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NewsBot · Jul 10, 2021

11 July 2006 – Mumbai train bombings: Two hundred nine people are killed in a series of bomb attacks in Mumbai, India.

2006 Mumbai train bombings

2006 terrorist attack on the Mumbai Suburban Railway

The 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of seven bomb blasts on 11 July. They took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai, the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the nation's financial capital. The bombs were set off in pressure cookers on trains plying on the Western Line Suburban Section of the Mumbai Division of Western Railway. The blasts killed 209 people and injured over 700 more.

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NewsBot · Jul 11, 2021

12 July 2007 – U.S. Army Apache helicopters engage in airstrikes against armed insurgents in Baghdad, Iraq, where civilians are killed; footage from the cockpit is later leaked to the Internet

July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike

Series of air-to-ground attacks conducted in New Baghdad during the Iraqi insurgency

The July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike was a series of air-to-ground attacks conducted by a team of two U.S. AH-64 Apache helicopters in Al-Amin al-Thaniyah, New Baghdad during the Iraqi insurgency which followed the Iraq War. On April 5, 2010, the attacks received worldwide coverage and controversy following the release of 39 minutes of gunsight footage by the Internet whistleblower website WikiLeaks. The footage was portrayed as classified,^[7] but the individual who leaked it, U.S. Army soldier Chelsea Manning, testified in 2013 that the video was not classified.^[8] The video, which WikiLeaks titled Collateral Murder, showed the crew firing on a group of men and killing several of them, then laughing at some of the casualties, all of whom were civilians, including two Reuters journalists.^[15] An anonymous U.S. military official confirmed the authenticity of the footage,^[16] which provoked global discussion on the legality and morality of the attacks.
In the first strike, the crews of two Apaches directed 30 mm cannon fire at a group of ten unarmed Iraqi men, standing where insurgents earlier that day had shot at an American Humvee with small arms fire. Among the group were two Iraqi war correspondents working for Reuters, Saeed Chmagh and Namir Noor-Eldeen. Seven men (including Noor-Eldeen) were killed during this first strike; Saeed Chmagh, who was injured, later died in a hospital.
The second strike, also using 30 mm rounds, was directed at a van whose driver, Saleh Matasher Tomal, appeared to happen to drive by and who proceeded to help the wounded Chmagh. However, in the long version of the video this van was targeted prior to the first engagement by one Apache (Crazyhorse 1/8) as it traveled south toward the Reuters employees who were, simultaneously, targeted by the other Apache (Crazyhorse 1/9) as they walked north on the same road toward the van. Minutes after the first engagement ended the van returned traveling in an opposite direction (north) once again on this same road. Two men assisting in the rescue effort were from a group of five standing at an intersection – seen in the upper right corner of the video when the Reuters employees arrive in the courtyard – reported to Apaches as being a second position combatants were using to attack the Humvee. Both of these men, Chmagh and Tomal, were killed in the second strike, and two of Tomal's children were badly wounded.
In a third strike, Apache pilots watched people, including some armed men, run into a building and engaged that building with several AGM-114 Hellfire missiles.

^ Cite error: The named reference nytimes20100726 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ Cite error: The named reference NYT20100505_Bumiller was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ Cite error: The named reference NewYorker-Nosecrets was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ Keller, Bill (January 26, 2011). "Dealing With Assange and the WikiLeaks Secrets" (adapted from introduction to the book Open Secrets). New York Times. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.

^ "Iraq war files: Apache Hellfire victims". Channel 4. October 22, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

^ "US soldier on aftermath of WikiLeaks Apache attack". BBC. October 28, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.

^ Leaked U.S. video shows deaths of Reuters' Iraqi staffers Archived November 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Reuters.

^ O'Brien, Alexa (February 28, 2013). "Notes from the Courtroom: Alexa O'Brien's Transcript of Pfc. Manning's Providence Inquiry". sparrowmedia.net. The Sparrow Project. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.

^ Thakur, Ramesh (2016). "International Criminal Justice". The United Nations, Peace and Security. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–133. ISBN 9781107176942. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ "Bradley Manning Convicted for Classified U.S. Document Leaks". Historic Documents of 2013. Los Angeles/London: SAGE Publishing. 2014. p. 365. ISBN 9781483347868. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ "US military video showing 2007 Apache attack on Iraqi civilians released". The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. April 5, 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ Bamat, Joseph (April 6, 2010). "Leaked video shows US military killing of civilians, Reuters staff". France 24. Paris: France Médias Monde. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ Morris, Alex (August 30, 2012). "Permission to Engage: WikiLeaks collateral murder footage examined". London: The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ "US soldier linked to Iraq helicopter video leak charged". BBC News. BBC. July 6, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

^ ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

^ Cite error: The named reference Reuters: leaked video was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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NewsBot · Jul 12, 2021

13 July 2011 – Mumbai is rocked by three bomb blasts during the evening rush hour, killing 26 and injuring 130.

2011 Mumbai bombings

2011 coordinated terrorist attacks in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

The 2011 Mumbai bombings were a series of three coordinated bomb explosions at different locations in Mumbai, India, on 13 July 2011 between 18:54 and 19:06 IST.^[5] The blasts occurred at the Opera House, at Zaveri Bazaar and at Dadar West localities,^[6] leaving 26 killed and 130 injured.^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ Three blasts in Mumbai, thirteen dead, 81 injured, NDTV, archived from the original on 13 July 2011, retrieved 13 July 2011

^ ^a ^b Mumbai-blasts-Death-toll-rises-to-26, archived from the original on 5 September 2012, retrieved 30 July 2011

^ ^a ^b "Mumbai blasts: Death toll rises to 23". NDTV. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.

^ ^a ^b "Death toll in Mumbai terror blasts rises to 19". NDTV. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.

^ "Three blasts in Mumbai". NDTV 24x7. Retrieved 13 July 2011.

^ "3 bomb blasts in Mumbai; 8 killed, 70 injured". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.

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NewsBot · Jul 13, 2021

14 July 1933 – Nazi eugenics programme begins with the proclamation of the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring requiring the compulsory sterilization of any citizen who suffers from alleged genetic disorders

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

1933 compulsory sterilisation law in Nazi Germany

Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (German: Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses) or "Sterilisation Law" was a statute in Nazi Germany enacted on July 14, 1933, (and made active in January 1934)^[1] which allowed the compulsory sterilisation of any citizen who in the opinion of a "Genetic Health Court" (Erbgesundheitsgericht) suffered from a list of alleged genetic disorders – many of which were not, in fact, genetic. The elaborate interpretive commentary on the law was written by three dominant figures in the racial hygiene movement: Ernst Rüdin, Arthur Gütt and the lawyer Falk Ruttke. The law itself was based on the American Model Eugenical Sterilization Law developed by Harry H. Laughlin.

^ ... made active: IBM and the Holocaust, Edwin Black, 2001 Crown / Random House, p 93

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NewsBot · Jul 14, 2021

15 July 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by the Austrian police in Vienna.

July Revolt of 1927

1927 deadly riots in Vienna, First Austrian Republic

The July Revolt of 1927 (also known as the Vienna Palace of Justice fire, German: Wiener Justizpalastbrand) was a major riot starting on 15 July 1927 in the Austrian capital Vienna. It culminated with police forces firing into the outraged crowd, killing 89 protesters,^[1] while five policemen died. More than 600 protestors and around 600 policemen were injured.

^ Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (December 1996). The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey. HarperCollins. p. 260. ISBN 0-00-638255-X.

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NewsBot · Jul 15, 2021

16 July 1965 – The Mont Blanc Tunnel linking France and Italy opens.

Mont Blanc Tunnel

Highway tunnel underneath the Alps connecting France and Italy

Mont Blanc Tunnel in Italy

Mont Blanc Tunnel in France

Mont Blanc Tunnel in 2008

The Mont Blanc Tunnel is a highway tunnel between France and Italy, under the Mont Blanc mountain in the Alps. It links Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France with Courmayeur, Aosta Valley, Italy, via the French Route Nationale 205 and the Italian Traforo T1 (forming the European route E25), in particular the motorways serving Geneva (A40 of France) and Turin (A5 of Italy). The passageway is one of the major trans-Alpine transport routes, particularly for Italy, which relies on this tunnel for transporting as much as one-third of its freight to northern Europe. It reduces the route from France to Turin by 50 kilometres (30 miles) and to Milan by 100 km (60 mi). Northeast of Mont Blanc's summit, the tunnel is about 15 km (10 mi) southwest of the tripoint with Switzerland, near Mont Dolent.
The agreement between France and Italy on building a tunnel was signed in 1949. Two operating companies were founded, each responsible for one half of the tunnel: the French Autoroutes et tunnel du Mont-Blanc (ATMB), founded on 30 April 1958, and the Italian Società italiana per azioni per il Traforo del Monte Bianco (SITMB), founded on 1 September 1957.^[1] Drilling began in 1959 and was completed in 1962; the tunnel was opened to traffic on 19 July 1965.
The tunnel is 11.611 km (7.215 mi) in length, 8.6 m (28 ft) in width, and 4.35 m (14.3 ft) in height. The passageway is not horizontal, but in a slightly inverted "V", which assists ventilation. The tunnel consists of a single gallery with a two-lane dual direction road. At the time of its construction, it was three times longer than any existing highway tunnel.^[2]
The tunnel passes almost exactly under the summit of the Aiguille du Midi. At this spot, it lies 2,480 metres (8,140 ft) beneath the surface, making it the world's second deepest operational tunnel^[3] after the Gotthard Base Tunnel.
The Mont Blanc Tunnel was originally managed by the two building companies. Following a fire in 1999 in which 39 people died, which showed how lack of coordination could hamper the safety of the tunnel, all the operations are managed by a single entity: MBT-EEIG, controlled by both ATMB and SITMB together, through a 50–50 shares distribution.^[4]
An alternative route for road traffic between France to Italy is the Fréjus Road Tunnel. Road traffic grew steadily until 1994, even with the opening of the Fréjus tunnel. Since then, the combined traffic volume of the former has remained roughly constant.

^ Barry, Keith (15 July 2010). "July 16, 1965: Mont Blanc Tunnel Opens". Wired. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

^ Soule, Gardner (December 1959). "World's longest auto tunnel to pierce the Alps". Popular Science. pp. 121–123/236–238.

^ "Today in Science History". Retrieved 22 November 2014.

^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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NewsBot · Jul 16, 2021

17 July 1996 – TWA Flight 800: Off the coast of Long Island, New York, a Paris-bound TWA Boeing 747 explodes, killing all 230 on board.

TWA Flight 800

Flight that exploded and crashed in 1996 off the coast of New York

For the 1964 crash in Rome, see TWA Flight 800 (1964). For the documentary, see TWA Flight 800 (film).

Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA 800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31 p.m. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris.^[1]^:1 All 230 people on board died in the crash; it is the third-deadliest aviation accident in U.S. history. Accident investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) traveled to the scene, arriving the following morning^[1]^:313 amid speculation that a terrorist attack was the cause of the crash.^[2]^[3]^[4] Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York Police Department Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) initiated a parallel criminal investigation.^[5] Sixteen months later, the JTTF announced that no evidence of a criminal act had been found and closed its active investigation.^[6]
The four-year NTSB investigation concluded with the approval of the Aircraft Accident Report on August 23, 2000, ending the most extensive, complex and costly air disaster investigation in U.S. history at that time.^[7]^[8] The report's conclusion was that the probable cause of the accident was explosion of flammable fuel vapors in the center fuel tank. Although it could not be determined with certainty, the likely ignition source was a short circuit.^[1]^:xvi Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the Fuel Quantity Indication System (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. The FQIS on Flight 800 is known to have been malfunctioning; the captain remarked on "crazy" readings from the system approximately two minutes and thirty seconds before the aircraft exploded. As a result of the investigation, new requirements were developed for aircraft to prevent future fuel tank explosions.^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c "In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. August 23, 2000. NTSB/AAR-00/03. Retrieved January 5, 2016.

^ "What happened to Flight 800?". CNN. July 19, 1996. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ Knowlton, Brian (July 24, 1996). "Investigators Focus Closely on Terrorism As Cause of Explosion: Chemicals Found on Jet Victims, U.S. Reports". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ Fedarko, Kevin; et al. (July 29, 1996). "Terror on Flight 800: Who wishes us ill?". Time. Archived from the original on January 31, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ "Aviation and criminal experts probe TWA crash". CNN. July 19, 1996. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ "FBI: No criminal evidence behind TWA 800 crash". CNN. November 18, 1997. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ "NTSB Board Meeting on TWA 800 August 23, 2000, Part 4". National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

^ Tauss, Randolph M. (August 14, 2008). "The Crash of TWA Flight 800". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved April 6, 2011.

^ Lowery, Joan (July 16, 2008). "Jet fuel-tank protection ordered". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Associated Press. Retrieved April 5, 2011.

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NewsBot · Jul 17, 2021

18 July 2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant requires Christians to either accept dhimmi status, emigrate from ISIL lands, or be killed.

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Salafi jihadist terrorist and militant group

"ISIL", "ISIS", and "Daish" redirect here. For other uses, see ISIL (disambiguation), Isis (disambiguation), Daesh (disambiguation), and Daish (surname).

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; /ˈaɪsəl, ˈaɪsɪl/), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; /ˈaɪsɪs/),^[90] officially known as the Islamic State (IS) and also known by its Arabic acronym Daesh (Arabic: داعش‎, Dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]),^[91] is a militant group and former unrecognized proto-state^[92] that follows a Salafi jihadist doctrine.^[93] ISIL was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and gained global prominence in 2014 when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive,^[94] followed by its capture of Mosul^[95] and the Sinjar massacre.^[96]
The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by the United Nations. ISIL is known for its videos of beheadings and other types of executions^[97] of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites.^[98] The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for committing human rights abuses, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.^[99] The Islamic State committed genocide and ethnic cleansing on a historic scale in northern Iraq.^[100]^[101]
ISIL originated in 1999, pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces. In June 2014, the group proclaimed itself a worldwide caliphate^[102]^[103] and began referring to itself as the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah; IS).^[104] As a caliphate, it claimed religious, political, and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.^[105] Its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood.^[106]
In Syria, the group conducted ground attacks on both government forces and opposition factions, and by December 2015, it held an area extending from western Iraq to eastern Syria, containing an estimated eight to twelve million people,^[49]^[50]^[107] where it enforced its interpretation of sharia law. ISIL is believed to be operational in 18 countries, including Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[108] In 2015, ISIL was estimated to have an annual budget of more than US$1 billion and more than 30,000 fighters.^[109]
In mid-2014, an international coalition led by the United States intervened against ISIL in Syria and Iraq with an airstrike campaign, in addition to supplying advisors, weapons, training, and supplies to ISIL's enemies in the Iraqi Security Forces and Syrian Democratic Forces. This campaign reinvigorated the latter two forces and damaged ISIL, killing tens of thousands of its troops^[110] and reducing its financial and military infrastructure.^[111] This was followed by a smaller-scale Russian intervention exclusively in Syria, in which ISIL lost thousands more fighters to airstrikes, cruise missile attacks, and other Russian military activities and had its financial base further degraded.^[112] In July 2017, the group lost control of its largest city, Mosul, to the Iraqi army, followed by the loss of its de facto political capital of Raqqa to the Syrian Democratic Forces.^[113] By December 2017, the Islamic State controlled just 2% of its maximum territory (in May 2015).^[114] In December 2017, Iraqi forces had driven the last remnants of the Islamic State underground, three years after the group captured about a third of Iraq's territory.^[115] By March 2019, ISIL lost one of their last significant territories in the Middle East in the Deir ez-Zor campaign, surrendering their "tent city" and pockets in Al-Baghuz Fawqani to the Syrian Democratic Forces after the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani.^[29]
In October 2019, ISIL media announced that Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi was the new leader of the Islamic State,^[116] after Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed himself by detonating a suicide vest during the US Barisha raid in the Syrian rebel–-held Idlib province of Syria four days previously.^[117]^[118]^[119]

^ Gander, Kashmira (7 July 2015). "Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins?". The Independent.

^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (29 January 2019). "New video message from The Islamic State: "Fulfilling the Promise – Wilāyat al-'Irāq, Kirkūk"". Jihadology.net.
• "Statement of ISIS – The Battle of Brussels". The Investigative Project on Terrorism (in Arabic).
• "ISIS ID Card". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Arabic).

^ Breslow, Jason M. (17 May 2016). "Who Was the Founder of ISIS?". Frontline. PBS.

^ "Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor". Reuters. 31 October 2019.

^ Rubin, Alissa J. (5 July 2014). "Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq". The New York Times.

^ ^a ^b Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (24 January 2016). "An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog.

^ "Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli". Rewards for Justice. United States Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.
• Schmidt, Michael (25 March 2016). "A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says". The New York Times.

^ Paton, Callum (10 March 2016). "New Isis leader in Libya – Abdel Qader al-Najdi threatens Daesh invasion of Rome through Africa". IB Times. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
• "Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader". Reuters. 23 September 2020.

^ "ISIS Leadership". Frontline. PBS. 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

^ Cite error: The named reference Chulov310816 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ ^a ^b Lister, Charles (2014). "Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016.
• "Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State". Business Insider. AFP. 29 June 2014.
• "ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State". Jihadist News. SITE Intelligence Group. 29 June 2014.
• "Pentagon Confirms U.S. Strike in Syria Killed ISIL Leader". DoD News. United States Department of Defense. 12 September 2016.

^ Garland, Chad (14 July 2016). "Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure". Stars and Stripes.
• Worley, Will (13 July 2016). "Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani". The Independent.
• Starr, Barbara (15 March 2016). "U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead". CNN.
• "Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili". Rewards for Justice. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.

^ "Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'". International Business Times. 6 September 2016.
• "IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
• "Gulmurod Khalimov". Rewards for Justice. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.

^ "Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi". Rewards for Justice. Rewards for Justice. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

^ "IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan - BBC News". Bbc.com. 11 October 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

^ "Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi". BBC News. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.

^ Holmes, Oliver (3 February 2014). "Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL". Reuters.

^ Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). "Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Terrorism Monitor. Vol. 2 no. 24. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
• "Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria". BBC News. 3 February 2014.

^ Laskar, Rezaul H. (29 January 2015). "IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India". Hindustan Times.

^ Elbagir, Nima; Cruickshank, Paul; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (7 March 2015). "Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS". CNN.

^ Gambhir, Harleen (23 June 2015). "ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region". Institute for the Study of War.

^ "Syrian army captures Mayadin from ISIS near Deir ez-Zor". Rudaw. 14 October 2017.

^ Benhaida, Sarah; al-Rubaye, Ahmad (26 October 2017). "Iraq forces launch 'last big fight' against IS". Rudaw.

^ "Anti-IS forces converge on Syria border town". Agence France-Presse. 4 November 2017 – via Yahoo News.

^ Bussoletti, Francesco (29 June 2018). "Syria, the Isis pockets of resistance at Deir Ezzor are reduced to two". Difesa & Sicurezza.

^ Aboufadel, Leith (13 December 2018). "Breaking: SDF captures Daesh's de facto capital in Syria".
• "US-backed fighters seize east Syria village from ISIS". The National.

^ Aboufadel, Leith (24 January 2019). "ISIL's reign over eastern Euphrates nearing its end – map". Al-Masdar News.
• Callimachi, Rukmini (24 January 2019). "Down to Its Last 2 Villages in Syria, ISIS Still Fights Back". The New York Times.
• Aboufadel, Leith (7 February 2019). "ISIS squeezed into last areas as SDF troops capture 2 villages east of the Euphrates (MAP)". Al-Masdar News.

^ Hussein, Rikar (9 February 2019). "US-backed Fighters Launch Final Push to Defeat IS in Syria". Voice of America.

^ ^a ^b "US-allied Syrian force declares victory over Islamic State". The Washington Post. 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019.

^ Fairfield, Hannah; Wallace, Tim; Watkins, Derek (21 May 2015). "How ISIS Expands". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

^ Manne, Robert (7 November 2016). "Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State". ABC Religion & Ethics. ABC Online. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018.
• Saltman, Erin Marie (3 November 2016). "The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism". The Guardian. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.

^ ^a ^b Saltman, Erin Marie; Winter, Charlie (November 2014). Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism (PDF) (Report). Quilliam. ISBN 978-1-906603-98-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015.

^ ^a ^b Bunzel, Cole (March 2015). "From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World. Washington, D.C.: Center for Middle East Policy (Brookings Institution). 19: 1–48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2020.

^ ^a ^b Wood, Graeme (March 2015). "What ISIS Really Wants". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.

^ ^a ^b Crooke, Alastair (30 March 2017) [27 August 2014]. "You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.

^ Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD). University of Tehran.
• Rickenbacher, Daniel (2019). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. 10 (8): 483–492. doi:10.3390/rel10080483.
• Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). "Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts". Discourse. 11 (3): 75–96.
• Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). "The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement". Sada. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

^ Soliman, Muhammad (20 March 2017). "From Cairo to Berlin: Why is ISIS Targeting Christians?". Fikra Forum. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
• Nassif, Hicham Bou (25 July 2014). "Here Are The Parts Of The Quran That ISIS Uses To Justify Violence Against Iraqi Christians". Business Insider.

^ "Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines". Anti-Defamation League. 15 June 2016.
• "ISIS's Persecution of Gay People". Counter Extremism Project. May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.

^ "The Islamic State's shocking war on homosexuals". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020.

^ "What ISIS Is Saying About the Orlando Shooter". Vice. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.

^ "ISIS targets gay people using Facebook and phone contacts". Global News. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020.

^ ^a ^b "Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel". Anti-Defamation League. 13 March 2015.
• "ISIS Promotes Murdering Jews in New Online Campaign". Anti-Defamation League. 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.

^ "ISIS Weighs In On Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Anti-Defamation League. 11 July 2014.

^ Cockburn, Patrick (16 November 2014). "War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader". The Independent.

^ ^a ^b Gartenstein-Ross-ROSS, Daveed (9 February 2015). "How many Fighters Does the Islamic State Really Have?". War on the Rocks.

^ Cite error: The named reference secret of Baghdadi's success was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ "Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contingency operations" (PDF). US Department of Defense. 31 December 2018.

^ "Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey". state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.

^ ^a ^b Shinkman, Paul D. (27 December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report.

^ ^a ^b Jones, Seth G.; Dobbins, James; Byman, Daniel; et al. (2017). "Rolling Back the Islamic State". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 April 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

^ "Operation IMPACT". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah "México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS" [Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS]. El País (in Spanish). Prisa. 25 November 2015.

^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Saleem (15 July 2018). "ISIS targets Taliban in fight for Afghanistan". Thenational.ae.

^ Khettab, Djamila Ould (30 December 2015). "Algeria a 'symbolic target' for ISIL". Al Jazeera English.

^ "OKRA Home". Global Operations. Department of Defense – Government of Australia. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

^ Porter, Tom (13 September 2014). "Isis Use Picture of \'Cyclops Baby\' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle". International Business Times.
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NewsBot · Jul 17, 2021

18 July 2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant requires Christians to either accept dhimmi status, emigrate from ISIL lands, or be killed.

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Salafi jihadist terrorist and militant group

"ISIL", "ISIS", and "Daish" redirect here. For other uses, see ISIL (disambiguation), Isis (disambiguation), Daesh (disambiguation), and Daish (surname).

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; /ˈaɪsəl, ˈaɪsɪl/), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; /ˈaɪsɪs/),^[90] officially known as the Islamic State (IS) and also known by its Arabic acronym Daesh (Arabic: داعش‎, Dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]),^[91] is a militant group and former unrecognized proto-state^[92] that follows a Salafi jihadist doctrine.^[93] ISIL was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and gained global prominence in 2014 when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive,^[94] followed by its capture of Mosul^[95] and the Sinjar massacre.^[96]
The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by the United Nations. ISIL is known for its videos of beheadings and other types of executions^[97] of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites.^[98] The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for committing human rights abuses, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.^[99] The Islamic State committed genocide and ethnic cleansing on a historic scale in northern Iraq.^[100]^[101]
ISIL originated in 1999, pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces. In June 2014, the group proclaimed itself a worldwide caliphate^[102]^[103] and began referring to itself as the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah; IS).^[104] As a caliphate, it claimed religious, political, and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.^[105] Its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood.^[106]
In Syria, the group conducted ground attacks on both government forces and opposition factions, and by December 2015, it held an area extending from western Iraq to eastern Syria, containing an estimated eight to twelve million people,^[49]^[50]^[107] where it enforced its interpretation of sharia law. ISIL is believed to be operational in 18 countries, including Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[108] In 2015, ISIL was estimated to have an annual budget of more than US$1 billion and more than 30,000 fighters.^[109]
In mid-2014, an international coalition led by the United States intervened against ISIL in Syria and Iraq with an airstrike campaign, in addition to supplying advisors, weapons, training, and supplies to ISIL's enemies in the Iraqi Security Forces and Syrian Democratic Forces. This campaign reinvigorated the latter two forces and damaged ISIL, killing tens of thousands of its troops^[110] and reducing its financial and military infrastructure.^[111] This was followed by a smaller-scale Russian intervention exclusively in Syria, in which ISIL lost thousands more fighters to airstrikes, cruise missile attacks, and other Russian military activities and had its financial base further degraded.^[112] In July 2017, the group lost control of its largest city, Mosul, to the Iraqi army, followed by the loss of its de facto political capital of Raqqa to the Syrian Democratic Forces.^[113] By December 2017, the Islamic State controlled just 2% of its maximum territory (in May 2015).^[114] In December 2017, Iraqi forces had driven the last remnants of the Islamic State underground, three years after the group captured about a third of Iraq's territory.^[115] By March 2019, ISIL lost one of their last significant territories in the Middle East in the Deir ez-Zor campaign, surrendering their "tent city" and pockets in Al-Baghuz Fawqani to the Syrian Democratic Forces after the Battle of Baghuz Fawqani.^[29]
In October 2019, ISIL media announced that Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi was the new leader of the Islamic State,^[116] after Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed himself by detonating a suicide vest during the US Barisha raid in the Syrian rebel–-held Idlib province of Syria four days previously.^[117]^[118]^[119]

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^ "Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey". state.gov. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.

^ ^a ^b Shinkman, Paul D. (27 December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report.

^ ^a ^b Jones, Seth G.; Dobbins, James; Byman, Daniel; et al. (2017). "Rolling Back the Islamic State". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 1 April 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

^ "Operation IMPACT". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah "México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS" [Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS]. El País (in Spanish). Prisa. 25 November 2015.

^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Saleem (15 July 2018). "ISIS targets Taliban in fight for Afghanistan". Thenational.ae.

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^ Juan Guaidó [@jguaido] (4 September 2019). "Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

^ "Badr Organization Destroys ISIS Car Bomb". Military.com. 5 June 2015.

^ Illingworth, Andrew (22 December 2017). "Combat footage: Iraqi forces battle ISIS in east Syria". Al Masdar News.

^ Kajjo, Sirwan (25 August 2016). "Who Are The Turkey-backed Syrian Rebels?". Extremism Watch. Voice of America.

^ Khader, Abdul Rahman (14 July 2020). "هيئة-تحرير-الشام"-تقتل-وتعتقل-منتمين-لـ"داعش"-في-إدلب ""هيئة تحرير الشام" تقتل وتعتقل منتمين لـ"داعش" في إدلب" [The Headquarters for the Liberation of Al-Sham kills and arrests ISIS-affiliates in Idlib]. The New Arab (in Arabic).

^ Musa, Rami (10 June 2015). "Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya". Military Times.

^ Farmer, Ben (24 January 2019). "Taliban agree Isil and Al-Qaeda will be barred from Afghanistan in major concession during talks with US". Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited.

^ "الحشد الشعبي يوسع نطاق متابعة فلول داعش الى محافظة حمص السورية" [The Popular Mobilization Forces expands the scope of follow-up to ISIS remnants to the Syrian province of Homs]. Iraq Today (in Arabic). 13 April 2017.

^ Kittleson, Shelly (11 April 2018). "Iraqi police who fought for tribal PMUs won't return to force". Al-Monitor.

^ "ISIS kills 6 militants from Hezbollah-backed Quwat al-Ridha in Homs". Zamanalwsl.net. 23 September 2017.

^ Aboufadel, Leith (21 March 2016). "Iranian special forces arrive in Palmyra to help liberate the city". Al-Masdar News.

^ "التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين" [Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago]. IraqNewspaper.net (in Arabic). 12 June 2019.

^ "لماذا أوقفت كتائب الحر والجبهة الإسلامية قتال داعش في جنوب دمشق؟" [Why did the Free and Islamic Front Brigades stop the fight against ISIS in southern Damascus?]. akhbaralaan.net (in Arabic). 27 September 2014.

^ "عملية نوعية لـ "كتائب البعث" خلف خطوط "داعش"" [A qualitative operation by the "Baath Brigades" behind the lines of ISIS]. DamPress.net (in Arabic). 5 October 2014.

^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

^ Tharoor, Ishaan (18 June 2014). "ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014.

^ Schwartz, Felica (23 December 2014). "One More Name for Islamic State: Daesh". The Wall Street Journal.
• Guthrie, Alice (19 February 2015). "Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand?". Free Word Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

^ "ISIL defeated in final Syria victory: SDF". Al Jazeera English. 23 March 2019.
• Wedeman, Ben; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (23 March 2019). "ISIS has lost its final stronghold in Syria, the Syrian Democratic Forces says". CNN.
• Frantzman, Seth J. "After ISIS 'defeat,' what comes next? – Analysis". The Jerusalem Post.
• McKernan, Bethan (23 March 2019). "Isis defeated, US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces announce". The Guardian.
• Callimachi, Rukmini (23 March 2019). "ISIS Caliphate Crumbles as Last Village in Syria Falls". The New York Times.

^ al-Ibrahim, Fouad (22 August 2014). "Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014.
• Dolgov, Boris (23 September 2014). "Islamic State and the policy of the West". Oriental Review.
• Wilson, Rodney (2015). Islam and Economic Policy. Edinburgh University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-7486-8389-5.
• Cockburn, Patrick (3 March 2016). "End Times for the Caliphate?". London Review of Books. Vol. 38 no. 5. pp. 29–30.
• Pastukhov, Dmitry; Greenwold, Nathaniel. "Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
• Pedler, John (2015). A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung. Troubador. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-78462-223-7.
• Kerr, Michael; Larkin, Craig (2015). The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9.

^ "John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants". CNN. 23 June 2014.

^ Al-Salhy, Suadad; Arango, Tim (10 June 2014). "Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul". The New York Times.

^ Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). "Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam". The New York Times.

^ "A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos". The World Post. 11 March 2015.

^ al-Taie, Khalid (13 February 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack". Al-Shorfa. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.

^ Larson, Nina (14 November 2014). "UN probe: ISIS committing 'crimes against humanity' in Syria". The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon.

^ "Ethnic cleansing on a historic scale: The Islamic State's systematic targeting of minorities in northern Iraq" (PDF). Amnesty International. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2015.

^ "'Gruesome evidence of ethnic cleansing' in Iraq". Deutsche Welle. 2 September 2014.

^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). "ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'". Long War Journal.

^ Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). "Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East". The Independent. London.

^ "What is Islamic State?". BBC News. 26 September 2014.

^ "What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?". Al Akhbar. 30 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019.. See also: Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. "Caliph, caliphate". In Bowering (2013).

^ Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). "A Medieval Antidote to ISIS". The New York Times.

^ Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books.

^ "Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground". Reuters. 29 June 2015.
• "Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps". BBC News. 18 October 2016.
• "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014.
• Zavadski, Katie (23 November 2014). "ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World". New York.

^ Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). ISIS: A History. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-6911-7000-8.

^ "Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves". The Straits Times. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria (Report). US Department of Defense. 9 August 2017.

^ "42 months of Russian operations on the Syrian territory kill more than 8000 civilians including more than 18150 people in their raids and shelling". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 March 2019.

^ "Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces". BBC News. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

^ "ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say". Fox32Chicago. WFLD. 26 December 2017.

^ "Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says". The Age. 10 December 2017.

^ Chulov, Martin (31 October 2019). "Islamic State names new leader after death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi". The Guardian.

^ "Al-Baghdadi Killed in Idlib, a Hotbed of Terror Groups, Foreign Fighters". Extremism Watch. Voice of America. 27 October 2019.

^ "US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials". Al Jazeera English. 27 October 2019.

^ Browne, Ryan; Mattingly, Phil (27 October 2019). Zeleny, Jeff; Liptak, Kevin; Diamond, Jeremy (eds.). "ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say". CNN.
• Lubold, Gordon; Abdulrahim, Raja (27 October 2019). "Islamic State Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Dead, Trump Says". The Wall Street Journal.
• "Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed in US raid, says Donald Trump – latest updates". The Guardian. 27 October 2019.

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NewsBot · Jul 18, 2021

19 July 1981 – In a private meeting with U.S. President Ronald Reagan, French President François Mitterrand reveals the existence of the Farewell Dossier, a collection of documents showing the Soviet Union had been stealing American technological research and development.

Farewell Dossier

Early 1980s leak of classified documents exposing the USSR's copying of Western technology

The Farewell Dossier was the collection of documents that Colonel Vladimir Vetrov, a KGB defector "en place" (code-named "Farewell"), gathered and gave to the Direction de la surveillance du territoire (DST) in 1981–82, during the Cold War.
Vetrov was an engineer who had been assigned to evaluate information on NATO hardware and software gathered by the "Line X" technical intelligence operation for Directorate T, the Soviet Union directorate for scientific and technical intelligence collection from the West. He became increasingly disillusioned with the Soviet system and decided to work with the French at the end of the 1970s. Between early 1981 and early 1982, Vetrov gave almost 4,000 secret documents to the DST, including the complete list of 250 Line X officers stationed under legal cover in embassies around the world.
As a consequence, Western nations undertook a mass expulsion of Soviet technology spies. The CIA also mounted a counter-intelligence operation that transferred modified hardware and software designs to the Soviets. Thomas Reed alleged this was the cause of a trans-Siberian pipeline disaster in 1982; however this claim has been challenged.^{[citation needed]}
Vetrov's story inspired the 1997 book Bonjour Farewell: La Vérité sur la Taupe Française du KGB by Serguei Kostine.^[1] It was adapted in the French film L'affaire Farewell (2009) starring Emir Kusturica and Guillaume Canet.^[2]

^ Kostine, Sergueï (1997). Bonjour, Farewell: La Vérité sur la Taupe Française du KGB. R. Laffont. ISBN 2221079086.

^ "L'affaire Farewell". IMDb.

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NewsBot · Jul 19, 2021

20 July 1960 – The Polaris missile is successfully launched from a submarine, the USS George Washington, for the first time.

UGM-27 Polaris

"Polaris missile" redirects here. For the North Korean missile, see Pukkuksong-1.

Submarine-launched ballistic missile

The UGM-27 Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fueled nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). As the United States Navy's first SLBM, it served from 1961 to 1980.
In the mid-1950s the Navy was involved in the Jupiter missile project with the U.S. Army, and had influenced the design by making it squat so it would fit in submarines. However, they had concerns about the use of liquid fuel rockets on board ships, and some consideration was given to a solid fuel version, Jupiter S. In 1956, during an anti-submarine study known as Project Nobska, Edward Teller suggested that very small hydrogen bomb warheads were possible. A crash program to develop a missile suitable for carrying such warheads began as Polaris, launching its first shot less than four years later, in February 1960.^[1]
As the Polaris missile was fired underwater from a moving platform, it was essentially invulnerable to counterattack. This led the Navy to suggest, starting around 1959, that they be given the entire nuclear deterrent role. This led to new infighting between the Navy and the U.S. Air Force, the latter responding by developing the counterforce concept that argued for the strategic bomber and ICBM as key elements in flexible response. Polaris formed the backbone of the U.S. Navy's nuclear force aboard a number of custom-designed submarines. In 1963, the Polaris Sales Agreement led to the Royal Navy taking over the United Kingdom's nuclear role, and while some tests were carried out by the Italian Navy, this did not lead to use.
The Polaris missile was gradually replaced on 31 of the 41 original SSBNs in the U.S. Navy by the MIRV-capable Poseidon missile beginning in 1972. During the 1980s, these missiles were replaced on 12 of these submarines by the Trident I missile. The 10 George Washington- and Ethan Allen-class SSBNs retained Polaris A-3 until 1980 because their missile tubes were not large enough to accommodate Poseidon. With USS Ohio beginning sea trials in 1980, these submarines were disarmed and redesignated as attack submarines to avoid exceeding the SALT II strategic arms treaty limits.
The Polaris missile program's complexity led to the development of new project management techniques, including the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) to replace the simpler Gantt chart methodology.

^ "Polaris A1". Retrieved 26 November 2017.

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NewsBot · Jul 20, 2021

21 July 2011 – NASA's Space Shuttle program ends with the landing of Space Shuttle Atlantis on mission STS-135 at NASA's Kennedy Space Center

Space Shuttle Atlantis

Space Shuttle orbiter used by NASA from 1985 to 2011

Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV‑104) is a Space Shuttle orbiter vehicle which belongs to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States.^[1] Manufactured by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida in April 1985, Atlantis is the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built.^[2]^[3] Its maiden flight was STS-51-J from 3 to 7 October 1985.
Atlantis embarked on its 33rd and final mission, also the final mission of a space shuttle, STS-135, on 8 July 2011. STS-134 by Endeavour was expected to be the final flight before STS-135 was authorized in October 2010. STS-135 took advantage of the processing for the STS-335 Launch on Need mission that would have been necessary if STS-134's crew became stranded in orbit.^[4] Atlantis landed for the final time at the Kennedy Space Center on 21 July 2011.
By the end of its final mission, Atlantis had orbited the Earth a total of 4,848 times, traveling nearly 126,000,000 mi (203,000,000 km) or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
Atlantis is named after RV Atlantis, a two-masted sailing ship that operated as the primary research vessel for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1930 to 1966.^[5]

^ NASA (2007). "Space Shuttle Overview: Atlantis (OV-104)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 6 November 2007.

^ Justin Ray (11 May 2010). "Respecting Atlantis as the shuttle faces retirement". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

^ Peter W. Merlin (20 May 2010). "Space Shuttle Atlantis Wraps Up 25-year Career". NASA. Retrieved 25 July 2010.

^ Svitak, Amy (19 November 2010). "Bolden Says Extra Shuttle Flight Needed As Hedge Against Additional COTS Delays". Space News International. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

^ "Space Shuttle Atlantis Orbitor Fleet". Retrieved 23 September 2008.

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NewsBot · Jul 22, 2021

22 July 1983 – Martial law in Poland is officially revoked.

Martial law in Poland

1981-83 period of repression in communist Poland to crush the Solidarity Movement

Martial law in Poland (Polish: Stan wojenny w Polsce) was declared in the period between 13 December 1981 and 22 July 1983. The government of the Polish People's Republic drastically restricted everyday life by introducing martial law and a military junta in an attempt to counter political opposition, in particular the Solidarity movement. Thousands of opposition activists were imprisoned without charge, and as many as 91 killed.^[2] Although martial law was lifted in 1983, many political prisoners were not released until a general amnesty in 1986.
Since the 1970s, communist Poland was in a deep economic recession. First Secretary Edward Gierek took out a series of large loans from western creditors to achieve a better economic output that instead resulted in a domestic crisis. Essential goods were being heavily rationed, which acted as a stimulus to establish a first anti-communist trade union in the Eastern Bloc, known as Solidarity, in 1980. Gierek, who permitted the trade union to appear per the Gdańsk Agreement, was dismissed from his post less than a month later under pressure from the USSR and confined to house arrest. Poland's already somewhat liberal policies concerning the opposition were worrisome for hardliners in the neighbouring Soviet Union. The latter feared that the Poles might overthrow communism and ally themselves with the Western Bloc. The Soviets were particularly uneasy as the departure of the most populous nation from Comecon would trigger further financial and economic problems that would bring an end to communist rule in the Eastern Bloc. After a series of strikes and demonstrations by employees of chief industrial regions, Poland was directly heading towards bankruptcy.
The Military Council of National Salvation was formed by the new First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party, General Wojciech Jaruzelski, who was determined to put an end to the demonstrations and crush the opposition by force if necessary. There is speculation whether Jaruzelski instigated martial law to prevent bloodshed if the Soviets and other Warsaw Pact countries were to enter Poland under the mutual assistance treaty, like in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. On the 13th December 1981, Jaruzelski announced the introduction of martial law in a televised speech addressed to the entire nation. The Polish People's Army, Citizens' Militia (MO), ZOMO special units and tanks rolled onto the streets to scare off demonstrators, begin regular patrols and maintain curfew. Intercity travelling was forbidden unless a permit was granted by the authorities, food shortages intensified and censorship was placed again on all media and post. The secret services (SB) wiretapped phones in public booths and state institutions.
On 16 December, pro-Solidarity miners organized a strike against the declaration of martial law at the Wujek Coal Mine in the industrial city of Katowice. The ZOMO squads harshly pacified Wujek, which resulted in 9 miners' deaths. All other demonstrations across Poland were met with an armed force, which utilized water cannons, tear gas, batons, truncheons and clubs to disperse crowds and beat protesters. Thousands were detained, and some were tortured in state prisons. On the 31 August 1982, in the copper-mining town of Lubin, three people were mortally wounded. Until the end of Martial Law on the 22 July 1983, approximately 91 people were killed, though this figure varies and is still debated among historians.^[2]

^ "The Day Poland Stood Still: Memories from the Introduction of Martial Law". Culture.pl.

^ ^a ^b Poland marks communist crackdown, BBC News, 13th December 2006

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NewsBot · Jul 22, 2021

23 July 1903 – The Ford Motor Company sells its first car.

Ford Motor Company

American multinational automaker

"Ford" redirects here. For other uses, see Ford (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 42°18′53″N 83°12′38″W / 42.31472°N 83.21056°W / 42.31472; -83.21056

The Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational automaker that has its main headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand, and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom and a 32% stake in Jiangling Motors.^[5] It also has joint-ventures in China (Changan Ford), Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), Turkey (Ford Otosan), and Russia (Ford Sollers). The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.^[6]^[4]
Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines; by 1914, these methods were known around the world as Fordism. Ford's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to the Indian automaker Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010.^[7] In 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938.
Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker (behind General Motors) and the fifth-largest in the world (behind Toyota, Volkswagen, Hyundai-Kia and General Motors) based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe.^[8] The company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights.^[9]^[4] During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it struggled financially to the point of collapse which was in large part prevented by President George W. Bush announcing his emergency financial rescue plan to help Ford Motors as well as Chrysler LLC and General Motors, making immediately available $13.4 billion to the automaker.^[10] Ford Motors has since returned to profitability.^[11] Ford was the eleventh-ranked overall American-based company in the 2018 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2017 of $156.7 billion.^[12] In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles^[13] and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide.

^ Hyde, Charles K. (June 2005). "National Historic Landmark Nomination – Ford Piquette Avenue Plant" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Ford Motor Company 2020 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". sec.report. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 4, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.

^ ^a ^b "Ford Motor Company company : Shareholders, managers and business summary". 4-Traders. France. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved May 15, 2016.

^ ^a ^b ^c Rogers, Christina (May 12, 2016). "Shareholders Again Back Ford Family". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved September 16, 2016.

^ "Jiangling Motors Corporation, Ltd. 2017 Annual Report" (PDF). JMC. pp. 27, 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019 – via Sohu.

^ Muller, Joann (December 2, 2010). "Ford Family's Stake Is Smaller, But They're Richer And Still Firmly In Control". Forbes. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2016.

^ "Ford Motor Company Completes Sale of Volvo to Geely". Ford Motor Co. August 2, 2010. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved August 2, 2010.

^ "New Passenger Car Registrations by Manufacturer European Union (EU)". ACEA. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2011.

^ Muller, Joann (March 9, 2014). "William Clay Ford's Legacy Cemented Family's Dynasty". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2017.

^ Encyclopedia Britannica. "Ford Motor Company | History & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannic. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

^ Hammond, Lou Ann. "How Ford stayed strong through the financial crisis - Jan. 13, 2011". Fortune. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2017.

^ "Ford Motor". Fortune. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2018.

^ "Ford Motor Company / 2008 Annual Report, Operating Highlights" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 19, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2010.

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NewsBot · Jul 23, 2021

24 July 2013 – A high-speed train derails in Spain rounding a curve with an 80 km/h (50 mph) speed limit at 190 km/h (120 mph), killing 78 passengers.

Santiago de Compostela derailment

2013 train crash in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain

The Santiago de Compostela derailment occurred on 24 July 2013, when an Alvia high-speed train traveling from Madrid to Ferrol, in the north-west of Spain, derailed at high speed on a bend about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) outside of the railway station at Santiago de Compostela. Out of 222 people (218 passengers and 4 crew) on board, around 140 were injured and 79 died.^[2]
The train's data recorder showed that it was traveling at about twice the posted speed limit of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) when it entered a bend in the rail. The crash was recorded on a track-side camera which shows all thirteen train cars derailing and four overturning. On 28 July 2013, the train's driver, Francisco José Garzón Amo, was charged with 79 counts of homicide by professional recklessness and an undetermined number of counts of causing injury by professional recklessness.^[3]
The crash was Spain's worst rail accident in forty years, since a crash near El Cuervo, Seville, in 1972.^[4]^{[note 1]} The Torre del Bierzo crash in 1944 remains the deadliest.

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference renfe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ (in Spanish) "El fallecimiento de una estadounidense eleva a 79 los muertos en el accidente de Santiago" RTVE. Retrieved 28 July 2013.

^ "Spanish train conductor charged in deadly crash". CNN. Retrieved 28 July 2013.

^ Gómez, Luis (25 July 2013). "El accidente de la cochinita deja 86 muertos". El País. ELPAIS. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

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NewsBot · Jul 24, 2021

25 July 1946 – The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.

Operation Crossroads

1946 nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll

For other uses, see Crossroads (disambiguation).

Operation Crossroads was a pair of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946. They were the first nuclear weapon tests since Trinity in July 1945, and the first detonations of nuclear devices since the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The purpose of the tests was to investigate the effect of nuclear weapons on warships.
The Crossroads tests were the first of many nuclear tests held in the Marshall Islands, and the first to be publicly announced beforehand and observed by an invited audience, including a large press corps. They were conducted by Joint Army/Navy Task Force One, headed by Vice Admiral William H. P. Blandy rather than by the Manhattan Project, which had developed nuclear weapons during World War II. A fleet of 95 target ships was assembled in Bikini Lagoon and hit with two detonations of Fat Man plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapons of the kind dropped on Nagasaki, each with a yield of 23 kilotons of TNT (96 TJ).
The first test was Able. The bomb was named Gilda after Rita Hayworth's character in the 1946 film Gilda, and was dropped from the B-29 Superfortress Dave's Dream of the 509th Bombardment Group on July 1, 1946. It detonated 520 feet (158 m) above the target fleet and caused less than the expected amount of ship damage because it missed its aim point by 2,130 feet (649 m).
The second test was Baker. The bomb was known as Helen of Bikini and was detonated 90 feet (27 m) underwater on July 25, 1946. Radioactive sea spray caused extensive contamination. A third deep-water test named Charlie was planned for 1947 but was canceled primarily because of the United States Navy's inability to decontaminate the target ships after the Baker test. Ultimately, only nine target ships were able to be scrapped rather than scuttled. Charlie was rescheduled as Operation Wigwam, a deep-water shot conducted in 1955 off the coast of Mexico (Baja California).
Bikini's native residents agreed to evacuate the island, and were evacuated on board the LST-861, with most moving to the Rongerik Atoll. In the 1950s, a series of large thermonuclear tests rendered Bikini unfit for subsistence farming and fishing because of radioactive contamination. Bikini remains uninhabited as of 2017^[update], though it is occasionally visited by sport divers. Planners attempted to protect participants in the Operation Crossroads tests against radiation sickness, but one study showed that the life expectancy of participants was reduced by an average of three months. The Baker test's radioactive contamination of all the target ships was the first case of immediate, concentrated radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion. Chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, the longest-serving chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, called Baker "the world's first nuclear disaster."^[1]

^ Weisgall 1994, p. ix.

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NewsBot · Jul 25, 2021

26 July 2005 – Mumbai, India receives 99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people.

Maharashtra floods of 2005

2005 natural disaster in the Indian state of Maharashtra

"26/7" redirects here. For the date, see July 26.

The 2005 Maharashtra floods impacted many parts of the Indian state of Maharashtra including large areas of the metropolis Mumbai, a city located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, on the Western coast of India, in which approximately 1,094 people died. It occurred just one month after the June 2005 Gujarat floods. The term 26 July, is used to refer to the day when the city of Mumbai came to a standstill due to flooding.
Many people were stranded on the roads, lost their homes while many walked long distances back home from work that evening. The floods were caused by the eighth heaviest-ever recorded 24-hour rainfall figure of 944 mm (37.17 inches) which lashed the metropolis on 26 July 2005, and intermittently continued for the next day. 644mm (25.35 inches) was received within the 12-hour period between 8 am and 8 pm. Torrential rainfall continued for the next week. The highest 24-hour period in India was 1,168 mm (46.0 inches) in Aminidivi in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep on 6 May 2004 although some reports suggest that it was a new Indian record. The previous record high rainfall in a 24-hour period for Mumbai was 575 mm (22.6 inches) in 1974.
Other places severely affected were Raigad, Chiplun and Khed, Guhagar.

^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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NewsBot · Jul 26, 2021

27 July 1949 – Initial flight of the de Havilland Comet, the first jet-powered airliner.

De_Havilland_Comet[/wili]

NewsBot · Jul 27, 2021

28 July 1960 – The German Volkswagen Act came into force.

Volkswagen Act

1960 West German laws regarding privatisation and government control of companies

The Volkswagen Act is a set of German (originally West German) federal laws enacted in 1960, regulating the privatisation of Volkswagenwerk GmbH into the Volkswagen Group.^[1] In order to maintain government control in the privately owned company, it stipulated that the votes in major shareholder meeting resolutions require 4/5th (80%) agreement.^[2] This part of the law was deemed to violate the "free movement of capital" principle of European Union corporate law.^[3] After a series of challenges from 2007 to 2013, the German parliament finally amended the part in 2013 to EU Court of Justice satisfaction.^[4]

^ "Gesetz über die Überführung der Anteilsrechte an der Volkswagenwerk Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung in private Hand". Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz.

^ § 4, Abs.3 of the above referenced law.

^ F. Sander. "Case C-112/05, European Commission v. Federal Republic of Germany The Volkswagen Case and Art. 56 EC". Columbia Journal of European Law (2008). 14: 359–370.

^ "Germany has complied with Volkswagen law ruling". Retrieved 2014-07-28.

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NewsBot · Jul 28, 2021

29 July 1980 – Iran adopts a new "holy" flag after the Islamic Revolution.

Flag of Iran

National flag

The flag of Iran (Persian: پرچم ایران‎, romanized: parčam-e Irân, pronounced [pʰæɾˌtʃʰæme ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), also known as the Three-Coloured Flag (پرچم سه رنگ ایران parčam-e se rang Irân [pʰæɾˌtʃʰæme se ræŋ ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a tricolour comprising equal horizontal bands of green, white and red with the national emblem ("Allah") in red centred on the white band and the takbir written 11 times each in the Kufic script in white, at the bottom of the green and the top of the red band.^[1]
This flag was adopted on 29 July 1980, as a reflection of the changes brought about by the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which resulted in the replacement of Pahlavi monarchy with an Islamic Republic, supported by a wide range of Islamist organizations^[2] and student movements. In opposition to the current regime in Iran, a number of Iranian exiles (particularly in Los Angeles, Paris, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, etc.) continue to use the Iranian tricolor with the Lion and Sun at the center.^[3]

^ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter II, Article 18: "The official flag of Iran is composed of green, white and red colours with the special emblem of the Islamic Republic, together with the motto (Allahu Akbar)."

^ Jubin M. GOODARZİ (8 February 2013). "Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.

^ Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2005), "II", Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24262-9

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NewsBot · Jul 28, 2021

29 July 1980 – Iran adopts a new "holy" flag after the Islamic Revolution.

Flag of Iran

National flag

The flag of Iran (Persian: پرچم ایران‎, romanized: parčam-e Irân, pronounced [pʰæɾˌtʃʰæme ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), also known as the Three-Coloured Flag (پرچم سه رنگ ایران parčam-e se rang Irân [pʰæɾˌtʃʰæme se ræŋ ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a tricolour comprising equal horizontal bands of green, white and red with the national emblem ("Allah") in red centred on the white band and the takbir written 11 times each in the Kufic script in white, at the bottom of the green and the top of the red band.^[1]
This flag was adopted on 29 July 1980, as a reflection of the changes brought about by the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which resulted in the replacement of Pahlavi monarchy with an Islamic Republic, supported by a wide range of Islamist organizations^[2] and student movements. In opposition to the current regime in Iran, a number of Iranian exiles (particularly in Los Angeles, Paris, London, Berlin, Amsterdam, etc.) continue to use the Iranian tricolor with the Lion and Sun at the center.^[3]

^ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter II, Article 18: "The official flag of Iran is composed of green, white and red colours with the special emblem of the Islamic Republic, together with the motto (Allahu Akbar)."

^ Jubin M. GOODARZİ (8 February 2013). "Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2014.

^ Najmabadi, Afsaneh (2005), "II", Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24262-9

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NewsBot · Jul 29, 2021 at 9:45 PM

30 July 1975 – Jimmy Hoffa disappears from the parking lot of the Machus Red Fox restaurant in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, at about 2:30 p.m. He is never seen or heard from again.

Jimmy Hoffa

American labor union leader (1913–1975)

"James Hoffa" redirects here. For his son, see James P. Hoffa.

James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 – disappeared July 30, 1975, declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971.
From an early age, Hoffa was a union activist, and he became an important regional figure with the IBT by his mid-twenties. By 1952, he was the national vice-president of the IBT and between 1957 and 1971 he was its general president. He secured the first national agreement for teamsters' rates in 1964 with the National Master Freight Agreement. He played a major role in the growth and the development of the union, which eventually became the largest by membership in the United States, with over 2.3 million members at its peak, during his terms as its leader.
Hoffa became involved with organized crime from the early years of his Teamsters work, a connection that continued until his disappearance in 1975. He was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery, conspiracy, and mail and wire fraud in 1964 in two separate trials. He was imprisoned in 1967 and sentenced to 13 years. In mid-1971, he resigned as president of the union as part of a commutation agreement with US President Richard Nixon and was released later that year, but Hoffa was barred from union activities until 1980. Hoping to regain support and to return to IBT leadership, he unsuccessfully tried to overturn the order.
Hoffa disappeared on July 30, 1975. He is believed to have been murdered by the Mafia and was declared legally dead in 1982. Hoffa's legacy continues to stir debate.^[1]

^ "Jimmy Hoffa's Legacy". New York Times. New York City. July 24, 1994. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-25.

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NewsBot · Jul 29, 2021 at 9:45 PM

30 July 1975 – Jimmy Hoffa disappears from the parking lot of the Machus Red Fox restaurant in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, at about 2:30 p.m. He is never seen or heard from again.

Jimmy Hoffa

American labor union leader (1913–1975)

"James Hoffa" redirects here. For his son, see James P. Hoffa.

James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913 – disappeared July 30, 1975, declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader who served as the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) from 1957 until 1971.
From an early age, Hoffa was a union activist, and he became an important regional figure with the IBT by his mid-twenties. By 1952, he was the national vice-president of the IBT and between 1957 and 1971 he was its general president. He secured the first national agreement for teamsters' rates in 1964 with the National Master Freight Agreement. He played a major role in the growth and the development of the union, which eventually became the largest by membership in the United States, with over 2.3 million members at its peak, during his terms as its leader.
Hoffa became involved with organized crime from the early years of his Teamsters work, a connection that continued until his disappearance in 1975. He was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery, conspiracy, and mail and wire fraud in 1964 in two separate trials. He was imprisoned in 1967 and sentenced to 13 years. In mid-1971, he resigned as president of the union as part of a commutation agreement with US President Richard Nixon and was released later that year, but Hoffa was barred from union activities until 1980. Hoping to regain support and to return to IBT leadership, he unsuccessfully tried to overturn the order.
Hoffa disappeared on July 30, 1975. He is believed to have been murdered by the Mafia and was declared legally dead in 1982. Hoffa's legacy continues to stir debate.^[1]

^ "Jimmy Hoffa's Legacy". New York Times. New York City. July 24, 1994. p. 27. Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-07-25.

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NewsBot · Jul 30, 2021 at 8:39 PM

31 July 1941 – The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."

The Holocaust

Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany

"Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation).

The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,^[b] was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.^[3] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe,^[a] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population.^[c] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Bełżec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.^[5]
Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933.^[6] After the passing of the Enabling Act on 24 March,^[7] which gave Hitler plenary powers, the government began isolating Jews from civil society; this included boycotting Jewish businesses in April 1933 and enacting the Nuremberg Laws in September 1935. On 9–10 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. Eventually, thousands of camps and other detention sites were established across German-occupied Europe.
The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3 million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, medical experiments, or during death marches. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945.
The European Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event during the Holocaust era (1933–1945),^[8] in which Germany and its collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of others, including ethnic Poles, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, the Roma, the disabled, political and religious dissidents, and gay men.^[9]

^ "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.

^ Landau 2016, p. 3.

^ Bloxham 2009, p. 1.

^ "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.

^ Cite error: The named reference deathcamps was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ For the date, see Marcuse 2001, p. 21.

^ Stackelberg & Winkle 2002, pp. 141–143.

^ Gray 2015, p. 5.

^ Stone 2010, pp. 2–3.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

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NewsBot · Jul 31, 2021 at 11:50 PM

1 August 1976 – Niki Lauda has a severe accident that almost claims his life at the German Grand Prix at Nurburgring

Niki Lauda

Austrian former Formula 1 racing driver

Andreas Nikolaus Lauda (22 February 1949 – 20 May 2019) was an Austrian Formula One driver and aviation entrepreneur. He was a three-time F1 World Drivers' Champion, winning in 1975, 1977 and 1984, and is the only driver in F1 history to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sport's two most successful constructors.
As an aviation entrepreneur, he founded and ran three airlines: Lauda Air, Niki, and Lauda. He was a Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador. He was also a consultant for Scuderia Ferrari and team manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years. Afterwards, he worked as a pundit for German TV during Grand Prix weekends and acted as non-executive chairman of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport, of which Lauda owned 10%.^[1]
Having emerged as Formula One's star driver amid a 1975 title win and leading the 1976 championship battle, Lauda was seriously injured in a crash at the 1976 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring during which his Ferrari 312T2 burst into flames, and he came close to death after inhaling hot toxic fumes and suffering severe burns.^[2] He survived and recovered sufficiently to race again just six weeks later at the Italian Grand Prix. Although he lost that year's title – by just one point – to James Hunt, he won his second championship the year after, during his final season at Ferrari. After a couple of years at Brabham and two years' hiatus, Lauda returned and raced four seasons for McLaren between 1982 and 1985 – during which he won the 1984 title by half a point over his teammate Alain Prost.

^ "Mercedes give Toto Wolff and Niki Lauda new long-term contracts". skysports.com. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

^ Daily Express pages 1, 8 & 16 BATTLE FOR LAUDA'S LIFE Monday 2 August 1976 "Heroes pull world champion from race wreck."

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NewsBot · Aug 1, 2021 at 8:01 PM

2 August 1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.

Invasion of Kuwait

1990 Iraqi military invasion of the State of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait was a two-day-long operation conducted by Iraq starting on 2 August 1990, whereby it invaded the neighbouring State of Kuwait, consequently resulting in a seven-month-long Iraqi military occupation of the country.^[17] The invasion and Iraq's subsequent refusal to withdraw from Kuwait by a deadline mandated by the United Nations^[18] led to a direct military intervention by a United Nations-authorized coalition of forces led by the United States. These events came to be known as the first Gulf War, eventually resulting in the forced expulsion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat (see scorched earth strategy).
In early 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum through cross-border slant drilling, although some Iraqi sources indicated that Saddam Hussein's decision to attack Kuwait was already made a few months before the actual invasion.^[19] However, a variety of speculations have been made regarding the true intents behind the Iraqi move, including Iraq's inability to pay the more than US$14 billion that it had borrowed from Kuwait to finance the Iran–Iraq War, and Kuwait's surge in petroleum production levels which kept revenues down for Iraq.^[20] The invasion started on 2 August 1990, and within two days, most of the Kuwaiti military was either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or retreated to neighbouring Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Immediately following the invasion, Iraq set up a puppet government known as the "Republic of Kuwait" to rule over Kuwait, eventually annexing it outright, when Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq.^[21]

^ Al Moquatel Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

^ "1990: Iraq invades Kuwait". BBC On This Day. BBC. 2 August 1990. Retrieved 20 April 2010.

^ Johns, Dave (24 January 2006). "1990 The Invasion of Kuwait". Frontline/World. PBS. Retrieved 20 April 2010.

^ ^a ^b ^c "Kuwait Organization and Mission of the Forces". Country Studies. Library of Congress. January 1993. Retrieved 20 April 2010.

^ "سير العمليات العسكرية للغزو العراقي للكويت", Al Moqatel

^ "Kuwaiti casualties". kkackm.

^ John Pike. "Iraqi Ground Forces Equipment". Retrieved 19 December 2014.

^ Jane's Armour and Artillery 2003–2004

^ Armies of the Gulf War, Gordon L. Rottman, 1993, p.48,49

^ Tanki v operacii "Shok i trepet", Aleksei Brusilov, Leonid Karyakin, Tankomaster 2003–08(Russian: Танки в операции «Шок и трепет», Алексей Брусилов, Леонид Карякин, Танкомастер 2003–08)

^ See the House of Lords case Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Corporation [2002] UKHL 19.

^ "Kuwaiti Casualties". kkamkm.

^ "IRAQ: NAVAL THREAT TO US FORCES". Retrieved 19 December 2014.

^ المبحث الرابع, إعادة بناء القوات المسلحة لكل من دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، بعد الحرب, Al Moquatel

^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

^ "Kuwait had loaned a battery of French 155mm Mk F3 SP guns to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War and a further 80 fell into Iraqi hands after the invasion."/Armies of the Gulf War. Gordon L. Rottman, Ronald Volstad. Osprey Publishing. 1993. P.49

^ Editors, History com. "Iraq invades Kuwait". HISTORY. Retrieved 9 June 2020.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 (Condemning the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraq), S.C. res. 660, 45 U.N. SCOR at 19, U.N. Doc. S/RES/660 (1990) Archived 20 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. umn.edu. Retrieved on 12 June 2011

^ Gause, F. Gregory, III (2005). "The International Politics of the Gulf". In Louise Fawcett (ed.). International Relations of the Middle East. Oxford: The University Press. pp. 263–274. ISBN 0-19-926963-7.

^ Cite error: The named reference airCombatInformationGroup was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

^ Fineman, Mark (29 August 1990). "Iraq Remaps Kuwait as Province 19". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.

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NewsBot · Aug 2, 2021 at 8:47 PM

3 August 1492 – Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.

Christopher Columbus

Late 15th-century Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer

"Cristoforo Colombo" redirects here. For other uses, see Christopher Columbus (disambiguation) and Cristoforo Colombo (disambiguation).

"Admiral of the Ocean Sea" redirects here. For his descendant, the current holder of the title, see Cristóbal Colón de Carvajal, 18th Duke of Veragua. For other holders of this title, see Duke of Veragua.

Christopher Columbus^[a] (/kəˈlʌmbəs/;^[3] born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was an Italian^[b] explorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, were the first European contact with the Caribbean, Central America, and South America.
The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Scholars generally agree that Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa and spoke a dialect of Ligurian as his first language. He went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo and was based in Lisbon for several years, but later took a Castilian mistress; he had one son with each woman. Though largely self-educated, Columbus was widely read in geography, astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. Following Columbus's persistent lobbying to multiple kingdoms, Catholic monarchs Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand II agreed to sponsor a journey west. Columbus left Castile in August 1492 with three ships, and made landfall in the Americas on 12 October (ending the period of human habitation in the Americas now referred to as the pre-Columbian era). His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani. Columbus subsequently visited the islands now known as Cuba and Hispaniola, establishing a colony in what is now Haiti. Columbus returned to Castile in early 1493, bringing a number of captured natives with him. Word of his voyages soon spread throughout Europe.
Columbus made three further voyages to the Americas, exploring the Lesser Antilles in 1493, Trinidad and the northern coast of South America in 1498, and the eastern coast of Central America in 1502. Many of the names he gave to geographical features—particularly islands—are still in use. He also gave the name indios ("Indians") to the indigenous peoples he encountered. The extent to which he was aware that the Americas were a wholly separate landmass is uncertain; he never clearly renounced his belief that he had reached the Far East. As a colonial governor, Columbus was accused by his contemporaries of significant brutality and was soon removed from the post. Columbus's strained relationship with the Crown of Castile and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and removal from Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits that he and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown. Columbus's expeditions inaugurated a period of exploration, conquest, and colonization that lasted for centuries, helping create the modern Western world. The transfers between the Old World and New World that followed his first voyage are known as the Columbian exchange.
Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement. Proponents of the Black Legend theory of history claim that Columbus has been unfairly maligned as part of a wider anti-Catholic sentiment. Many places in the Western Hemisphere bear his name, including the country of Colombia, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of British Columbia.

^ Lester, Paul M. (January 1993). "Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus". Visual Anthropology. 5 (3–4): 211–227. doi:10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590.

^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Columbus, Diego. The youngest brother of Christopher Columbus" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. – The names Giacomo and Diego are cognates, along with James, all sharing a common origin. See Behind the Name, Mike Campbell, pages Giacomo, Diego, and James. All retrieved 3 February 2017.

^ "Columbus". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

^ Pliny the Elder, Letters 9.23.

^ Cite error: The named reference britannicaWeb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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NewsBot · Aug 3, 2021 at 10:12 PM

4 August 1914 – In response to the German invasion of Belgium, Belgium and the British Empire declare war on Germany. The United States declares its neutrality.

German invasion of Belgium (1914)

Military campaign of World War I

The German invasion of Belgium was a military campaign which began on 4 August 1914. Earlier, on 24 July, the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality. The Belgian government mobilised its armed forces on 31 July and a state of heightened alert (Kriegsgefahr) was proclaimed in Germany. On 2 August, the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium, demanding passage through the country, and German forces invaded Luxembourg. Two days later, the Belgian government refused the demands and the British government guaranteed military support to Belgium. The German government declared war on Belgium on 4 August, troops crossed the border and began the Battle of Liège.
German military operations in Belgium were intended to bring the 1st, 2nd and 3rd armies into positions in Belgium from which they could invade France, which, after the fall of Liège on 7 August, led to sieges of Belgian fortresses along the river Meuse at Namur and the surrender of the last forts (16–17 August). The government abandoned the capital, Brussels, on 17 August and after fighting on the Gete river, the Belgian field army withdrew westwards to the National Redoubt at Antwerp on 19 August. Brussels was occupied the following day and the siege of Namur began on 21 August.
After the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Charleroi, the bulk of the German armies marched south into France, leaving small forces to garrison Brussels and the Belgian railways. The III Reserve Corps advanced to the fortified zone around Antwerp and a division of the IV Reserve Corps took over in Brussels. The Belgian field army made several sorties from Antwerp in late August and September to harass German communications and to assist the French and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), by keeping German troops in Belgium. German troop withdrawals to reinforce the main armies in France were postponed to repulse a Belgian sortie from 9 to 13 September and a German corps in transit was retained in Belgium for several days. Belgian resistance and German fear of francs-tireurs, led the Germans to implement a policy of terror (schrecklichkeit) against Belgian civilians soon after the invasion, in which massacres, executions, hostage taking and the burning of towns and villages took place and became known as the Rape of Belgium.
After the Battle of the Frontiers ended, the French armies and the BEF began the Great Retreat into France (24 August – 28 September), the Belgian army and small detachments of French and British troops fought in Belgium against German cavalry and Jäger. On 27 August, a squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) flew to Ostend, to conduct air reconnaissance between Bruges, Ghent and Ypres. Royal Marines landed in France on 19–20 September and began scouting unoccupied Belgium in motor cars; an RNAS Armoured Car Section was created by fitting vehicles with bulletproof steel. On 2 October, the Marine Brigade of the Royal Naval Division was moved to Antwerp, followed by the rest of the division on 6 October. From 6 to 7 October, the 7th Division and the 3rd Cavalry Division landed at Zeebrugge and naval forces collected at Dover were formed into the Dover Patrol, to operate in the Channel and off the French–Belgian coast. Despite minor British reinforcement, the siege of Antwerp ended when its defensive ring of forts was destroyed by German super-heavy artillery. The city was abandoned on 9 October and Allied forces withdrew to West Flanders.
At the end of the Great Retreat, the Race to the Sea (17 September – 19 October) began, a period of reciprocal attempts by the Germans and Franco-British to outflank their opponents, extending the front line northwards from the Aisne, into Picardy, Artois and Flanders. Military operations in Belgium also moved westwards as the Belgian army withdrew from Antwerp to the area close to the border with France. The Belgian army fought the defensive Battle of the Yser (16–31 October) from Nieuwpoort (Nieuport) south to Diksmuide (Dixmude), as the German 4th Army attacked westwards and French, British and some Belgian troops fought the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November) against the 4th and 6th armies. By November 1914, most of Belgium was under German occupation and Allied naval blockade. A German military administration was established on 26 August 1914, to rule through the pre-war Belgian administrative system, overseen by a small group of German officers and officials. Belgium was divided into administrative zones, the General Government of Brussels and its hinterland; a second zone, under the 4th Army, including Ghent and Antwerp and a third zone under the German Navy along the coastline. The German occupation lasted until late 1918.

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