Memory of the World international register in 2007.^[6] Originals of both treaties are kept at the General Archive of the Indies in Spain and at the Torre do Tombo National Archive in Portugal.^[7]

1. ^ Horst Pietschmann, Atlantic history : history of the Atlantic System 1580–1830, Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002, p. 239
2. ^ Parise, Agustín (2017). Ownership Paradigms in American Civil Law Jurisdictions: Manifestations of the Shifts in the Legislation of Louisiana, Chile, and Argentina (16th–20th Centuries). Brill. p. 68. ISBN 978-9004338203. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
3. ^ Blair & Robertson (1903).
4. ^ Davenport (1917), p. 100.
5. ^ Miller, Robert; LeSage, Lisa; Escarcena, Sebastián (1 August 2011). "The International Law of Discovery, Indigenous Peoples, and Chile". Nebraska Law Review. 89 (4): 829.
6. ^ "Treaty of Tordesillas". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Retrieved 22 May 2025.
7. ^ Davenport (1917), pp. 85 & 171.

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