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This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    27 August 1942 – First day of the Sarny Massacre, perpetrated by Germans and Ukrainians.

    Sarny massacre

    The Sarny Massacre was the execution of an estimated 14,000 to 18,000 people, mostly Jews, in the Nazi-occupied Polish city of Sarny (now Rivne Oblast of Ukraine) on August 27 and 28, 1942.

     
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    28 August 1914World War I: The Royal Navy defeats the German fleet in the Battle of Heligoland Bight.

    Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)

    The Battle of Heligoland Bight was the first Anglo-German naval battle of the First World War, fought on 28 August 1914, between ships of the United Kingdom and Germany. The battle took place in the south-eastern North Sea, when the British attacked German patrols off the north-west German coast. The German High Seas Fleet was in harbour on the north German coast while the British Grand Fleet was out in the northern North Sea. Both sides engaged in long-distance sorties with cruisers and battlecruisers, with close reconnaissance of the area of sea near the German coast—the Heligoland Bight—by destroyer.

    The British devised a plan to ambush German destroyers on their daily patrols. A British flotilla of 31 destroyers and two cruisers under Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt, with submarines commanded by Commodore Roger Keyes, was dispatched. They were supported at longer range by an additional six light cruisers commanded by William Goodenough and five battlecruisers commanded by Vice Admiral David Beatty.

    Surprised, outnumbered and outgunned, the German fleet suffered 712 sailors killed, 530 injured and 336 taken prisoner; three German light cruisers and one torpedo boat were sunk; three light cruisers and three torpedo boats suffered damage. The British suffered casualties of 35 killed and 55 wounded; one light cruiser and three destroyers suffered damage. Despite the disparity of the ships involved in the battle, the battle was regarded as a great victory in Britain, where the returning ships were met by cheering crowds.

    Beatty was vaunted as a hero, although he had taken little part in the action or planning of the raid, which was led by Commodore Tyrwhitt and conceived by him and Keyes, who had persuaded the Admiralty to adopt it. The raid might have led to disaster, had the additional forces under Beatty not been sent by Admiral John Jellicoe at the last minute. The German government and the Kaiser in particular, restricted the freedom of action of the German fleet, instructing it to avoid any contact with superior forces for several months thereafter.

     
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    29 August 1898 – The Goodyear tire company is founded.

    Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company

    The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is an American multinational tire manufacturer headquartered in Akron, Ohio. Goodyear manufactures tires for passenger vehicles, aviation, commercial trucks, military and police vehicles, motorcycles, RVs, race cars, and heavy off-road machinery. It also licenses the Goodyear brand to bicycle tires manufacturers, returning from a break in production between 1976 and 2015.[3] As of 2017, Goodyear is one of the top four tire manufacturers along with Bridgestone (Japan), Michelin (France), and Continental (Germany).[4]

    Founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling, the company was named after American Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), inventor of vulcanized rubber. The first Goodyear tires became popular because they were easily detachable and required little maintenance.[5] Though Goodyear had been manufacturing airships and balloons since the early 1900s, the first Goodyear advertising blimp flew in 1925. Today, it is one of the most recognizable advertising icons in America.[6]

    The company is the sole tire supplier for NASCAR series and the most successful tire supplier in Formula One history, with more starts, wins, and constructors' championships than any other tire supplier.[7] They pulled out of the sport after the 1998 season. Goodyear was the first global tire manufacturer to enter China when it invested in a tire manufacturing plant in Dalian in 1994. Goodyear was a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average between 1930 and 1999.[8] The company opened a new global headquarters building in Akron in 2013.

    1. ^ "Our Company".
    2. ^ "The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company 2017 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". sec.gov. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 2018.
    3. ^ "Goodyear Returns to Bicycle Tires". Bloomberg.com. March 2, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2018 – via www.bloomberg.com.
    4. ^ "Leading tyre manufacturers". Tyrepress. September 26, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
    5. ^ O'Reilly, Maurice (1983). The Goodyear Story. Benjamin Company. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-87502-116-4.
    6. ^ Terdiman, Daniel. "Goodyear bids goodbye to blimps, says hello to zeppelins". CNET. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
    7. ^ "FormulaSPEED2.0". Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
    8. ^ "History of DJIA". globalfinancialdata.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007.
     
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    30 August 1945 – The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.

    Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

    The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. His surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the Japanese forces that invaded the territory.[5][6] The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan surrendered at the end of the Second World War. The length of the period (三年零八個月, lit.'three years and eight months') later became a metonym of the occupation.[6]

    1. ^ Fung, Chi Ming (2005). Reluctant heroes: rickshaw pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874–1954. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-734-6. pp. 130, 135.
    2. ^ a b Courtauld, Caroline. Holdsworth, May (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-590353-6. pp. 54–58.
    3. ^ Stanford, David (2006). Roses in December. Lulu press. ISBN 1-84753-966-1.
    4. ^ Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong: HK University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
    5. ^ Snow, Philip (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1.
    6. ^ a b Mark, Chi-Kwan. (2004). Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American relations 1949–1957. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927370-6. p. 14.
     
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    30 August 1945 – The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong comes to an end.

    Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

    The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began when the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Young, surrendered the British Crown colony of Hong Kong to the Empire of Japan on 25 December 1941. His surrender occurred after 18 days of fierce fighting against the Japanese forces that invaded the territory.[5][6] The occupation lasted for three years and eight months until Japan surrendered at the end of the Second World War. The length of the period (三年零八個月, lit.'three years and eight months') later became a metonym of the occupation.[6]

    1. ^ Fung, Chi Ming (2005). Reluctant heroes: rickshaw pullers in Hong Kong and Canton, 1874–1954. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-734-6. pp. 130, 135.
    2. ^ a b Courtauld, Caroline. Holdsworth, May (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-590353-6. pp. 54–58.
    3. ^ Stanford, David (2006). Roses in December. Lulu press. ISBN 1-84753-966-1.
    4. ^ Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong: HK University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
    5. ^ Snow, Philip (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1.
    6. ^ a b Mark, Chi-Kwan. (2004). Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American relations 1949–1957. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927370-6. p. 14.
     
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    31 August 1997Diana, Princess of Wales, her companion Dodi Fayed and driver Henri Paul die in a car crash in Paris.

    Death of Diana, Princess of Wales

    During the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died from injuries sustained earlier that night in a fatal car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris, France. Diana's partner, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes-Benz W140, Henri Paul, were found dead inside the car. Dodi's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, was seriously injured and was the only survivor of the crash.

    In 1999, a French investigation found that Paul lost control of the vehicle at high speed while intoxicated by alcohol and under the effects of prescription drugs, and concluded that he was solely responsible for the crash. He was the deputy head of security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris and had earlier goaded paparazzi waiting for Diana and Fayed outside the hotel.[3] Anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his blood might have worsened Paul's inebriation.[4] In 2008, a jury at the British inquest, Operation Paget, returned a verdict of unlawful killing through grossly negligent driving by Paul and the following paparazzi vehicles.[5] Some media reports claimed that Rees-Jones survived because he was wearing a seat belt, but other investigations revealed that none of the occupants of the car were wearing them.[6]

    Diana was 36 years old when she died.[7] Her death sparked an outpouring of public grief in the United Kingdom and the world,[8] and her televised funeral was watched by an estimated 2.5 billion people.[9] The royal family were criticised in the press for their reaction to Diana's death. Public interest in Diana has remained high and she continues to retain regular press coverage in the decades since her death.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Plan of Alma Tunnel" (PDF). Coroner's Inquests into the Deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed. Computer Aided Modelling Bureau, Metropolitan Police Service. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Director: David Bartlett, Executive Producer: David Upshal. "The Coronation of Elizabeth II/The Death of Diana". Days That Shook the World.
    4. ^ Nundy, Julian; Graves, David. "Diana crash caused by chauffeur, says report". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002.
    5. ^ Rayner, Gordon (7 April 2008). "Diana jury blames paparazzi and Henri Paul for her 'unlawful killing'". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
    6. ^ Sephton, Connor (28 August 2017). "Trevor Rees-Jones: What happened to the sole survivor of Diana's crash". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
    7. ^ Johnston, Carla B. (1998). Global News Access: The Impact of New Communications Technologies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-275-95774-2. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference WorldMourns was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference TelevisionAudience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  7. NewsBot

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    31 August 1997Diana, Princess of Wales, her companion Dodi Fayed and driver Henri Paul die in a car crash in Paris.

    Death of Diana, Princess of Wales

    During the early hours of 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died from injuries sustained earlier that night in a fatal car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris, France. Diana's partner, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes-Benz W140, Henri Paul, were found dead inside the car. Dodi's bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, was seriously injured and was the only survivor of the crash.

    In 1999, a French investigation found that Paul lost control of the vehicle at high speed while intoxicated by alcohol and under the effects of prescription drugs, and concluded that he was solely responsible for the crash. He was the deputy head of security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris and had earlier goaded paparazzi waiting for Diana and Fayed outside the hotel.[3] Anti-depressants and traces of an anti-psychotic in his blood might have worsened Paul's inebriation.[4] In 2008, a jury at the British inquest, Operation Paget, returned a verdict of unlawful killing through grossly negligent driving by Paul and the following paparazzi vehicles.[5] Some media reports claimed that Rees-Jones survived because he was wearing a seat belt, but other investigations revealed that none of the occupants of the car were wearing them.[6]

    Diana was 36 years old when she died.[7] Her death sparked an outpouring of public grief in the United Kingdom and the world,[8] and her televised funeral was watched by an estimated 2.5 billion people.[9] The royal family were criticised in the press for their reaction to Diana's death. Public interest in Diana has remained high and she continues to retain regular press coverage in the decades since her death.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ "Plan of Alma Tunnel" (PDF). Coroner's Inquests into the Deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed. Computer Aided Modelling Bureau, Metropolitan Police Service. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Director: David Bartlett, Executive Producer: David Upshal. "The Coronation of Elizabeth II/The Death of Diana". Days That Shook the World.
    4. ^ Nundy, Julian; Graves, David. "Diana crash caused by chauffeur, says report". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2002.
    5. ^ Rayner, Gordon (7 April 2008). "Diana jury blames paparazzi and Henri Paul for her 'unlawful killing'". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
    6. ^ Sephton, Connor (28 August 2017). "Trevor Rees-Jones: What happened to the sole survivor of Diana's crash". Sky News. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
    7. ^ Johnston, Carla B. (1998). Global News Access: The Impact of New Communications Technologies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-275-95774-2. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference WorldMourns was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference TelevisionAudience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    1 September 1914 – The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoo.

    Passenger pigeon

    The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America. Its common name is derived from the French word passager, meaning "passing by", due to the migratory habits of the species. The scientific name also refers to its migratory characteristics. The morphologically similar mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) was long thought to be its closest relative, and the two were at times confused, but genetic analysis has shown that the genus Patagioenas is more closely related to it than the Zenaida doves.

    The passenger pigeon was sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. The male was 390 to 410 mm (15.4 to 16.1 in) in length, mainly gray on the upperparts, lighter on the underparts, with iridescent bronze feathers on the neck, and black spots on the wings. The female was 380 to 400 mm (15.0 to 15.7 in), and was duller and browner than the male overall. The juvenile was similar to the female, but without iridescence. It mainly inhabited the deciduous forests of eastern North America and was also recorded elsewhere, but bred primarily around the Great Lakes. The pigeon migrated in enormous flocks, constantly searching for food, shelter, and breeding grounds, and was once the most abundant bird in North America, numbering around 3 billion, and possibly up to 5 billion. A very fast flyer, the passenger pigeon could reach a speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). The bird fed mainly on mast, and also fruits and invertebrates. It practiced communal roosting and communal breeding, and its extreme gregariousness may be linked with searching for food and predator satiation.

    Passenger pigeons were hunted by Native Americans, but hunting intensified after the arrival of Europeans, particularly in the 19th century. Pigeon meat was commercialized as cheap food, resulting in hunting on a massive scale for many decades. There were several other factors contributing to the decline and subsequent extinction of the species, including shrinking of the large breeding populations necessary for preservation of the species and widespread deforestation, which destroyed its habitat. A slow decline between about 1800 and 1870 was followed by a rapid decline between 1870 and 1890. In 1900, the last confirmed wild bird was shot in southern Ohio.[2][4] The last captive birds were divided in three groups around the turn of the 20th century, some of which were photographed alive. Martha, thought to be the last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, at the Cincinnati Zoo. The eradication of the species is a notable example of anthropogenic extinction.

    1. ^ "†Ectopistes Swainson 1827 (passenger pigeon)". PBDB.
    2. ^ a b BirdLife International (2019). "Ectopistes migratorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22690733A152593137. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22690733A152593137.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
    3. ^ "Ectopistes migratorius. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
    4. ^ Henninger, W. F. (1902). "A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio". The Wilson Bulletin. 14 (3): 77–93. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4153807.
     
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    2 September 2019Hurricane Dorian, a category 5 hurricane, devastates the Bahamas, killing at least five.

    Hurricane Dorian

    Hurricane Dorian was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Category 5 Atlantic hurricane, which became the most intense tropical cyclone on record to strike the Bahamas, and is tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the strongest landfall in the Atlantic basin in terms of maximum sustained winds. The 2019 cyclone is regarded as the worst natural disaster in the Bahamas' recorded history.[1] With winds peaking at 185 mph (295 km/h), it was also one of the most powerful hurricanes recorded in the Atlantic Ocean in terms of 1-minute sustained winds, and the strongest since Wilma in 2005. Dorian was the fourth named storm, second hurricane, the first major hurricane, and the first Category 5 hurricane of the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. Dorian struck the Abaco Islands on September 1 with maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), tying with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the highest wind speeds of an Atlantic hurricane ever recorded at landfall. Dorian went on to strike Grand Bahama at similar intensity, stalling just north of the territory with unrelenting winds for at least 24 hours. The resultant damage to these islands was catastrophic; most structures were flattened or swept to sea, and at least 70,000 people were left homeless. After it ravaged through the Bahamas, Dorian proceeded along the coasts of the Southeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, leaving behind considerable damage and economic losses in those regions.

    Dorian developed from a tropical wave on August 24 over the Central Atlantic. The storm moved through the Lesser Antilles and became a hurricane north of the Greater Antilles on August 28. Dorian proceeded to undergo rapid intensification over the following days, before reaching its peak as a Category 5 hurricane with one-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 910 millibars (26.87 inHg) by September 1. It made landfall in the Bahamas in Elbow Cay, just east of Abaco Island, and again on Grand Bahama several hours later, where it remained nearly stationary for the next day or so. After weakening considerably, Dorian began moving northwestward on September 3, parallel to the east coast of Florida. Dwindling in strength, the hurricane turned to the northeast the next day and made landfall on Cape Hatteras at Category 2 intensity on September 6. Dorian transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 7, before striking first Nova Scotia and then Newfoundland with hurricane-force winds on the next day. The storm finally dissipated near Greenland on September 10.

    From August 26 to August 28, the storm affected several parts of the northernmost Lesser Antilles. Damaging winds primarily affected the Virgin Islands where gusts reached 111 mph (179 km/h). Extensive precautionary measures were taken to mitigate damage, especially in Puerto Rico, where one person died. Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, impacts from the storm were relatively minor. In preparation for the storm, the states of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia all declared a state of emergency and many coastal counties from Florida to North Carolina issued mandatory evacuation orders. Damage in the Bahamas was catastrophic due to the prolonged and intense storm conditions, including heavy rainfall, high winds and storm surge, with thousands of homes destroyed and at least 77 direct deaths recorded, 74 of which occurred in the Bahamas. The true death toll is unknown, with 245 people still missing as of August 2020.[2] Dorian is the costliest disaster in Bahamian history, estimated to have left behind $3.4 billion (2020 USD) in damage in that country, while causing a total of $5.1 billion in damage overall. Due to the damage and loss of life, the name Dorian was later retired from the Atlantic rotating naming lists by the World Meteorological Organization.

    1. ^ "Search for survivors of Hurricane Dorian continues in Bahamas". The Guardian. September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2019.
    2. ^ "The facts: Hurricane Dorian's devastating effect on The Bahamas". August 15, 2020.
     
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    3 September 1950"Nino" Farina becomes the first Formula One Drivers' champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix.

    Giuseppe Farina

    Emilio Giuseppe Farina, also known as Giuseppe Antonio "Nino" Farina,[3] (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈniːno faˈriːna]; 30 October 1906 – 30 June 1966) was an Italian racing driver and the first official Formula One World Champion in 1950. He was the Italian Champion in 1937, 1938 and 1939.

    1. ^ total of 20 podiums includes both 2nd place and 3rd place at the 1955 Argentine Grand Prix
    2. ^ Up until 1990, not all points scored by a driver contributed to their final World Championship tally (see list of points scoring systems for more information). Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference formula1.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    4 September 1950Darlington Raceway is the site of the inaugural Southern 500, the first 500-mile NASCAR race.

    Darlington Raceway

    Darlington Raceway is a race track built for NASCAR racing located in Darlington, South Carolina. It is nicknamed "The Lady in Black" and "The Track Too Tough to Tame" by many NASCAR fans and drivers and advertised as "A NASCAR Tradition." It is of a unique, somewhat egg-shaped design, an oval with the ends of very different configurations, a condition which supposedly arose from the proximity of one end of the track to a minnow pond the owner refused to relocate. This situation makes it very challenging for the crews to set up their cars' handling in a way that will be effective at both ends.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Downsizing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    5 September 1986Pan Am Flight 73 from Mumbai, India with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.

    Pan Am Flight 73

    Pan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States, with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan, and Frankfurt, West Germany.

    On September 5, 1986, the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight was hijacked while on the ground at Karachi by four armed Palestinian terrorists of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, with 360 passengers on board, had just arrived from Bombay.[2] A grand jury later concluded that the militants were planning to use the hijacked airliner to pick up Palestinian prisoners in both Cyprus and Israel.[3]

    More than twenty passengers were killed during the hijacking, including nationals from India, the United States, Pakistan, and Mexico. All the hijackers were arrested and sentenced to death in Pakistan. However, the sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Neerja Bhanot, head attendant on the flight, was shot dead and posthumously received the highest civil award Tamgha-e-Pakistan from Pakistan as well as India's highest peacetime award for bravery, the Ashok Chakra Award, for her efforts to save passengers' lives.[4]

    1. ^ "Jordanian Hijacker Sentenced in D.C. for 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as Victims from Around the World Recount Horrors" (Press release). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 14, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
    2. ^ "Pan Am Flight-73 alleged hijacker 'killed' in drone attack in Pakistan". Asian Tribune.
    3. ^ "United States of America v. Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment" (PDF). justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. June 11, 2001. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    4. ^ "24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone". The Times of India. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
     
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    5 September 1986Pan Am Flight 73 from Mumbai, India with 358 people on board is hijacked at Karachi International Airport.

    Pan Am Flight 73

    Pan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States, with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan, and Frankfurt, West Germany.

    On September 5, 1986, the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight was hijacked while on the ground at Karachi by four armed Palestinian terrorists of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, with 360 passengers on board, had just arrived from Bombay.[2] A grand jury later concluded that the militants were planning to use the hijacked airliner to pick up Palestinian prisoners in both Cyprus and Israel.[3]

    More than twenty passengers were killed during the hijacking, including nationals from India, the United States, Pakistan, and Mexico. All the hijackers were arrested and sentenced to death in Pakistan. However, the sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Neerja Bhanot, head attendant on the flight, was shot dead and posthumously received the highest civil award Tamgha-e-Pakistan from Pakistan as well as India's highest peacetime award for bravery, the Ashok Chakra Award, for her efforts to save passengers' lives.[4]

    1. ^ "Jordanian Hijacker Sentenced in D.C. for 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as Victims from Around the World Recount Horrors" (Press release). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 14, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
    2. ^ "Pan Am Flight-73 alleged hijacker 'killed' in drone attack in Pakistan". Asian Tribune.
    3. ^ "United States of America v. Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment" (PDF). justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. June 11, 2001. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
    4. ^ "24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone". The Times of India. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
     
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    6 September 1939 – World War II: South Africa declares war on Germany.

    Military history of South Africa during World War II

    During World War II, many South Africans saw military service. The Union of South Africa participated with other British Empire forces in battles in North Africa against Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps, and many South African pilots joined the Royal Air Force and fought against the Axis powers in the European theatre.

    A Sherman tank from the South African 6th Armoured Division in 1944
     
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    7 September 1986Desmond Tutu becomes the first black man to lead the Anglican Diocese of Cape Town.

    Desmond Tutu

    Desmond Tutu (7 October 1931 – 26 December 2021) was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position. Theologically, he sought to fuse ideas from black theology with African theology.

    Tutu was born of mixed Xhosa and Motswana heritage to a poor family in Klerksdorp, South Africa. Entering adulthood, he trained as a teacher and married Nomalizo Leah Tutu, with whom he had several children. In 1960, he was ordained as an Anglican priest and in 1962 moved to the United Kingdom to study theology at King's College London. In 1966 he returned to southern Africa, teaching at the Federal Theological Seminary and then the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. In 1972, he became the Theological Education Fund's director for Africa, a position based in London but necessitating regular tours of the African continent. Back in southern Africa in 1975, he served first as dean of St Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg and then as Bishop of Lesotho; from 1978 to 1985 he was general-secretary of the South African Council of Churches. He emerged as one of the most prominent opponents of South Africa's apartheid system of racial segregation and white minority rule. Although warning the National Party government that anger at apartheid would lead to racial violence, as an activist he stressed non-violent protest and foreign economic pressure to bring about universal suffrage.

    In 1985, Tutu became Bishop of Johannesburg and in 1986 the Archbishop of Cape Town, the most senior position in southern Africa's Anglican hierarchy. In this position, he emphasised a consensus-building model of leadership and oversaw the introduction of female priests. Also in 1986, he became president of the All Africa Conference of Churches, resulting in further tours of the continent. After President F. W. de Klerk released the anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990 and the pair led negotiations to end apartheid and introduce multi-racial democracy, Tutu assisted as a mediator between rival black factions. After the 1994 general election resulted in a coalition government headed by Mandela, the latter selected Tutu to chair the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses committed by both pro and anti-apartheid groups. Following apartheid's fall, Tutu campaigned for gay rights and spoke out on a wide range of subjects, among them his criticism of South African presidents Thabo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma, his opposition to the Iraq War, and describing Israel's treatment of Palestinians as apartheid. In 2010, he retired from public life, but continued to speak out on numerous topics and events.

    As Tutu rose to prominence in the 1970s, different socio-economic groups and political classes held a wide range of views about him, from critical to admiring. He was popular among South Africa's black majority and was internationally praised for his work involving anti-apartheid activism, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize and other international awards. He also compiled several books of his speeches and sermons.

     
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    8 September 1888Isaac Peral's submarine is first tested.

    Spanish submarine Peral

    Peral was the first successful full electric battery-powered submarine, built by the Spanish engineer and sailor Isaac Peral for the Spanish Navy, in Arsenal de la Carraca (today's Navantia).[1][2] The first fully capable military submarine,[clarification needed][3] she was launched 8 September 1888. She had one torpedo tube (and two torpedoes) and an air regeneration system. Her hull shape, propeller, periscope, torpedo launcher and cruciform external controls anticipated later designs.[4][5] Her underwater speed was 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). With fully charged batteries, she was the fastest submarine yet built,[6] with underwater performance levels (except for range) that matched those of First World War U-boats for a very short period, before her batteries began to drain. For example, the SM U-9, a pre-war German U-boat built in 1908, had an underwater speed of 8.1 knots (15.0 km/h; 9.3 mph), and an underwater range of 150 km (81 nmi) at 5.8 knots (10.7 km/h; 6.7 mph), before having to resurface to recharge her batteries.[citation needed] Although advanced in many ways, Peral lacked a means of charging batteries while underway, such as an internal combustion engine, thus had a very limited endurance and range. In June 1890, Peral's submarine launched a torpedo while submerged. It was also the first submarine to incorporate a fully reliable underwater navigation system. However, conservatives in the Spanish naval hierarchy terminated the project despite two years of successful tests. Her operational abilities have led some to call her the first U-boat.[7]

    Peral was withdrawn from service in 1890 and is now preserved at the Cartagena Naval Museum.

    1. ^ Humble 1981, p. 174.
    2. ^ Cornwell 1979, p. 146.
    3. ^ elmundo.es. "Isaac Peral, el genio frustrado". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
    4. ^ Angleviel & Jolly 2007, p. 185.
    5. ^ Delgado & Cussler 2011, p. 89.
    6. ^ Blackman, Tony (2011-12-01). Nimrod Rise and Fall. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-909166-34-9.
    7. ^ Almodóvar 2009, p. 138.
     
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    9 September 1956Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

    Elvis Presley

    Elvis Aaron Presley[a] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known mononymously as Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Known as the "King of Rock and Roll", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Presley's energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, brought both great success and initial controversy.

    Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi; his family relocated to Memphis, Tennessee, when he was 13. His music career began there in 1954, at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience. Presley, on guitar and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, was a pioneer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues. In 1955, drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage him for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA Victor single, "Heartbreak Hotel", was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. Within a year, RCA Victor would sell ten million Presley singles. With a series of successful television appearances and chart-topping records, Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular rock and roll; though his performative style and promotion of the then-marginalized sound of African Americans[6] led to him being widely considered a threat to the moral well-being of white American youth.[7]

    In November 1956, Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender. Drafted into military service in 1958, he relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. Presley held few concerts, however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. Some of Presley's most famous films included Jailhouse Rock (1957), Blue Hawaii (1961), and Viva Las Vegas (1964). In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed NBC television comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley gave the first concert by a solo artist to be broadcast around the world, Aloha from Hawaii. However, years of prescription drug abuse and unhealthy eating habits severely compromised his health, and Presley died unexpectedly in August 1977 at his Graceland estate at the age of 42.

    Having sold roughly 500 million records worldwide, Presley is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. He was commercially successful in many genres, including pop, country, rockabilly, rhythm & blues, adult contemporary, and gospel. He won three Grammy Awards, received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. He also holds several records, including the most RIAA-certified gold and platinum albums, the most albums charted on the Billboard 200, the most number-one albums by a solo artist on the UK Albums Chart, and the most number-one singles by any act on the UK Singles Chart. In 2018, Presley was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ US Department of Defense 1960.
    2. ^ Elster 2006, p. 391.
    3. ^ a b Nash 2005, p. 11.
    4. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 13.
    5. ^ a b Adelman 2002, pp. 13–15.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :00 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 55.
     
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    9 September 1956Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.

    Elvis Presley

    Elvis Aaron Presley[a] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known mononymously as Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Known as the "King of Rock and Roll", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Presley's energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, brought both great success and initial controversy.

    Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi; his family relocated to Memphis, Tennessee, when he was 13. His music career began there in 1954, at Sun Records with producer Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience. Presley, on guitar and accompanied by lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, was a pioneer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues. In 1955, drummer D. J. Fontana joined to complete the lineup of Presley's classic quartet and RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage him for more than two decades. Presley's first RCA Victor single, "Heartbreak Hotel", was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. Within a year, RCA Victor would sell ten million Presley singles. With a series of successful television appearances and chart-topping records, Presley became the leading figure of the newly popular rock and roll; though his performative style and promotion of the then-marginalized sound of African Americans[6] led to him being widely considered a threat to the moral well-being of white American youth.[7]

    In November 1956, Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender. Drafted into military service in 1958, he relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. Presley held few concerts, however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. Some of Presley's most famous films included Jailhouse Rock (1957), Blue Hawaii (1961), and Viva Las Vegas (1964). In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed NBC television comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley gave the first concert by a solo artist to be broadcast around the world, Aloha from Hawaii. However, years of prescription drug abuse and unhealthy eating habits severely compromised his health, and Presley died unexpectedly in August 1977 at his Graceland estate at the age of 42.

    Having sold roughly 500 million records worldwide, Presley is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. He was commercially successful in many genres, including pop, country, rockabilly, rhythm & blues, adult contemporary, and gospel. He won three Grammy Awards, received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. He also holds several records, including the most RIAA-certified gold and platinum albums, the most albums charted on the Billboard 200, the most number-one albums by a solo artist on the UK Albums Chart, and the most number-one singles by any act on the UK Singles Chart. In 2018, Presley was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ US Department of Defense 1960.
    2. ^ Elster 2006, p. 391.
    3. ^ a b Nash 2005, p. 11.
    4. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 13.
    5. ^ a b Adelman 2002, pp. 13–15.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :00 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 55.
     
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    10 September 2008 – The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in history, is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.

    Large Hadron Collider

    The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider.[1][2] It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries.[3] It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference and as deep as 175 metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva.

    The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record.[4][5] The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC was announced in 2012. Between 2013 and 2015, the LHC was shut down and upgraded; after those upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13.0 TeV total collision energy).[6][7][8][9] At the end of 2018, it was shut down for maintenance and further upgrades, reopening over three years later in April 2022.[10]

    The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. Nine detectors,[11] each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ions, such as in lead–lead collisions and proton–lead collisions.[12]

    The LHC's goal is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson,[13] searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories,[14] and studying other unresolved questions in particle physics.

    1. ^ "The Large Hadron Collider". CERN. 28 June 2023.
    2. ^ Joel Achenbach (March 2012). "The God Particle". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
    3. ^ Highfield, Roger (16 September 2008). "Large Hadron Collider: Thirteen ways to change the world". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
    4. ^ "CERN LHC sees high-energy success". BBC News. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
    5. ^ "LHC to run at 4 TeV per beam in 2012". Media and Press Relations (Press release). CERN. 13 February 2012.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    7. ^ O'Luanaigh, Cian. "Proton beams are back in the LHC". CERN. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
    8. ^ Rincon, Paul (3 June 2015). "Large Hadron Collider turns on 'data tap'". Retrieved 28 August 2015.
    9. ^ Webb, Jonathan (21 May 2015). "LHC smashes energy record with test collisions". Retrieved 28 August 2015.
    10. ^ "2022 Digital Media Kit: Higgs10, LHC Run 3 and restart". CERN. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
    11. ^ "Facts and figures about the LHC". CERN. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
    12. ^ "Time for lead collisions in the LHC". CERN. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
    13. ^ "Missing Higgs". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
    14. ^ "Towards a superforce". CERN. 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
     
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    11 September 1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system begins passenger service.

    Bay Area Rapid Transit

    Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes and 131 miles (211 kilometers) of track, including a 9-mile (14 km) spur line running to Antioch, which uses diesel multiple unit vehicles, and a 3-mile (4.8 km) automated guideway transit line serving Oakland International Airport. With an average of 160,400 weekday passengers as of the fourth quarter of 2023 and 48,119,400 annual passengers in 2023, BART is the seventh-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States.

    BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District which formed in 1957. The initial system opened in stages from 1972 to 1974. The system has been extended several times, most recently in 2020, when Milpitas and Berryessa/North San José stations opened as part of the under construction Silicon Valley BART extension in partnership with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA).[10]

    1. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
    2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
    3. ^ Fracassa, Dominic; McBride, Ashley (July 25, 2019). "BART selects Robert Powers as new general manager". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
    4. ^ "New Train Car Project". San Francisco Bay Area. December 29, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
    5. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference SystemFacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ "Sizing Trains for Safety and Efficiency" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
    7. ^ "BART unveils reimagined schedule starting in September aimed at increasing ridership" (Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit. August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
    8. ^ "BART – Car Types". Bay Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference OpsAnalysis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Glover, Julian (May 19, 2020). "BART announces service start date for long-awaited Milpitas, San Jose Berryessa stations". ABC7 News. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
     
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    11 September 1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system begins passenger service.

    Bay Area Rapid Transit

    Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes and 131 miles (211 kilometers) of track, including a 9-mile (14 km) spur line running to Antioch, which uses diesel multiple unit vehicles, and a 3-mile (4.8 km) automated guideway transit line serving Oakland International Airport. With an average of 160,400 weekday passengers as of the fourth quarter of 2023 and 48,119,400 annual passengers in 2023, BART is the seventh-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States.

    BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District which formed in 1957. The initial system opened in stages from 1972 to 1974. The system has been extended several times, most recently in 2020, when Milpitas and Berryessa/North San José stations opened as part of the under construction Silicon Valley BART extension in partnership with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA).[10]

    1. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
    2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
    3. ^ Fracassa, Dominic; McBride, Ashley (July 25, 2019). "BART selects Robert Powers as new general manager". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
    4. ^ "New Train Car Project". San Francisco Bay Area. December 29, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
    5. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference SystemFacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ "Sizing Trains for Safety and Efficiency" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 24, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
    7. ^ "BART unveils reimagined schedule starting in September aimed at increasing ridership" (Press release). Bay Area Rapid Transit. August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
    8. ^ "BART – Car Types". Bay Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
    9. ^ Cite error: The named reference OpsAnalysis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    10. ^ Glover, Julian (May 19, 2020). "BART announces service start date for long-awaited Milpitas, San Jose Berryessa stations". ABC7 News. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
     
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    12 September 1977 – South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko dies in police custody.

    Steve Biko

    Bantu Stephen Biko OMSG (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. His ideas were articulated in a series of articles published under the pseudonym Frank Talk.

    Raised in a poor Xhosa family, Biko grew up in Ginsberg township in the Eastern Cape. In 1966, he began studying medicine at the University of Natal, where he joined the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). Strongly opposed to the apartheid system of racial segregation and white-minority rule in South Africa, Biko was frustrated that NUSAS and other anti-apartheid groups were dominated by white liberals, rather than by the blacks who were most affected by apartheid. He believed that well-intentioned white liberals failed to comprehend the black experience and often acted in a paternalistic manner. He developed the view that to avoid white domination, black people had to organise independently, and to this end he became a leading figure in the creation of the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) in 1968. Membership was open only to "blacks", a term that Biko used in reference not just to Bantu-speaking Africans but also to Coloureds and Indians. He was careful to keep his movement independent of white liberals, but opposed anti-white hatred and had white friends. The white-minority National Party government were initially supportive, seeing SASO's creation as a victory for apartheid's ethos of racial separatism.

    Influenced by the Martinican philosopher Frantz Fanon and the African-American Black Power movement, Biko and his compatriots developed Black Consciousness as SASO's official ideology. The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage and a socialist economy. It organised Black Community Programmes (BCPs) and focused on the psychological empowerment of black people. Biko believed that black people needed to rid themselves of any sense of racial inferiority, an idea he expressed by popularizing the slogan "black is beautiful". In 1972, he was involved in founding the Black People's Convention (BPC) to promote Black Consciousness ideas among the wider population. The government came to see Biko as a subversive threat and placed him under a banning order in 1973, severely restricting his activities. He remained politically active, helping organise BCPs such as a healthcare centre and a crèche in the Ginsberg area. During his ban he received repeated anonymous threats, and was detained by state security services on several occasions. Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was beaten to death by state security officers. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral.

    Biko's fame spread posthumously. He became the subject of numerous songs and works of art, while a 1978 biography by his friend Donald Woods formed the basis for the 1987 film Cry Freedom. During Biko's life, the government alleged that he hated whites, various anti-apartheid activists accused him of sexism, and African racial nationalists criticised his united front with Coloureds and Indians. Nonetheless, Biko became one of the earliest icons of the movement against apartheid, and is regarded as a political martyr and the "Father of Black Consciousness". His political legacy remains a matter of contention.

     
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    13 September 1979 – South Africa grants independence to the "homeland" of Venda (not recognised outside South Africa).

    Venda

    Venda (/ˈvɛndə/ VEN-də) or Tswetla, officially the Republic of Venda (Venda: Riphabuliki ya Venḓa; Afrikaans: Republiek van Venda), was a Bantustan in northern South Africa. It was fairly close to the South African border with Zimbabwe to the north, while, to the south and east, it shared a long border with another black homeland, Gazankulu. It is now part of the Limpopo province. Venda was founded by the South African government as a homeland for the Venda people, speakers of the Venda language.[4] The United Nations and international community refused to recognise Venda (or any other Bantustan) as an independent state.

    1. ^ a b c Chapter 2, Section 6, Republic of Venda Constitution Act 1979 "Luvenda, English and Afrikaans shall be the official languages of the Republic of Venda"
    2. ^ Sally Frankental; Owen Sichone (1 January 2005). South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-57607-674-3. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference BSTNdist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ Lahiff, p. 55.
     
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    14 September 1846Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese palace court.

    Kot massacre

    The Kot massacre (Nepali: कोत पर्व) took place on 14 September 1846 when then Kaji Jang Bahadur Kunwar and his brothers killed about 30-40 civil, military officers and palace guards of the Nepalese palace court including the Prime Minister of Nepal and a relative of the King, Chautariya Fateh Jung Shah and other senior-most ministers and army generals at the palace armory (Kot) of Hanuman Dhoka in Kathmandu.

    The Kot meeting was called upon by Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi after the same night murder of her confidante Kaji Gagan Singh Bhandari while performing worship at his prayer room. The Kot meeting turned ugly and eventually, the Jang brothers and their supporters led an open court full-fledged assault on all rival participants in the meeting. This massacre led to the loss of power of political clans such as Chautariyas, Pandes, Thapas, and Basnyats and that of King Rajendra Bikram Shah and Queen Rajya Laxmi Devi and ultimately the establishment of the Rana autocracy in Nepal.

     
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    15 September 1974Air Vietnam Flight 706 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.

    Air Vietnam Flight 706

    Air Vietnam Flight 706 was a Boeing 727 that crashed on September 15, 1974 after three hijackers detonated hand grenades as it was approaching Phan Rang Air Base in South Vietnam for an emergency landing. All 67 passengers and 8 crew members aboard the aircraft were killed in the crash.

     
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    16 September 1955 – A Zulu-class submarine becomes the first to launch a ballistic missile.

    Zulu-class submarine

    The Soviet Navy's Project 611 (NATO reporting name: Zulu class) were one of the first Soviet post-Second-World-War attack submarines. They were similarly capable to the American GUPPY fleet-boat conversions. They were a contemporary of the Whiskey-class submarines and shared a similar sonar arrangement. Like most conventional submarines designed 1946–1960, their design was influenced by the German World War II Type XXI U-boat.[1]

    The first few boats of the class were equipped with twin 57mm and twin 25mm anti-aircraft guns and no snorkels, although the guns were removed and snorkels added soon after the boats entered service.[2][3] Six were converted in 1956 to become the world's first ballistic missile submarines, one armed with a single R-11FM Scud missile and five others with two Scuds each. They were designated as Project AV 611 and received the NATO reporting name of Zulu V. The missiles were too long to be contained in the boat's hull, and extended into the enlarged sail. To be fired, the submarine had to surface and raise the missile out of the sail. Soviet submarine B-67 successfully launched a missile on 16 September 1955.[4]

    The Zulus were the basis for the very successful Foxtrot-class submarine, which lent their hull to the Golf class of ballistic missile submarine.

    Twenty-six boats were built overall, entering service from 1952 to 1957, 8 of them in Leningrad and 18 in Severodvinsk. Their names were initially B-61 through B-82 and B-88 through B-91, with most renamed in the 1970s or 1980s.[5] The class received the NATO reporting names Zulu I through Zulu V, the last referring to the five converted missile-firing submarines (excluding the prototype). It is unclear from references how many of each subclass were built.[3][6] Most were repurposed for non-combat purposes before being destroyed.

    1. ^ Sean Maloney, 'To Secure Command of the Sea,' University of New Brunswick thesis 1991, p. 315
    2. ^ Polmar & Moore, p. 30
    3. ^ a b Friedman, p. 398
    4. ^ Polmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010). Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129. Naval Institute Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781591146902. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
    5. ^ "Large submarines – Project 611". Retrieved 19 December 2014.
    6. ^ "611". Retrieved 19 December 2014.
     
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    17 September 1978 – The Camp David Accords are signed by Israel and Egypt.

    Camp David Accords

    The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978,[1] following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland.[2] The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (A Framework for Peace in the Middle East), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without participation of the Palestinians and was condemned by the United Nations.

     
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    18 September 2014 – Scotland votes against independence from the United Kingdom, by 55% to 45%.

    2014 Scottish independence referendum

    A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014.[1] The referendum question was, "Should Scotland be an independent country?", which voters answered with "Yes" or "No".[2] The "No" side won with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour. The turnout of 84.6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the January 1910 general election, which was held before the introduction of universal suffrage.

    The Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 set out the arrangements for the referendum and was passed by the Scottish Parliament in November 2013, following an agreement between the devolved Scottish government and the Government of the United Kingdom. The independence proposal required a simple majority to pass. All European Union (EU) or Commonwealth citizens residing in Scotland age 16 or over could vote, with some exceptions, which produced a total electorate of almost 4,300,000 people. This was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include 16- and 17-year-olds in Scotland.

    Yes Scotland was the main campaign group for independence, while Better Together was the main campaign group in favour of maintaining the union. Many other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, newspapers, and prominent individuals were also involved. Prominent issues raised during the referendum included what currency an independent Scotland would use, public expenditure, EU membership, and North Sea oil. An exit poll revealed that retention of the pound sterling was the deciding factor for those who voted No, while "disaffection with Westminster politics" was the deciding factor for those who voted Yes.[3]

    1. ^ "Scottish independence: Referendum to be held on 18 September, 2014". BBC News. BBC. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
    2. ^ "Scottish independence referendum – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference AshcroftExitPoll was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    18 September 2014 – Scotland votes against independence from the United Kingdom, by 55% to 45%.

    2014 Scottish independence referendum

    A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014.[1] The referendum question was, "Should Scotland be an independent country?", which voters answered with "Yes" or "No".[2] The "No" side won with 2,001,926 (55.3%) voting against independence and 1,617,989 (44.7%) voting in favour. The turnout of 84.6% was the highest recorded for an election or referendum in the United Kingdom since the January 1910 general election, which was held before the introduction of universal suffrage.

    The Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 set out the arrangements for the referendum and was passed by the Scottish Parliament in November 2013, following an agreement between the devolved Scottish government and the Government of the United Kingdom. The independence proposal required a simple majority to pass. All European Union (EU) or Commonwealth citizens residing in Scotland age 16 or over could vote, with some exceptions, which produced a total electorate of almost 4,300,000 people. This was the first time that the electoral franchise was extended to include 16- and 17-year-olds in Scotland.

    Yes Scotland was the main campaign group for independence, while Better Together was the main campaign group in favour of maintaining the union. Many other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, newspapers, and prominent individuals were also involved. Prominent issues raised during the referendum included what currency an independent Scotland would use, public expenditure, EU membership, and North Sea oil. An exit poll revealed that retention of the pound sterling was the deciding factor for those who voted No, while "disaffection with Westminster politics" was the deciding factor for those who voted Yes.[3]

    1. ^ "Scottish independence: Referendum to be held on 18 September, 2014". BBC News. BBC. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
    2. ^ "Scottish independence referendum – GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference AshcroftExitPoll was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
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    19 September 1796George Washington's Farewell Address is printed across America as an open letter to the public.

    George Washington's Farewell Address

    Washington's Farewell Address[1] is a letter written by President George Washington as a valedictory to "friends and fellow-citizens" after 20 years of public service to the United States.[2] He wrote it near the end of the second term of his presidency before retiring to his home at Mount Vernon in Virginia.

    The letter was first published as The Address of Gen. Washington to the People of America on His Declining the Presidency of the United States in Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796, about ten weeks before the presidential electors cast their votes in the 1796 election. In it, he writes about the importance of national unity while warning Americans of the political dangers of regionalism, partisanship and foreign influence, which they must avoid to remain true to their values.[3] It was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers around the country, and later in pamphlet form.[4]

    The first draft was originally prepared by James Madison in June 1792, as Washington contemplated retiring at the end of his first term in office.[5] However, he set it aside and ran for a second term because of heated disputes between Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson which convinced Washington that the growing tensions would rip apart the country without his leadership. This included the state of foreign affairs, and divisions between the newly formed Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.[6]

    As his second term came to a close four years later, Washington prepared a revision of the original letter with the help of Hamilton to write a new farewell address to announce his intention to decline a third term in office. He reflects on the emerging issues of the American political landscape in 1796, expresses his support for the government eight years after the adoption of the Constitution, defends his administration's record, and gives valedictory advice to the American people. The letter also attempted to reunite the country, which had partly turned against Washington following the controversial 1794 Jay Treaty.[7][8][9]

    1. ^ "Handwritten, allegedly original copy of George Washington's Farewell Address at the New York Public Library". digitalcollections.nypl.org. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
    2. ^ Washington, George (September 17, 1796). Washington's Farewell Address  – via Wikisource.
    3. ^ Pruitt, Sarah (February 18, 2020). "George Washington Warned Against Political Infighting in His Farewell Address". History. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
    4. ^ "Religion and the Founding of the American Republic". Loc.gov. October 27, 2003. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2009.Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress.
    5. ^ "Washington's Farewell Address". University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia: Papers of George Washington. January 11, 2016. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
    6. ^ Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1995). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–499. ISBN 978-0-19-509381-0. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
    7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Farewell Address was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    8. ^ ""Impeach President Washington!"". www.americanheritage.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
    9. ^ "Press Attacks". www.mountvernon.org. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.
     
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    20 September 2011 – The United States military ends its "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, allowing gay men and women to serve openly for the first time.

    Don't ask, don't tell

    "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy on military service of non-heterosexual people. Instituted during the Clinton administration, the policy was issued under Department of Defense Directive 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011.[1] The policy prohibited military personnel from discriminating against or harassing closeted homosexual or bisexual service members or applicants, while barring openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual persons from military service. This relaxation of legal restrictions on service by gays and lesbians in the armed forces was mandated by Public Law 103–160 (Title 10 of the United States Code §654), which was signed November 30, 1993.[2] The policy prohibited people who "demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts" from serving in the armed forces of the United States, because their presence "would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability".[3]

    The act prohibited any non-heterosexual person from disclosing their sexual orientation or from speaking about any same-sex relationships, including marriages or other familial attributes, while serving in the United States armed forces. The act specified that service members who disclose that they are homosexual or engage in homosexual conduct should be separated (discharged) except when a service member's conduct was "for the purpose of avoiding or terminating military service" or when it "would not be in the best interest of the armed forces".[4] Since DADT ended in 2011, persons who are openly homosexual and bisexual have been able to serve.[5]

    The "don't ask" section of the DADT policy specified that superiors should not initiate an investigation of a service member's orientation without witnessing disallowed behaviors. However, evidence of homosexual behavior deemed credible could be used to initiate an investigation. Unauthorized investigations and harassment of suspected servicemen and women led to an expansion of the policy to "don't ask, don't tell, don't pursue, don't harass".[6]

    Beginning in the early 2000s, several legal challenges to DADT were filed, and legislation to repeal DADT was enacted in December 2010, specifying that the policy would remain in place until the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff certified that repeal would not harm military readiness, followed by a 60-day waiting period.[7] A July 6, 2011, ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U.S. military's ban on openly gay service members.[8] President Barack Obama, Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen sent that certification to Congress on July 22, 2011, which set the end of DADT to September 20, 2011.[9]

    Even with DADT repealed, the legal definition of marriage as being one man and one woman under the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) meant that, although same-sex partners could get married, their marriage was not recognized by the federal government. This barred partners from access to the same benefits afforded to heterosexual couples such as base access, health care, and United States military pay, including family separation allowance and Basic Allowance for Housing with dependents.[10] The Department of Defense attempted to open some of the benefits that were not restricted by DOMA,[11] but the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor (2013) made these efforts unnecessary.[12]

    1. ^ "Department of Defense Directive 1304.26". Retrieved September 11, 2013.
    2. ^ "Gays in the Military". Retrieved September 11, 2013.
    3. ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654(b)
    4. ^ 10 U.S.C. § 654(e)
    5. ^ "Army Regulation 40-501, Standards of Medical Fitness, Chapters 2-27n and 3–35" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
    6. ^ "The Legal Brief "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass: Reference (a): Personnel Manual, COMDTINST M1000.6, Ch. 12.E"" (PDF). United States Coast Guard Ninth District Legal Office. May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
    7. ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (December 22, 2010). "Obama Signs Away 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
    8. ^ "In reversal, federal court orders immediate end to 'don't ask, don't tell' policy". The Washington Post. Associated Press. July 6, 2011. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
    9. ^ "Obama certifies end of military's gay ban". NBC News. Reuters. July 22, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
    10. ^ "Extending Benefits to Same-Sex Domestic Partners of Military Members" (PDF). U.S. Army. February 11, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2022.
    11. ^ "DD Form X653". reginfo.gov. August 20, 2013.
    12. ^ "DoD Announces Extension of Equal Benefits for Same-Sex Military Spouses". AMPA The American Military Partner Association. August 14, 2013.
     
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    21 September 1999 – The Chi-Chi earthquake occurs in central Taiwan, leaving about 2,400 people dead.

    1999 Jiji earthquake

    The Chi-Chi earthquake[4][5][6][7][8][9] (later also known as the Jiji earthquake[a] or the great earthquake of September 21[b]), was a 7.3 ML or 7.7 Mw earthquake which occurred in Jiji (Chi-Chi), Nantou County, Taiwan on Tuesday, 21 September 1999 at 01:47:12 local time.[2] 2,415 people were killed, 11,305 injured, and NT$300 billion worth of damage was done. It is the second-deadliest earthquake in Taiwan's recorded history, after the 1935 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake.

    Rescue groups from around the world joined local relief workers and the Taiwanese military in digging out survivors, clearing rubble, restoring essential services and distributing food and other aid to the more than 100,000 people made homeless by the quake. The disaster, dubbed the "Quake of the Century" by the local media, had a profound effect on the economy of the island and the consciousness of the people, and dissatisfaction with government's performance in reacting to it was said by some commentators to be a factor in the unseating of the ruling Kuomintang party in the 2000 presidential election.[citation needed]

    1. ^ a b "Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
    2. ^ a b "M 7.7 – Taiwan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
    3. ^ Cite error: The named reference IDA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ "Taiwan earthquake of 1999". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2019. Taiwan earthquake of 1999, also called 1999 Chi Chi earthquake, earthquake that began at 1:47 am local time on Sept. 21, 1999, below an epicentre 93 miles (150 km) south of Taipei, Taiwan.
    5. ^ "About the Conference". ChiChi20. Retrieved 21 September 2019. The International Conference in Commemoration of 20th Anniversary of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake will be held in Taipei, Taiwan from September 15th to September 19th, 2019.
    6. ^ Wen-Hsien Li; Chi-Hung Lee; Ma-Hsuan Ma; Ping Jung Huang; Sheng Yun Wu (2019). "Fault Dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake: clues from nanometric geochemical analysis of fault gouges". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 5683. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.5683L. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42028-w. PMC 6451003. PMID 30952874. Here, we report on the results of studies made on the fault dynamics of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake (Mw 7.6) through identifications of the changes in the grain-morphology and chemical composition resulting from fault movement.
    7. ^ 慈濟人道救援國際肯定 顏博文多國研討會分享. 蕃新聞 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019. 慈濟基金會響應防災政策,顏博文執行長以全英文發表「Tzu Chi Disaster Relief Model In 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake」。
    8. ^ Lin Chia-nan (28 March 2019). "Study on crustal changes after 921 quake unveiled". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019. The team detailed their findings in a paper titled "Lower-crustal rheology and thermal gradient in the Taiwan orogenic belt illuminated by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake" which was published in the journal Science Advances.
    9. ^ "2000 Year In Review; 2002 Year in Review". 1999. pp. 52, 53, 92 – via Internet Archive. Kao, H., and Chen, W.-P., 2000, The Chi-Chi earthquake sequence: Active out-of-sequeence thrust faulting in Taiwan: Science, 288: 2346-2349


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    22 September 1980 – Iraq invades Iran.

    Iraqi invasion of Iran

    The Iraqi invasion of Iran began on 22 September 1980, sparking the Iran–Iraq War, and lasted until 5 December 1980. Iraq attacked under the impression that Iran would not be able to respond effectively due to internal socio-political turmoil caused by the country's Islamic Revolution one year earlier. However, Iraqi troops became increasingly bogged down in the face of fierce Iranian resistance, which greatly stalled their advance into western Iran. In just over two months, the invasion was brought to a halt, but not before Iraq had managed to occupy more than 25,900 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Iranian territory.[4]

    On 10 September 1980, Iraq, hoping to take advantage of a weakened Iran's consolidation of the Islamic Revolution, forcibly reclaimed territories in Zain al-Qaws and Saïf Saad; these had been promised to Iraq under the terms of the 1975 Algiers Agreement, but were never actually transferred. Both Iran and Iraq later declared the treaty as null and void, doing so on 14 September and 17 September, respectively. As a result, the only outstanding dispute along the Iran–Iraq border at the time of the Iraqi invasion on 22 September was the question of whether Iranian ships would fly Iraqi flags and pay navigation fees to Iraq while sailing through a stretch of the Shatt al-Arab[e] spanning several kilometres.[12][13] On 22 September, Iraqi aircraft pre-emptively bombarded ten Iranian airfields in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to gain aerial superiority on the battlefield. On the next day, Iraqi troops crossed the international border in strength and advanced into Iran in three simultaneous thrusts along a front of approximately 644 kilometres (400 mi). Of Iraq's six divisions that were invading by land, four were sent to Iran's oil-rich Khuzestan in order to cut off Iranian access to the Shatt al-Arab and establish a territorial security zone.[14]

    Iraqi president Saddam Hussein presented the invasion as a strategically defensive measure to blunt the edge of Iranian politician Ruhollah Khomeini, who had risen to power as Iran's "Supreme Leader" and was attempting to export the Islamic Revolution to the Arab world. Saddam, as a secularist and an Arab nationalist, perceived Iran's Shia Islamism as an immediate and existential threat to his Ba'ath Party and thereby to Iraqi society as a whole.[15] The Iraqi government sought to take control of the entire Shatt al-Arab in a rapid and decisive military campaign, believing that Iraq's victory in the broader conflict would humiliate Iran and lead to Khomeini's downfall, or, at the very least, thwart the new Iranian government's attempts to spread Khomeinism throughout the Muslim world.[16][17][18][19] Saddam had also aspired to annex Khuzestan and saw the Islamic Revolution as an opportunity to do so, seeking to increase his country's prestige and power in the Arab world.[19][20] To this end, his administration hoped that Iraq, as an Arab-majority country, could successfully exploit Arab separatism in Khuzestan to undermine Iran from within. In practice, these objectives failed to materialize and the majority of Iranian Arabs were indifferent to the pan-Arabism espoused by Iraq's Ba'athists.[16]

    1. ^ Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (3 August 2009). Historical Dictionary of Terrorism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8.
    2. ^ "روایت تنها بازمانده "دژ" خرمشهر از سقوط تا آزادی". Farda News. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
    3. ^ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (4 September 2014). The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107062290.
    4. ^ a b Hiro, Dilip (1 February 2019). Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-005022-1.
    5. ^ Pollack, p, 186
    6. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh, 305 (2011)
    7. ^ Pollack, p. 187
    8. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh, 304 (2011)
    9. ^ "The state of the air combat readiness of Iran ... • corporal_historian_23". Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
    10. ^ Pollack, p. 186
    11. ^ a b Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 147,149. ISBN 978-0674915718.
    12. ^ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'". The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63 (e-book, page numbers approximate). ISBN 9781107062290. On 7 September 1980, Iraq accused Iran of shelling Iraqi villages in the territories of Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad on 4 September 1980. Iraq demanded that the Iranian forces in those territories evacuate and return the villages to Iraq. Tehran gave no reply. Iraqi forces then moved to 'liberate' the villages, and on 10 September announced that its forces had done so in a short, sharp military engagement. ... On 14 September 1980, Iran announced it would no longer abide by the 1975 Algiers Agreement. Given the scene that was set, it was no surprise that on 17 September, five days before the invasion, Iraq declared the accords null and void. ... On 22 September, Iraqi units crossed the frontier.
    13. ^ Makiya, Kanan (1998). Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 270. ISBN 9780520921245. There remains the issue of sovereignty over Shatt al-Arab. ... Granted that this might have been a genuine motive for abrogating the 1975 treaty, and reclaiming title to the whole Shatt, what was the point of the invasion on September 22? Iraq had taken back by unilateral action on September 10 the only strips of territory it still claimed under the treaty. There was no longer any 'territory' as such on the other side to conquer. The Ba'th had already followed the Shah's example of 1971 when he unilaterally took over the three islands in the Gulf.
    14. ^ Karsh, Efraim (25 April 2002). The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-1841763712.
    15. ^ Cruze, Gregory S. (Spring 1988). "Iran and Iraq: Perspectives in Conflict". Military Reports. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
    16. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference efraimkarsh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    17. ^ Malovany, Pesach (2017). Wars of Modern Babylon: A History of the Iraqi Army from 1921 to 2003. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813169439.
    18. ^ Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088634.
    19. ^ a b Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). The Iran-Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781107062290.
    20. ^ Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'". The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62 (e-book, page numbers approximate). ISBN 9781107062290. Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further.


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    23 September 1845 – The Knickerbockers Baseball Club, the first baseball team to play under the modern rules, is founded in New York.

    New York Knickerbockers

    The New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams which played under a set of rules similar to the game today. Founded as the "Knickerbocker Base Ball Club" by Alexander Cartwright in 1845, the team remained active until the early 1870s.[1]

    In 1851, the New York Knickerbockers wore the first ever recorded baseball uniforms.[2]

    1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference hickok was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "History Of Baseball Uniforms In The Major Leagues". interpret.co.za. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2008-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
     
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    24 September 1960USS Enterprise, the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, is launched.

    USS Enterprise (CVN-65)

    USS Enterprise (CVN-65), formerly CVA(N)-65, is a decommissioned[12] United States Navy aircraft carrier. In 1958, she was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and the eighth United States naval vessel to bear the name. Like her predecessor of World War II fame, she is nicknamed "Big E". At 1,123 feet (342 m),[4][5] she is the longest naval vessel ever built and the only ship of a class that was originally planned to have five other ships. Her 93,284-long-ton (94,781 t)[3] displacement ranks her class as the third largest carrier class, after the Nimitz class and the Gerald R. Ford class. Enterprise had a crew of some 4,600 service members.[6]

    Enterprise[13] was, at the time of inactivation, the third-oldest commissioned vessel in the United States Navy after the wooden-hulled USS Constitution and USS Pueblo.[14] She was inactivated on 1 December 2012,[15] and officially decommissioned on 3 February 2017,[16][17] after over 55 years of service.[18][19] She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day.[20] The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN-80).[21][22]

    1. ^ USS Enterprise: The Legend, US: Navy, archived from the original on 1 March 2013
    2. ^ Jane's American fighting ships of the 20th century, New York: Mallard Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7924-5626-2
    3. ^ a b c Naval Vessel Register - Enterprise (CVN-65), US: Navy
    4. ^ a b King, Jared M.; USS Enterprise Public Affairs (1 December 2010). "Navy's second oldest commissioned ship turns 49". Military News. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
    5. ^ a b "USS Enterprise Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier", Military today, archived from the original on 23 July 2011
    6. ^ a b "Facts & Stats", Enterprise, US: Navy, archived from the original on 2 May 2012, retrieved 13 April 2012
    7. ^ Cracknell, p. 56: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armoured flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprise's flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armoured hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."
    8. ^ "Enterprise class nuclear powered attack aircraft carriers", Haze gray
    9. ^ a b "USS Enterprise". naval-technology.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference janes2000-p798 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ "Evolution of the Aircraft Carrier". navylive.dodlive.mil. 12 April 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
    12. ^ http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_CVN_65.HTML
    13. ^ US Navy. "Welcome to Navy Forces Online Public Sites". Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
    14. ^ House and Senate Armed Services Committees agree FY 2010 Navy shipbuilding authorization, Defpro, 10 October 2009, archived from the original on 17 July 2011
    15. ^ "FY13 Projected Ship Inactivation Schedule". Bureau of Naval Personnel. March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
    16. ^ Vergakis, Brock. "Navy to give final farewell to aircraft carrier USS Enterprise". Archived from the original on 25 January 2017.
    17. ^ Brad Lendon. "Carrier turns donor: USS Enterprise gives anchor to USS Lincoln". CNN.com. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
    18. ^ "USS Enterprise (CVN 65) Official Web Site". Public.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
    19. ^ "World's First Nuclear-powered Aircraft Carrier, the Big E, makes final voyage". foxnews.com, 10 March 2012.
    20. ^ This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here.
    21. ^ USS Enterprise (CVN-65) – Official Facebook Page, Navy, 1 December 2012, retrieved 1 December 2012
    22. ^ USS Enterprise Public Affairs. "Enterprise, Navy's First Nuclear-Powered Aircraft Carrier, Inactivated". Navy.mil. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
     
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    25 September 1956TAT-1, the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system, is inaugurated.

    TAT-1

    Routes under study in early 1956

    TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Kerrera, Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland.[1] Two cables were laid between 1955 and 1956 with one cable for each direction.[1] It was inaugurated on September 25, 1956.[2] The cable was able to carry 35 simultaneous telephone calls.[3] A 36th channel was used to carry up to 22 telegraph lines.[3]

    1. ^ a b "Specimen of the first transatlantic telephone cable, 1956". The Science Museum. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
    2. ^ Bill Burns. "History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications". Atlantic-Cable.com. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
    3. ^ a b Bill Ray (14 October 2013). "TAT-1: Call the cable guy, all I see is a beautiful beach". The Register. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
     
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    26 September 2014 – A mass kidnapping occurs in Iguala, Mexico.

    2014 Iguala mass kidnapping

     
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    26 September 2014 – A mass kidnapping occurs in Iguala, Mexico.

    2014 Iguala mass kidnapping

     
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    27 September 1998 – The Google internet search engine retroactively claims this date as its birthday

    Google

    Eric Schmidt, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page sitting together
    Then Chairman and CEO Eric Schmidt (left) with co-founders Sergey Brin (center) and Larry Page (right) in 2008

    Google LLC (/ˈɡɡəl/ , GOO-ghəl) is an American multinational corporation and technology company focusing on online advertising, search engine technology, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence (AI).[9] It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world"[10] and as one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the field of AI.[11][12][13] Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. is one of the five Big Tech companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.

    Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by American computer scientists Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of its stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's internet properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]

    The company has since rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and services beyond Google Search, many of which hold dominant market positions. These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail), navigation (Waze & Maps), cloud computing (Cloud), web browsing (Chrome), video sharing (YouTube), productivity (Workspace), operating systems (Android), cloud storage (Drive), language translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), video calling (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch & Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video on demand (YouTube TV), AI (Google Assistant & Gemini), machine learning APIs (TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Discontinued Google products include gaming (Stadia), Glass, Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus, Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[15][16]

    Google's other ventures outside of Internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer models (Google Deepmind).[17]

    Google and YouTube are the two most visited websites worldwide followed by Facebook and X (formerly known as Twitter). Google is also the largest search engine, mapping and navigation application, email provider, office suite, video sharing platform, photo and cloud storage provider, mobile operating system, web browser, ML framework, and AI virtual assistant provider in the world as measured by market share.[18] On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by Forbes[19] and fourth by Interbrand.[20] It has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search neutrality, antitrust and abuse of its monopoly position.

    1. ^ Fitzpatrick, Alex (September 4, 2014). "Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search'". Time.
    2. ^ "When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused?". The Telegraph. September 27, 2019. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022.
    3. ^ Griffin, Andrew (September 27, 2019). "Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle". The Independent.
    4. ^ Wray, Richard (September 5, 2008). "Happy birthday Google". The Guardian.
    5. ^ "Company – Google". January 16, 2015. Archived from the original on January 16, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
    6. ^ Claburn, Thomas (September 24, 2008). "Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!?". InformationWeek. UBM plc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
    7. ^ "Locations – Google Jobs". Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
    8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    9. ^ Condon, Stephanie (May 7, 2019). "Google I/O: From 'AI first' to AI working for everyone". ZDNet. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
    10. ^ Jack, Simon (November 21, 2017). "Google – powerful and responsible?". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
    11. ^ McCormick, Rich (June 2, 2016). "Elon Musk: There's only one AI company that worries me". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
    12. ^ "Justice Department Sues Monopolist Google For Violating Antitrust Laws". U.S. Department of Justice. October 20, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
    13. ^ "Land of the Giants: The Titans of Tech". CNN+. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
    14. ^ Feiner, Lauren (December 3, 2019). "Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over". CNBC. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
    15. ^ Brady, Heather; Kirk, Chris (March 15, 2013). "The Google Graveyard". Slate. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
    16. ^ Booker, Logan (March 17, 2013). "Google Graveyard Does Exist". gizmodo. Archived from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
    17. ^ "Inside X, Google's top-secret moonshot factory". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
    18. ^ Hanief, Mohammad (April 7, 2023). "How Google has made our life easy". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
    19. ^ Swant, Marty. "The World's Valuable Brands". Forbes. Retrieved January 19, 2022.
    20. ^ "Best Global Brands". Interbrand. Retrieved March 7, 2011.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  40. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

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    28 September 1924 – The first aerial circumnavigation is completed by a team from the US Army.

    First aerial circumnavigation

    The aircraft shown here, Chicago, led the first round the world flight in 1924.

    The first aerial circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1924 by four aviators from an eight-man team of the United States Army Air Service, the precursor of the United States Air Force. The 175-day journey covered over 26,345 miles (42,398 km). The team generally traveled east to west, around the northern-Pacific Rim, through to South Asia and Europe and back to the United States. Airmen Lowell H. Smith and Leslie P. Arnold, and Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr. made the trip in two single-engined open-cockpit Douglas World Cruisers (DWC) configured as floatplanes for most of the journey. Four more flyers in two additional DWC began the journey but their aircraft crashed or were forced down. All airmen survived.

    In 1930, Australian Charles Kingsford Smith with a team of three others completed the first circumnavigation of the world by flight traversing both hemispheres, by including the first trans-Pacific flight, from the US to Australia, two years earlier, in 1928. Kingsford Smith flew a Fokker F.VIIb/3m trimotor monoplane in a series of non-continuous legs over almost two years.

     

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