Welcome to the Podiatry Arena forums

You are currently viewing our podiatry forum as a guest which gives you limited access to view all podiatry discussions and access our other features. By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members, upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, access other special features. Registered users do not get displayed the advertisements in posted messages. Registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our global Podiatry community today!

  1. Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
    Dismiss Notice
Dismiss Notice
Have you considered the Clinical Biomechanics Boot Camp Online, for taking it to the next level? See here for more.
Dismiss Notice
Have you liked us on Facebook to get our updates? Please do. Click here for our Facebook page.
Dismiss Notice
Do you get the weekly newsletter that Podiatry Arena sends out to update everybody? If not, click here to organise this.

This day in .....

Discussion in 'Break Room' started by NewsBot, Apr 6, 2008.

  1. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    25 March 1965Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King Jr. successfully complete their 4-day 50-mile march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.

    Selma to Montgomery marches

    The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. The marches were organized by nonviolent activists to demonstrate the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression; they were part of a broader voting rights movement underway in Selma and throughout the American South. By highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the civil rights movement.

    Since the late 19th century, Southern state legislatures had passed and maintained a series of Jim Crow laws that had disenfranchised the millions of African Americans across the South and enforced racial segregation. The initial voter registration drive, started in 1963 by the African-American Dallas County Voters League (DCVL) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) failed as local White officials arrested the organizers and otherwise harassed Blacks wishing to register to vote. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 legally ended segregation but the situation in Selma changed little. The DCVL then invited Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and the activists of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to amplify the efforts, and these figures drew more prominent people to Alabama. Local and regional protests began in January 1965, with 3,000 people arrested by the end of February. On February 26, activist and deacon Jimmie Lee Jackson died after being shot several days earlier by state trooper James Bonard Fowler during a peaceful march in nearby Marion. To defuse and refocus the Black community's outrage, James Bevel, who was directing SCLC's Selma voting rights movement, called for a march of dramatic length, from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, calling for an unhindered exercise of the right to vote.[3][page needed][4]

    The first march took place on March 7, 1965, led by figures including Bevel and Amelia Boynton, but was ended by state troopers and county possemen, who charged on about 600 unarmed protesters with batons and tear gas after they crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge in the direction of Montgomery. The event became known as Bloody Sunday.[5][6] Law enforcement beat Boynton unconscious, and the media publicized worldwide a picture of her lying wounded on the bridge.[7] The second march took place two days later but King cut it short as a federal court issued a temporary injunction against further marches. That night, an anti-civil rights group murdered civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston.[8] The third march, which started on March 21, was escorted by the Alabama National Guard under federal control, the FBI and federal marshals (segregationist Governor George Wallace refused to protect the protesters). Thousands of marchers averaged 10 mi (16 km) a day along U.S. Route 80 (US 80), reaching Montgomery on March 24. The following day, 25,000 people staged a demonstration on the steps of the Alabama State Capitol.

    The violence of "Bloody Sunday" and Reeb's murder resulted in a national outcry, and the marches were widely discussed in national and international news media. The protesters campaigned for a new federal voting rights law to enable African Americans to register and vote without harassment. President Lyndon B. Johnson seized the opportunity and held a historic, nationally televised joint session of Congress on March 15, asking lawmakers to pass what is now known as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He enacted it on August 6, removing obstacles for Blacks to register en masse. The march route is memorialized and designated as the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail.

    1. ^ Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968
    2. ^ "Swarthmore College Bulletin (July 2014)".
    3. ^ Kryn, Randall (1989). "James L. Bevel: The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement". In Garrow, David (ed.). We Shall Overcome: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 1950's and 1960's. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement, no. 5. Vol. II. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson Publishing Company. ISBN 9780926019027. OCLC 19740619.
    4. ^ Randy Kryn, "Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, October 2005, Middlebury College.
    5. ^ "Student March at Nyack". The New York Times. March 11, 1965. p. 19. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
    6. ^ Reed, Roy (March 6, 1966). "'Bloody Sunday' Was Year Ago". The New York Times. p. 76. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
    7. ^ Sheila Jackson Hardy; P. Stephen Hardy (2008). Extraordinary People of the Civil Rights Movement. Paw Prints. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-4395-2357-5. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
    8. ^ "James Joseph Reeb". uudb.org. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
     
  2. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 March 1997 – Thirty-nine bodies are found in the Heaven's Gate mass suicides.

    Heaven's Gate (religious group)

    Heaven's Gate was an American new religious movement known primarily for the mass suicide committed by its members in 1997. Commonly designated a cult, it was founded in 1974 and led by Bonnie Nettles (1927–1985) and Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997), known within the movement as Ti and Do, respectively.[2] Nettles and Applewhite first met in 1972 and went on a journey of spiritual discovery, identifying themselves as the two witnesses of Revelation, attracting a following of several hundred people in the mid-1970s. In 1976, a core group of a few dozen members stopped recruiting and instituted a monastic lifestyle.

    Scholars have described the theology of Heaven's Gate as a mixture of Christian millenarianism, New Age, and ufology, and as such it has been characterized as a UFO religion.[1] The central belief of the group was that followers could transform themselves into immortal extraterrestrial beings by rejecting their human nature, and they would ascend to heaven, referred to as the "Next Level" or "The Evolutionary Level Above Human". The death of Nettles from cancer in 1985 challenged the group's views on ascension; where they originally believed that they would ascend to heaven while alive aboard a UFO, they later came to believe that the body was merely a "container" or "vehicle" for the soul and that their consciousness would be transferred to new "Next Level bodies" upon death.

    On March 26, 1997, deputies of the San Diego County Sheriff's Department discovered the bodies of the 39 active members of the group, including that of Applewhite, in a house in the San Diego suburb of Rancho Santa Fe. They had participated in a coordinated series of ritual suicides, coinciding with the closest approach of Comet Hale–Bopp.[3][4] Just before the mass suicide, the group's website was updated with the message: "Hale–Bopp brings closure to Heaven's Gate ...our 22 years of classroom here on planet Earth is finally coming to conclusion—'graduation' from the Human Evolutionary Level. We are happily prepared to leave 'this world' and go with Ti's crew."[5]

    The name "Heaven's Gate" was used only for the final few years of the group's existence, and they had previously been known by the names Human Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous.

    1. ^ a b c Chryssides 2021, pp. 369–374.
    2. ^ Hexham, Irving; Poewe, Karla (7 May 1997). "UFO Religion—Making Sense of the Heaven's Gate Suicides". Christian Century. pp. 439–440. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
    3. ^ "Mass suicide involved sedatives, vodka, and careful planning". CNN. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
    4. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (March 29, 1997). "Families Learning of 39 Cultists Who Died Willingly". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-09. According to material the group posted on its Internet site, the timing of the suicides were probably related to the arrival of the Hale–Bopp comet, which members seemed to regard as a cosmic emissary beckoning them to another world.
    5. ^ "Heaven's Gate". Retrieved 2018-07-31.
     
  3. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    27 March 1625Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France.

    Charles I of England

    Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649)[a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

    Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to Infanta Maria Anna of Spain culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married Henrietta Maria of France.

    After his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. He believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.

    From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the Long Parliament in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy would be restored to Charles's son Charles II in 1660.
    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  4. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    27 March 1625Charles I becomes King of England, Scotland and Ireland as well as claiming the title King of France.

    Charles I of England

    Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649)[a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

    Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to Infanta Maria Anna of Spain culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married Henrietta Maria of France.

    After his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. He believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.

    From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the Long Parliament in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy would be restored to Charles's son Charles II in 1660.
    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  5. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    28 March 1990 – United States President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal.

    Jesse Owens

    James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games.[3]

    Owens specialized in the sprints and the long jump and was recognized in his lifetime as "perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history".[4] He set three world records and tied another, all in less than an hour, at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan, a feat that has never been equaled and has been called "the greatest 45 minutes ever in sport".[5]

    He achieved international fame at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, by winning four gold medals: 100 meters, long jump, 200 meters, and 4 × 100-meter relay. He was the most successful athlete at the Games and, as a black American man, was credited with "single-handedly crushing Hitler's myth of Aryan supremacy".[6]

    The Jesse Owens Award is USA Track & Field's highest accolade for the year's best track and field athlete. Owens was ranked by ESPN as the sixth-greatest North American athlete of the 20th century and the highest-ranked in his sport. In 1999, he was on the six-man short-list for the BBC's Sports Personality of the Century.

    1. ^ "East Technical High School". Cleveland Metro Schools. April 5, 2017.
    2. ^ Edmondson, Jacqueline (2007). Jesse Owens: A Biography. US: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-313-33988-2. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
    3. ^ Treasure Trove: A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories. Darya Ganj, New Delhi, India: Evergreen Publications Ltd. 2020. p. 103. ISBN 978-93-5063-700-5.
    4. ^ Litsky, Frank (1980), "Jesse Owens Dies of Cancer at 66", The New York Times, New York, retrieved March 23, 2014
    5. ^ Rothschild, Richard (May 24, 2010). "Greatest 45 minutes ever in sports". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
    6. ^ Schwartz, Larry (2000). "Owens Pierced a Myth". ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on July 6, 2000.
     
  6. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    29 March 1945 – World War II: The German 4th Army is almost destroyed by the Soviet Red Army.

    Heiligenbeil Pocket

    The Heiligenbeil Pocket or Heiligenbeil Cauldron (German: Kessel von Heiligenbeil) was the site of a major encirclement battle on the Eastern Front during the closing weeks of World War II, in which the Wehrmacht's 4th Army was almost entirely destroyed during the Soviet Braunsberg Offensive Operation (13–22 March 1945). The pocket was located near Heiligenbeil in East Prussia in eastern Germany (now Mamonovo, Kaliningrad Oblast), and the battle, part of a broader Soviet offensive into the region of East Prussia, lasted from 26 January until 29 March 1945.

    1. ^ "Наша Победа. День за днем - проект РИА Новости". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
     
  7. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    30 March 1856 – The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Crimean War.

    Treaty of Paris (1856)

    The Treaty of Paris of 1856 brought an end to the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.[1][2]

    The treaty, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, made the Black Sea neutral territory, closing it to all warships and prohibiting fortifications and the presence of armaments on its shores.

    The treaty diminished Russian influence in the region. Conditions for the return of Sevastopol and other towns and cities in the south of Crimea to Russia were severe since no naval or military arsenal could be established by Russia on the coast of the Black Sea.

    1. ^ a b Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856". The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes. Vol. 2. London: Butterworth. pp. 1250–1265.
    2. ^ a b Albin, Pierre (1912). "Acte General Du Congres de Paris, 30 Mars 1856". Les Grands Traités Politiques: Recueil des Principaux Textes Diplomatiques Depuis 1815 Jusqu'à nos Jours avec des Notices Historiques et des Notes. Paris: Librairie Félix Alcan. pp. 170–180.
     
  8. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    31 March 1970Explorer 1 re-enters the Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.

    Explorer 1

    Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States in 1958 and was part of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The mission followed the first two satellites, both launched by the Soviet Union during the previous year, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2. This began a Space Race during the Cold War between the two nations.

    Explorer 1 was launched on 1 February 1958 at 03:47:56 GMT (or 31 January 1958 at 22:47:56 Eastern Time) atop the first Juno booster from LC-26A at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Center of the Atlantic Missile Range (AMR), in Florida. It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt,[2] returning data until its batteries were exhausted after nearly four months. It remained in orbit until 1970.

    Explorer 1 was given Satellite Catalog Number 00004 and the Harvard designation 1958 Alpha 1,[3] the forerunner to the modern International Designator.

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Trajectory was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Paul Dickson, Sputnik: The Launch of the Space Race, Toronto: MacFarlane Walter & Ross, 2001, p. 190
    3. ^ Yost, Charles W. (1963). Registration data for United States Space Launches (PDF). United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
     
  9. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    1 April 1924Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years imprisonment for his participation in the "Beer Hall Putsch" but spends only nine months in jail.

    Beer Hall Putsch

    The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,[1][note 1] was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 15 Nazis, four police officers, and one bystander.[2][3]

    Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason.[4]

    The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison,[note 2] where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released.[5][6] Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.[7]

    1. ^ Dan Moorhouse, ed. The Munich Putsch. Archived 5 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine schoolshistory.org.uk, accessed 2008-05-31.
    2. ^ Shirer 1960, pp. 73–75.
    3. ^ "Einsatz für Freiheit und Demokratie". 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
    4. ^ Hitler, Adolf (1924). Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich]. Munich: Knorr & Hirth. OCLC 638670803.
    5. ^ Harold J. Gordon Jr., The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich (Arlington, VA: University Publications of America 1976)
    6. ^ Fulda, Bernhard (2009). Press and politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-19-954778-4.
    7. ^ Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, p. 24, ISBN 0-674-01172-4.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

     
  10. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    2 April 2015 – Gunmen attack Garissa University College in Kenya, killing at least 148 people and wounding 79 others.

    Garissa University College attack

    On 2 April 2015, gunmen stormed the Garissa University College in Garissa, Kenya, killing 148 people,[1][2] and injuring at least 79. The militant groups Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab, which the gunmen claimed to belong to, took responsibility for the attack.[3] The gunmen took over 700 students hostage, freeing Muslims and killing those who identified as Christians. The siege ended the same day, when all four of the attackers were killed. Five men were later arrested in connection with the attack, and a bounty was placed for the arrest of a suspected organizer.

    The attack was the deadliest in Kenya since the 1998 United States embassy bombings,[4] and is the second deadliest overall, with more casualties than the 2002 Mombasa attacks, the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack,[5] the 2014 Nairobi bus bombings, the 2014 Gikomba bombings, the 2014 Mpeketoni attacks and the 2014 Lamu attacks.

    1. ^ a b "Kenya al-Shabab attack: Security questions as Garissa dead mourned". BBC News. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
    2. ^ "Death toll from Kenyan attack rises to 148". RTÉ.ie. 3 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
    3. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kushkush, Isma'il; Callimachi, Rukmini (2 April 2015). "Somali Militants Kill 147 at Kenyan University". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
    4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Reuters1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    5. ^ Mutambo, Aggrey; Hajir, Abdimalik (2 April 2015). "147 killed as Garissa University College attacked by gunmen". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
     
  11. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    3 April 2018YouTube headquarters shooting.

    YouTube headquarters shooting

    On April 3, 2018, at approximately 12:46 p.m. PDT, a shooting occurred at the headquarters of the American video-sharing website YouTube in San Bruno, California. The shooter was identified as 38-year-old Nasim Najafi Aghdam, an Iranian-American woman who entered through an exterior parking garage, approached an outdoor patio, and opened fire with a Smith & Wesson 9 mm semi-automatic pistol. Aghdam wounded three people, one of them critically, before killing herself with her own firearm.[6][7][8]

    1. ^ Zwirz, Elizabeth (May 31, 2018). "YouTube shooter asked about a job when she visited the campus a day earlier, police say". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
    2. ^ D'Onfro, Jillian (April 3, 2018). "Female suspect in YouTube HQ shooting is dead". NBC News. CNBC. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
    3. ^ Simon, Darran (April 4, 2018). "Trauma surgeon in YouTube shooting vents his frustration over gun violence". CNN. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
    4. ^ "Woman who allegedly carried out YouTube shooting is identified by police". NBC News. CNBC. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018.
    5. ^ Coldeway, Devin; Hatmaker, Taylor (April 4, 2018). "Police say shooter's anger over YouTube policies 'appears to be the motive'". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
    6. ^ Allen, Karma (April 4, 2018). "Family of alleged YouTube shooter warned police 'she might do something'". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
    7. ^ "Shooter dead, at least 3 injured in YouTube shooting, police say". KRON. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018.
    8. ^ Astor, Maggie; Salam, Maya (April 3, 2018). "YouTube Shooting: Woman Wounds 3 Before Killing Herself, Police Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018.
     
  12. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 April 1965 – The first model of the new Saab Viggen fighter aircraft is unveiled.

    Saab 37 Viggen

    The Saab 37 Viggen (The Tufted Duck, ambiguous with The Thunderbolt)[3] is a single-seat, single-engine multirole combat aircraft designed and produced by the Swedish aircraft manufacturer Saab.[1] It was the first canard-equipped aircraft to be produced in quantity[4] and the first to carry an airborne digital central computer with integrated circuits for its avionics, arguably making it the most modern/advanced combat aircraft in Europe at the time of introduction. The digital central computer was the first of its kind in the world, automating and taking over tasks previously requiring a navigator/copilot, facilitating handling in tactical situations where, among other things, high speeds and short decision times determined whether attacks would be successful or not, a system not surpassed until the introduction of the Panavia Tornado into operational service in 1981.[5]

    Development work begun during the early 1950s to develop a successor to the Saab 32 Lansen in the attack role, as well as to the Saab 35 Draken as a fighter. Saab's design team opted for a relatively radical delta wing configuration, as well as to produce the aircraft as a integrated weapon system that operated in conjunction with Sweden's STRIL-6 national electronic air defense system. It was also designed to be operated from runways as short as 500 meters. Work was aided by the "37-annex" under which Sweden could access advanced U.S. aeronautical technology to accelerate both design and production.[6] The aircraft's aerodynamic design was finalised in 1963. The prototype performed its maiden flight on 8 February 1967 and the following year the Swedish government ordered an initial batch of 175 Viggens; the aircraft entering service with the Swedish Air Force on 21 June 1971.

    Even as the initial AJ 37 model entered service, Saab was actively working on further variants of the Viggen. Accordingly, several distinct variants of the Viggen would be produced to perform the roles of fighter bomber/strike fighter (AJ 37), aerial reconnaissance (SF 37), maritime patrol/anti-surface (SH 37) and a two-seat trainer (Sk 37). During the late 1970s, the all-weather interceptor/strike fighter JA 37 variant was introduced. Attempts to export the Viggen to other nations were made, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. In November 2005, the last Viggens was withdrawn from service by the Swedish Air Force, its only operator; by this point, it had been replaced by the newer and more advanced Saab JAS 39 Gripen.

    1. ^ a b "iggen - ryggraden i det svenska flygvapnet under tre decennier". saab.com. Saab AB. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference bomber 247 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Nilsson, Axel (13 January 2012). "JAS 39 Gripen − Milestones". Projects. Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. Swedish naming of aircraft
    4. ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 279.
    5. ^ Zorro, Mario H. (8 May 2016), "Saab S37 Viggen", Plane Encyclopedia.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference SDRA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  13. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    4 April 1965 – The first model of the new Saab Viggen fighter aircraft is unveiled.

    Saab 37 Viggen

    The Saab 37 Viggen (The Tufted Duck, ambiguous with The Thunderbolt)[3] is a single-seat, single-engine multirole combat aircraft designed and produced by the Swedish aircraft manufacturer Saab.[1] It was the first canard-equipped aircraft to be produced in quantity[4] and the first to carry an airborne digital central computer with integrated circuits for its avionics, arguably making it the most modern/advanced combat aircraft in Europe at the time of introduction. The digital central computer was the first of its kind in the world, automating and taking over tasks previously requiring a navigator/copilot, facilitating handling in tactical situations where, among other things, high speeds and short decision times determined whether attacks would be successful or not, a system not surpassed until the introduction of the Panavia Tornado into operational service in 1981.[5]

    Development work begun during the early 1950s to develop a successor to the Saab 32 Lansen in the attack role, as well as to the Saab 35 Draken as a fighter. Saab's design team opted for a relatively radical delta wing configuration, as well as to produce the aircraft as a integrated weapon system that operated in conjunction with Sweden's STRIL-6 national electronic air defense system. It was also designed to be operated from runways as short as 500 meters. Work was aided by the "37-annex" under which Sweden could access advanced U.S. aeronautical technology to accelerate both design and production.[6] The aircraft's aerodynamic design was finalised in 1963. The prototype performed its maiden flight on 8 February 1967 and the following year the Swedish government ordered an initial batch of 175 Viggens; the aircraft entering service with the Swedish Air Force on 21 June 1971.

    Even as the initial AJ 37 model entered service, Saab was actively working on further variants of the Viggen. Accordingly, several distinct variants of the Viggen would be produced to perform the roles of fighter bomber/strike fighter (AJ 37), aerial reconnaissance (SF 37), maritime patrol/anti-surface (SH 37) and a two-seat trainer (Sk 37). During the late 1970s, the all-weather interceptor/strike fighter JA 37 variant was introduced. Attempts to export the Viggen to other nations were made, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. In November 2005, the last Viggens was withdrawn from service by the Swedish Air Force, its only operator; by this point, it had been replaced by the newer and more advanced Saab JAS 39 Gripen.

    1. ^ a b "iggen - ryggraden i det svenska flygvapnet under tre decennier". saab.com. Saab AB. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
    2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference bomber 247 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ Nilsson, Axel (13 January 2012). "JAS 39 Gripen − Milestones". Projects. Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. Swedish naming of aircraft
    4. ^ Fredriksen 2001, p. 279.
    5. ^ Zorro, Mario H. (8 May 2016), "Saab S37 Viggen", Plane Encyclopedia.
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference SDRA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  14. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
  15. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    6 April 1947 – The first Tony Awards are presented for theatrical achievement.

    Tony Awards

    The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Broadway Theatre,[1] more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League[2] at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The ceremony is held on the second Sunday of June.

    The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theatre. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award.[3]

    The awards were founded by theatre producer and director Brock Pemberton and are named after Antoinette "Tony" Perry, an actress, producer and theatre director who was co-founder and secretary of the American Theatre Wing. The trophy consists of a spinnable medallion, with faces portraying an adaptation of the comedy and tragedy masks, mounted on a black base with a pewter swivel.

    The rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document "Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards", which applies for that season only.[4] The Tony Awards are the New York theatre industry's equivalent to the Emmy Awards for television, the Grammy Awards for music, and the Academy Awards (Oscars) for film, and a person who has won all four is said to have won the EGOT. The Tony Awards are the U.S. equivalent of the United Kingdom's Laurence Olivier Awards and France's Molière Awards.

    1. ^ American Theatre Wing. "2014 Rules for use of Tony Awards trademarks" Archived April 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine tonyawards.com, April 8, 2017
    2. ^ Gans, Andrew (December 18, 2007). "League of American Theatres and Producers Announces Name Change" Archived December 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Playbill. Retrieved September 13, 2013. The League of American Theatres and Producers was renamed "The Broadway League".
    3. ^ Staff (undated). "Who's Who" Archived December 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. tonyawards.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
    4. ^ "Tony Awards Rules and Regulations for 2013–14 season" Archived July 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine tonyawards.com, accessed June 12, 2014
     
  16. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    7 April 1990 – A fire breaks out on the passenger ferry Scandinavian Star, killing 159 people.

    MS Scandinavian Star

    MS Scandinavian Star, originally named MS Massalia, was a car and passenger ferry built in France in 1971. The ship was set on fire on 7 April 1990, killing 159 people. The official investigation determined the fire had been caused by a convicted arsonist who died in the blaze.[1] This finding has since been disputed.[2]

    After a lengthy period of lay-up after the fire, she was eventually repaired and refitted and put back into ferry service as the Regal Voyager, initially in the Mediterranean, and later in the Caribbean. She was eventually scrapped in 2004.

    1. ^ Solheim, T.; Lorentsen, M.; Sundnes, P.K.; Bang, G. & Bremnes, L. (1992): The "Scandinavian Star" ferry disaster 1990 – a challenge to forensic odontology. International Journal of Legal Medicine 104: 339-345.
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference reopen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  17. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 April 1908Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.

    Harvard Business School

    Harvard Business School (HBS) is the graduate business school of Harvard University, a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. It owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, case studies, and Harvard Business Review, a monthly academic business magazine. It is also home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center, the school's primary library.

    1. ^ a b c d "Statistics – About Us". Harvard Business School. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
     
  18. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    8 April 1908Harvard University votes to establish the Harvard Business School.

    Harvard Business School

    Harvard Business School (HBS) is the graduate business school of Harvard University, a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. It owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, case studies, and Harvard Business Review, a monthly academic business magazine. It is also home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center, the school's primary library.

    1. ^ a b c d "Statistics – About Us". Harvard Business School. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
     
  19. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    9 April 1288Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.

    Mongol invasions of Vietnam

    Four major military campaigns were launched by the Mongol Empire, and later the Yuan dynasty, against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the smaller kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam) in 1258, 1282–1284, 1285, and 1287–88. The campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of tributary relations with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats.[14][15][16] In contrast, modern Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders.[17][14]

    The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the Song dynasty. The Mongol general Uriyangkhadai was successful in capturing the Vietnamese capital Thang Long (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to invade the Song dynasty in modern-day Guangxi as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in Sichuan under Möngke Khan and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day Shandong and Henan.[18] The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese kingdom, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty. In 1283, Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty launched a naval invasion of Champa that also resulted in the establishment of tributary relations.

    Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the uncooperative Đại Việt ruler Trần Nhân Tông with the defected Trần prince Trần Ích Tắc. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further conflict.[19][20]


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Rossabi 2006, p. 486.
    2. ^ Anderson 2014, p. 129.
    3. ^ Lo 2012, pp. 289–292.
    4. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 579.
    5. ^ Taylor 2013, p. 124.
    6. ^ Hà & Phạm 2003, pp. 66–68.
    7. ^ Man 2012, p. 350.
    8. ^ Atwood 2004, pp. 579–580.
    9. ^ Anderson 2014, p. 127.
    10. ^ Lo 2012, p. 288.
    11. ^ Lo 2012, p. 292.
    12. ^ Man 2012, p. 351.
    13. ^ Lo 2012, p. 302.
    14. ^ a b Baldanza 2016, p. 17.
    15. ^ Weatherford 2005, p. 212.
    16. ^ Hucker 1975, p. 285.
    17. ^ Aymonier 1893, p. 16.
    18. ^ Haw 2013, pp. 361–371.
    19. ^ Bulliet et al. 2014, p. 336.
    20. ^ Baldanza 2016, p. 17-26.
     
  20. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    10 April 1971Ping-pong diplomacy: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, China hosts the U.S. table tennis team for a week-long visit.

    Ping-pong diplomacy

    Ping-pong diplomacy (Chinese: 乒乓外交; pinyin: Pīngpāng wàijiāo) refers to the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States and the People's Republic of China in the early 1970s. Considered a turning point in relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, it began during the 1971 World Table Tennis Championships in Nagoya, Japan, as a result of an encounter between players Glenn Cowan (of the US) and Zhuang Zedong (of the PRC).[1] The exchange and its promotion helped people in each country to recognize the humanity in the people of the other country, and it paved the way for President Richard Nixon's visit to Beijing in 1972.

    1. ^ [1] Archived June 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
     
  21. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    11 April 1979Ugandan dictator Idi Amin is deposed.

    Idi Amin

    Idi Amin Dada Oumee (/ˈdi ɑːˈmn, ˈɪdi -/ , UK also /- æˈmn/; 30 August 1928 – 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a military dictator and is considered one of the most brutal despots in modern world history.[2]

    Amin was born to a Kakwa father and Lugbara mother. In 1946, he joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) of the British Colonial Army as a cook. He rose to the rank of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels and then the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and Amin remained in the army, rising to the position of major and being appointed commander of the Uganda Army in 1965. He became aware that Ugandan President Milton Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he launched the 1971 Ugandan coup d'état and declared himself president.

    During his years in power, Amin shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko, the Soviet Union, and East Germany.[3][4][5] In 1972, Amin expelled Asians, a majority of whom were Indian-Ugandans, leading India to sever diplomatic relations with his regime.[6] In 1975, Amin became the chairman of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a Pan-Africanist group designed to promote solidarity among African states.[7] Uganda was a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1977 to 1979.[8] The United Kingdom broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and Amin declared that he had defeated the British and added "CBE" to his title for "Conqueror of the British Empire".[9]

    As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to Amin's support for PFLP-EO and RZ hijackers in 1976, leading to Israel's Operation Entebbe. He then attempted to annex Tanzania's Kagera Region in 1978. The Tanzanian president Julius Nyerere ordered his troops to invade Uganda in response. Tanzanian Army and rebel forces successfully captured Kampala in 1979 and ousted Amin from power. Amin went into exile, first in Libya, then Iraq, and finally in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death in 2003.[10]

    Amin's rule was characterised by rampant human rights abuses, including political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, as well as nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000[11] and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.[9]

    1. ^ Nakajubi, Gloria (15 July 2015). "Ugandan dictator Idi Amin's widow Sarah Kyolaba dies in the UK aged 59". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
    2. ^ Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Biography of Idi Amin, Brutal Dictator of Uganda". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
    3. ^ Roland Anthony Oliver, Anthony Atmore (1967). "Africa Since 1800". The Geographical Journal. 133 (2): 272. Bibcode:1967GeogJ.133Q.230M. doi:10.2307/1793302. JSTOR 1793302.
    4. ^ Dale C. Tatum. Who influenced whom?. p. 177.
    5. ^ Gareth M. Winrow. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141.
    6. ^ Subramanian, Archana (6 August 2015). "Asian expulsion". The Hindu.
    7. ^ "Idi Amin: A Byword for Brutality". News24. 21 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
    8. ^ Gershowitz, Suzanne (20 March 2007). "The Last King of Scotland, Idi Amin, and the United Nations". Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
    9. ^ a b Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). "Idi Amin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
    10. ^ "Dictator Idi Amin dies". 16 August 2003. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
    11. ^ Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 56 (3): 529–543. doi:10.2307/20039917. JSTOR 20039917. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2018. The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power.
     
  22. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    12 April 2002 – A suicide bomber blows herself up at the entrance to Jerusalem's Mahane Yehuda Market, killing seven people and wounding 104.

    Suicide attack

    The September 11 attacks, one of the most famous suicide attacks.

    A suicide attack is a deliberate attack in which the perpetrators knowingly sacrifice their own lives as part of the attack. These attacks are often associated with terrorism or military conflicts and are considered a form of murder–suicide. Suicide attacks involving explosives are commonly referred to as suicide bombings. In the context of terrorism, they are also commonly referred to as suicide terrorism.[1] While generally not explicitly regulated under international law, many suicide attacks violate international laws of war, such as prohibitions against perfidy or targeting civilians.[2] In 2019, there were 149 suicide bombings in 24 countries, carried out by 236 individuals. These attacks resulted in 1,850 deaths and 3,660 injuries.[3]

    Suicide attacks have occurred in various contexts, ranging from military campaigns—such as the Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II (1944–1945)—to more contemporary Islamic terrorist campaigns—including the September 11 attacks in 2001. Initially, these attacks primarily targeted military, police, and public officials. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) later adopted the tactic of mass targeting civilian populations. This approach continued with groups like al-Qaeda, which combined mass civilian targets with political leadership.[1] While only a few suicide attacks occurred between 1945 and 1980,[4] between 1981 and September 2015, a total of 4,814 suicide attacks were carried out in over 40 countries,[5] resulting in over 45,000 deaths. The global frequency of these attacks increased from an average of three per year in the 1980s to roughly one per month in the 1990s, almost one per week from 2001 to 2003,[6] and roughly one per day from 2003 to 2015.[5]

    Suicide attacks distinguish themselves from other terror attacks due to their heightened lethality and destructiveness.[7][1] Perpetrators benefit from the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, and the lack of need for escape plans, rescue teams, efforts to conceal their identities, and—in the case of suicide bombings—remote or delayed detonation.[7] Although they accounted for only 4% of all terrorist attacks between 1981 and 2006, they resulted in 32% of terrorism-related deaths (14,599 deaths). 90% of these attacks occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[8] By mid-2015, about three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.[9]

    William Hutchinson (W. Hutchinson) describes suicide attacks as a weapon of psychological warfare[10] aimed at instilling fear in the target population,[11] undermining areas where the public feels secure, and eroding the "fabric of trust that holds societies together." This weapon is further used to demonstrate the lengths to which perpetrators will go to achieve their goals.[7] Motivations for suicide attackers vary: kamikaze pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been driven by religious or nationalist purposes. According to analyst Robert Pape, prior to 2003, most attacks targeted occupying forces.[12] From 2000 to 2004, the ideology of Islamist martyrdom played a predominant role in motivating the majority of bombers, as noted by anthropologist Scott Atran.[13]

    1. ^ a b c Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3.
    2. ^ Hunter, Jane (June 5, 2015). "Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say?". AOAV. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015.
    3. ^ https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/Expeditions-with-MCUP-digital-journal/Escaping-Atonement-in-Sunni-Islam/
    4. ^ Pape, Robert (27 August 2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 97 (3): 343. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. hdl:1811/31746. S2CID 1019730. Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States.
    5. ^ a b "Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database". Cpostdata.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
    6. ^ Atran 2006, p. 128.
    7. ^ a b c Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 October 2015. According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts.
    8. ^ Hassan, Riaz (September 3, 2009). "What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?". YaleGlobal. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
    9. ^ (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
    10. ^ Hutchinson, W. (March 2007). "The systemic roots of suicide bombing". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 24 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1002/sres.824.
    11. ^ de la Corte Ibáñez, Luis (19 October 2014). "The Social Psychology of Suicide Terrorism". ict.org.il. International Institute for Counter Terrorism. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2015. Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. [...] An alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use.
    12. ^ For example, 90% of attacks in Iraq prior to the civil war (starting in 2003) aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in Dying to Win and to 2009 in Cutting the Fuse.
    13. ^ Atran 2006, p. 127: " During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups."
     
  23. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    12 April 2002 – A suicide bomber blows herself up at the entrance to Jerusalem's Mahane Yehuda Market, killing seven people and wounding 104.

    Suicide attack

    The September 11 attacks, one of the most famous suicide attacks.

    A suicide attack is a deliberate attack in which the perpetrators knowingly sacrifice their own lives as part of the attack. These attacks are often associated with terrorism or military conflicts and are considered a form of murder–suicide. Suicide attacks involving explosives are commonly referred to as suicide bombings. In the context of terrorism, they are also commonly referred to as suicide terrorism.[1] While generally not explicitly regulated under international law, many suicide attacks violate international laws of war, such as prohibitions against perfidy or targeting civilians.[2] In 2019, there were 149 suicide bombings in 24 countries, carried out by 236 individuals. These attacks resulted in 1,850 deaths and 3,660 injuries.[3]

    Suicide attacks have occurred in various contexts, ranging from military campaigns—such as the Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II (1944–1945)—to more contemporary Islamic terrorist campaigns—including the September 11 attacks in 2001. Initially, these attacks primarily targeted military, police, and public officials. The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) later adopted the tactic of mass targeting civilian populations. This approach continued with groups like al-Qaeda, which combined mass civilian targets with political leadership.[1] While only a few suicide attacks occurred between 1945 and 1980,[4] between 1981 and September 2015, a total of 4,814 suicide attacks were carried out in over 40 countries,[5] resulting in over 45,000 deaths. The global frequency of these attacks increased from an average of three per year in the 1980s to roughly one per month in the 1990s, almost one per week from 2001 to 2003,[6] and roughly one per day from 2003 to 2015.[5]

    Suicide attacks distinguish themselves from other terror attacks due to their heightened lethality and destructiveness.[7][1] Perpetrators benefit from the ability to conceal weapons, make last-minute adjustments, and the lack of need for escape plans, rescue teams, efforts to conceal their identities, and—in the case of suicide bombings—remote or delayed detonation.[7] Although they accounted for only 4% of all terrorist attacks between 1981 and 2006, they resulted in 32% of terrorism-related deaths (14,599 deaths). 90% of these attacks occurred in Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[8] By mid-2015, about three-quarters of all suicide attacks occurred in just three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.[9]

    William Hutchinson (W. Hutchinson) describes suicide attacks as a weapon of psychological warfare[10] aimed at instilling fear in the target population,[11] undermining areas where the public feels secure, and eroding the "fabric of trust that holds societies together." This weapon is further used to demonstrate the lengths to which perpetrators will go to achieve their goals.[7] Motivations for suicide attackers vary: kamikaze pilots acted under military orders, while other attacks have been driven by religious or nationalist purposes. According to analyst Robert Pape, prior to 2003, most attacks targeted occupying forces.[12] From 2000 to 2004, the ideology of Islamist martyrdom played a predominant role in motivating the majority of bombers, as noted by anthropologist Scott Atran.[13]

    1. ^ a b c Moghadam, Assaf (2006). "Defining suicide terrorism". In Pedahzur, Ami (ed.). Root causes of suicide terrorism: the globalization of martyrdom. Cass series on political violence (Reprinted ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 13–24. ISBN 978-0-415-77029-3.
    2. ^ Hunter, Jane (June 5, 2015). "Suicide bombings: What does the law actually say?". AOAV. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015.
    3. ^ https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/Expeditions-with-MCUP-digital-journal/Escaping-Atonement-in-Sunni-Islam/
    4. ^ Pape, Robert (27 August 2003). "The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism". American Political Science Review. 97 (3): 343. doi:10.1017/S000305540300073X. hdl:1811/31746. S2CID 1019730. Before the early 1980s, suicide terrorism was rare but not unknown (Lewis 1968; O'Neill 1981; Rapoport 1984). However, since the attack on the U.S. embassy in Beirut in April 1983, there have been at least 188 separate suicide terrorist attacks worldwide, in Lebanon, Israel, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Turkey, Russia and the United States.
    5. ^ a b "Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. Suicide Attack Database". Cpostdata.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
    6. ^ Atran 2006, p. 128.
    7. ^ a b c Hoffman, Bruce (June 2003). "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 October 2015. According to data from the Rand Corporation's chronology of international terrorism incidents, suicide attacks on average kill four times as many people as other terrorist acts.
    8. ^ Hassan, Riaz (September 3, 2009). "What Motivates the Suicide Bombers?". YaleGlobal. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
    9. ^ (Click "Search Database", then under "filter by", click "location". Afghanistan (1059) Iraq (1938) and Pakistan (490) have a total 3487 attacks out of a total of 4620 worldwide.)"Year: 1982–2015. Group". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism Suicide Attack Database. Archived from the original on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
    10. ^ Hutchinson, W. (March 2007). "The systemic roots of suicide bombing". Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 24 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1002/sres.824.
    11. ^ de la Corte Ibáñez, Luis (19 October 2014). "The Social Psychology of Suicide Terrorism". ict.org.il. International Institute for Counter Terrorism. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2015. Terrorism involves the use of force or violence in order to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions which means that social influence is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Obviously we could say the same about suicide terrorism. [...] An alternative perspective views terrorism, including suicide terrorism, as tool: a means to an end and a tactic of warfare that anyone could use.
    12. ^ For example, 90% of attacks in Iraq prior to the civil war (starting in 2003) aimed at forcing out occupying forces. Pape's tabulation of suicide attacks runs from 1980 to early 2004 in Dying to Win and to 2009 in Cutting the Fuse.
    13. ^ Atran 2006, p. 127: " During 2000–2004, there were 472 suicide attacks in 22 countries, killing more than 7,000 and wounding tens of thousands. Most have been carried out by Islamist groups claiming religious motivation, also known as jihadis. Rand Corp. vice president and terrorism analyst Bruce Hoffman has found that 80 percent of suicide attacks since 1968 occurred after the September 11 attacks, with jihadis representing 31 of the 35 responsible groups."
     
  24. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    13 April 1972 – Vietnam War: The Battle of An Lộc begins.

    Battle of An Lộc

    The Battle of An Lộc was a major battle of the Vietnam War that lasted for 66 days and culminated in a tactical victory for South Vietnam. The struggle for An Lộc in 1972 was an important battle of the war, as South Vietnamese forces halted the North Vietnamese advance towards Saigon.

    1. ^ "Richard Tallman, Brigadier General, United States Army". The Virtual Wall. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
    2. ^ Willbanks, James (1993). Thiet Giap! The Battle of An Loc, April 1972 (PDF). U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    3. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 51. ISBN 9781851099603.
    4. ^ Hồ sơ cục Quân y: Chiến dịch Nguyễn Huệ 4/1972 - 1/1973: 13,412 wounded (26.83% total forces); included phase 1 (battle of Loc Ninh and battle of An Loc): 6,214 wounded. Total killed or missing during the campaign: 3,961 (included 50% in phase 1)
    5. ^ Ngo, Quang Truong (1980). The Easter Offensive of 1972 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
    6. ^ Thi, Lam Quang (2009). Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion and the Battle that Saved South Vietnam. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 9781574412765.
     
  25. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    14 April 1909A massacre is organized by the Ottoman Empire against the Armenian population of Cilicia.

    Adana massacre

    The Adana massacre (Armenian: Ադանայի կոտորած, Turkish: Adana Katliamı) occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in April 1909. A massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman Muslims in the city of Adana amidst the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 expanded to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the province.[4] Around 20,000 to 25,000 people were killed in Adana and surrounding towns, mostly Armenians;[5] it was reported that about 1,300 Assyrians were also killed during the massacres.[6] Unlike the earlier Hamidian massacres, the events were not organized by the central government but instead instigated by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) supporters in Adana. Professor of History Ronald Grigor Suny from the University of Michigan describes Adana as "more like an urban riot that degenerated into a pogrom rather than a state-initiated mass killing".[2]

    Ottoman and Armenian revolutionary groups had cooperated to secure the deposition of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and the restoration of constitutional rule in 1908. In reaction, on March 31, 1909 (April 13 by the Western Gregorian calendar) a military revolt directed against the CUP seized Constantinople (Istanbul after 1928). While the revolt lasted only ten days, it precipitated a pogrom and massacres in Adana Province against Armenians that lasted over a month.

    The massacres were rooted in political, economic, and religious differences.[7] The Armenian segment of the population of Adana was described as the "richest and most prosperous"; the violence included destruction of "tractors and other kinds of mechanized equipment."[8]

    1. ^ Nazan Maksudyan (2014). Women and the City, Women in the City: A Gendered Perspective on Ottoman Urban History. Berghahn Books. p. 122.
    2. ^ a b Suny 2015, pp. 172–173.
    3. ^ McCullagh, Francis (1910). The Fall of Abd-ul-Hamid. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 138.
    4. ^ Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in Armenian Cilicia, eds. Richard G. Hovannisian and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 339–369.
    5. ^ Suny 2015, p. 171.
    6. ^ Gaunt, David (2009). "The Assyrian Genocide of 1915". Assyrian Genocide Research Center.
    7. ^ "Armenian Wealth Caused Massacres". The New York Times. April 25, 1909.
    8. ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, pp. 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
     
  26. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    15 April 1941 – In the Belfast Blitz, two-hundred bombers of the German Luftwaffe attack Belfast, killing around one thousand people.

    Belfast Blitz

    The Belfast Blitz consisted of three German air raids on strategic targets in the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland, in April and May 1941 during World War II, causing high casualties. The first was on the night of 7–8 April 1941, a small attack which probably took place only to test Belfast's defences. The next took place on Easter Tuesday, 15 April 1941, when 200 Luftwaffe bombers attacked military and manufacturing targets in the city of Belfast. Some 900 people died as a result of the bombing and 1,500 were injured. High explosive bombs predominated in this raid. Apart from those on London, this was the greatest loss of life in any night raid during the Blitz.[1][2]

    The third raid on Belfast took place over the evening and morning of 4–5 May 1941; 150 were killed. Incendiary bombs predominated in this raid. The fourth and final Belfast raid took place on the following night, 5–6 May. In total over 1,300 houses were demolished, some 5,000 badly damaged, nearly 30,000 slightly damaged while 20,000 required "first aid repairs".[3]

    1. ^ BBC (11 April 2001). "The Belfast blitz is remembered". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2015. On 16 April 1941 Belfast was devastated as it bore the worst air raid of any city outside London […] It was one of the largest German strike forces used to date in the war and the Luftwaffe was heading for a city later described as the most poorly defended in the United Kingdom.
    2. ^ Belfast Central Library. "Memories of the Belfast Blitz". WW2 People's War. BBC. Retrieved 19 January 2015. No city, save London, suffered more loss of life in one night's raid on the United Kingdom.
    3. ^ Barton, Brian, The Belfast Blitz: The City in the War Years (2015) p. 397.
     
  27. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    16 April 1947 – An explosion on board a freighter in port causes the city of Texas City, Texas, to catch fire, killing almost 600.

    Texas City disaster

    SS Wilson B. Keene, destroyed in the disaster's second explosion

    The 1947 Texas City disaster was an industrial accident that occurred on April 16, 1947, in the port of Texas City, Texas, United States, located in Galveston Bay. It was the deadliest industrial accident in U.S. history and one of history's largest non-nuclear explosions.

    The explosion was triggered by a mid-morning fire on board the French-registered vessel SS Grandcamp (docked at port), which detonated her cargo of about 2,300 tons (about 2,100 metric tons) of ammonium nitrate.[1] This started a chain reaction of fires and explosions aboard other ships and in nearby oil-storage facilities, ultimately killing at least 581 people, including all but one member of Texas City's volunteer fire department.[2]: 100 

    The disaster drew the first class action lawsuit against the United States government, on behalf of 8,485 plaintiffs, under the 1946 Federal Tort Claims Act.

    1. ^ Fire Prevention and Engineering Bureau of Texas; The National Board of Fire Underwriters (April 29, 1947). "Texas City, Texas, Disaster". Texas City Firefighters Local 159. Fire Prevention and Engineering Bureau of Texas. Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
    2. ^ Stephens, Hugh W. (1997-04-01). The Texas City Disaster, 1947. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77723-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
     
  28. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    17 April 1978Mir Akbar Khyber is assassinated, provoking a communist coup d'état in Afghanistan.

    Mir Akbar Khyber

    Mir Akbar Khyber[a][b] (January 11, 1925 – April 17, 1978) was an Afghan left-wing intellectual and a leader of the Parcham faction of People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). His assassination by an unidentified person or people led to the overthrow of Mohammed Daoud Khan's republic, and to the advent of a socialist regime in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  29. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    18 April 1909Joan of Arc is beatified in Rome.

    Joan of Arc

    Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc [ʒan daʁk]; Middle French: Jehanne Darc [ʒəˈãnə ˈdark]; c. 1412 – 30 May 1431) is a patron saint of France, honored as a defender of the French nation for her role in the siege of Orléans and her insistence on the coronation of Charles VII of France during the Hundred Years' War. Claiming to be acting under divine guidance, she became a military leader who transcended gender roles and gained recognition as a savior of France.

    Joan was born to a propertied peasant family at Domrémy in northeast France. In 1428, she requested to be taken to Charles, later testifying that she was guided by visions from the archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine to help him save France from English domination. Convinced of her devotion and purity, Charles sent Joan, who was about seventeen years old, to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief army. She arrived at the city in April 1429, wielding her banner and bringing hope to the demoralized French army. Nine days after her arrival, the English abandoned the siege. Joan encouraged the French to aggressively pursue the English during the Loire Campaign, which culminated in another decisive victory at Patay, opening the way for the French army to advance on Reims unopposed, where Charles was crowned as the King of France with Joan at his side. These victories boosted French morale, paving the way for their final triumph in the Hundred Years' War several decades later.

    After Charles's coronation, Joan participated in the unsuccessful siege of Paris in September 1429 and the failed siege of La Charité in November. Her role in these defeats reduced the court's faith in her. In early 1430, Joan organized a company of volunteers to relieve Compiègne, which had been besieged by the Burgundians—French allies of the English. She was captured by Burgundian troops on 23 May. After trying unsuccessfully to escape, she was handed to the English in November. She was put on trial by Bishop Pierre Cauchon on accusations of heresy, which included blaspheming by wearing men's clothes, acting upon visions that were demonic, and refusing to submit her words and deeds to the judgment of the church. She was declared guilty and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, aged about nineteen.

    In 1456, an inquisitorial court reinvestigated Joan's trial and overturned the verdict, declaring that it was tainted by deceit and procedural errors. Joan has been revered as a martyr, and viewed as an obedient daughter of the Roman Catholic Church, an early feminist, and a symbol of freedom and independence. After the French Revolution, she became a national symbol of France. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church and, two years later, was declared one of the patron saints of France. She is portrayed in numerous cultural works, including literature, music, paintings, sculptures, and theater.

    1. ^ Contamine 2007, p. 199: Cette miniature du XVe siècle, très soignée (l'étendard correspond exactement à la description que Jeanne d'Arc elle-même en donnera lors de son procès) ... Mais c'est précisément cette exactitude, et cette coïncidence, trop belle pour être vraie, qui éveillent—ou plutôt auraient dû éveiller—les soupçons ... [This miniature from the 15th century, very neat (the banner corresponds exactly to the description that Joan of Arc herself will give during her trial) ... But it is precisely this exactitude, and this coincidence, too good to be true, which arouses—or rather should have aroused—suspicion ...]
    2. ^ The Calendar 2021.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

     
  30. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    19 April 1987The Simpsons first appear as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, first starting with Good Night.

    The Simpsons

    The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company.[1][2][3] Developed by Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon, the series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Set in the fictional town of Springfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and the human condition.

    The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer Brooks. He created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to "simpleton".[4] The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990).

    Since its debut on December 17, 1989, 762 episodes of the show have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American animated series, longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerous comic book series, video games, books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollar merchandising industry. The Simpsons is a joint production by Gracie Films and 20th Television.[5]

    On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.[6] Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.[7] Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.[8]

    The Simpsons received widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its "golden age". Since then, it has been criticized for a perceived decline in quality. Time named it the 20th century's best television series,[9] and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it "television's crowning achievement regardless of format".[10] On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 35 Primetime Emmy Awards, 34 Annie Awards, and 2 Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of "D'oh!" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Ortved, John (October 12, 2010). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Faber & Faber. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-86547-939-5. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    2. ^ Facts on File, Incorporated (2010). Animation. Infobase Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4381-3249-5. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    3. ^ Irwin, William; Conard, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon J. (August 21, 2013). The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Open Court. p. 1972. ISBN 978-0-8126-9694-3. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    4. ^ "Matt Groening Reveals the Location of the Real Springfield". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
    5. ^ "The Simpsons About the Show". Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
    6. ^ Snierson, Dan (January 26, 2023). "The Simpsons renewed through 2025, will pass 800-episode mark". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
    7. ^ Selman, Matt [@mattselman] (January 28, 2023). "If anyone is questioning the math, @TheSimpsons Season 34 season finale will be Episode 750 — but there are 7 more "holdover" shows airing this fall that were produced as part of production season 34" (Tweet). Retrieved February 16, 2023 – via Twitter.
    8. ^ "Breaking News – FOX to Debut Animated Comedy "Krapopolis" on Sunday, Sept. 24 | TheFutonCritic.com". thefutoncritic.com. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
    9. ^ "The Best of the Century". Time. December 31, 1999. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
    10. ^ "The best animated series ever". The A.V. Club. February 16, 2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
     
  31. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    19 April 1987The Simpsons first appear as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, first starting with Good Night.

    The Simpsons

    The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company.[1][2][3] Developed by Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon, the series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. Set in the fictional town of Springfield, it caricatures society, Western culture, television, and the human condition.

    The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer Brooks. He created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after his own family members, substituting Bart for his own name; he thought Simpson was a funny name in that it sounded similar to "simpleton".[4] The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After three seasons, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became Fox's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990).

    Since its debut on December 17, 1989, 762 episodes of the show have been broadcast. It is the longest-running American animated series, longest-running American sitcom, and the longest-running American scripted primetime television series, both in seasons and individual episodes. A feature-length film, The Simpsons Movie, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27, 2007, to critical and commercial success, with a sequel in development as of 2018. The series has also spawned numerous comic book series, video games, books, and other related media, as well as a billion-dollar merchandising industry. The Simpsons is a joint production by Gracie Films and 20th Television.[5]

    On January 26, 2023, the series was renewed for its 35th and 36th seasons, taking the show through the 2024–25 television season.[6] Both seasons contain a combined total of 51 episodes. Seven of these episodes are season 34 holdovers, while the other 44 will be produced in the production cycle of the upcoming seasons, bringing the show's overall episode total up to 801.[7] Season 35 premiered on October 1, 2023.[8]

    The Simpsons received widespread acclaim throughout its early seasons in the 1990s, which are generally considered its "golden age". Since then, it has been criticized for a perceived decline in quality. Time named it the 20th century's best television series,[9] and Erik Adams of The A.V. Club named it "television's crowning achievement regardless of format".[10] On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 35 Primetime Emmy Awards, 34 Annie Awards, and 2 Peabody Awards. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase of "D'oh!" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many other later adult-oriented animated sitcom television series.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

    1. ^ Ortved, John (October 12, 2010). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Faber & Faber. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-86547-939-5. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    2. ^ Facts on File, Incorporated (2010). Animation. Infobase Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4381-3249-5. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    3. ^ Irwin, William; Conard, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon J. (August 21, 2013). The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Open Court. p. 1972. ISBN 978-0-8126-9694-3. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    4. ^ "Matt Groening Reveals the Location of the Real Springfield". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
    5. ^ "The Simpsons About the Show". Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
    6. ^ Snierson, Dan (January 26, 2023). "The Simpsons renewed through 2025, will pass 800-episode mark". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
    7. ^ Selman, Matt [@mattselman] (January 28, 2023). "If anyone is questioning the math, @TheSimpsons Season 34 season finale will be Episode 750 — but there are 7 more "holdover" shows airing this fall that were produced as part of production season 34" (Tweet). Retrieved February 16, 2023 – via Twitter.
    8. ^ "Breaking News – FOX to Debut Animated Comedy "Krapopolis" on Sunday, Sept. 24 | TheFutonCritic.com". thefutoncritic.com. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
    9. ^ "The Best of the Century". Time. December 31, 1999. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
    10. ^ "The best animated series ever". The A.V. Club. February 16, 2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
     
  32. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    20 April 2010 – The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an oil spill that would last six months.

    Deepwater Horizon oil spill

    The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an environmental disaster which began on April 20, 2010, off the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect,[6][7][8][9] considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill, also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, the United States federal government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 MMbbl (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3).[3] After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[10] Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[11][12] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.

    A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1,840,000 US gal (7,000 m3) of oil dispersant.[13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.[14] In Louisiana, oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. 4,900,000 lb (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012.[15] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand.[16] In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.[17] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs which would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening; another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.[18][19]

    Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly BP, but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton.[20][21] Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".[22]

    In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $4.525 billion in fines and other payments.[23][24][25] As of 2018, cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than $65 billion.[26][27]

    In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.[28] In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8 billion in fines, the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history.[29]

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference MHL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference report2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ "BP / Gulf Oil Spill – 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact" (Press release). SkyTruth.org. 27 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2001.
    5. ^ "Frontline: The Spill". Frontline on PBS. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
    6. ^ Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010). "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
    7. ^ "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
    8. ^ Jervis, Rick; Levin, Alan (27 May 2010). "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
    9. ^ "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers". USA Today.
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Aspress was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Jamail, Dahr (4 March 2012). "BP settles while Macondo 'seeps'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
    12. ^ "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back". Huffington Post. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference staff4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Elliott, Debbie (21 December 2013). "For BP Cleanup, 2013 Meant 4.6 Million Pounds Of Oily Gunk". NPR.
    16. ^ "Oil from BP spill pushed onto shelf off Tampa Bay by underwater currents, study finds". Tampa Bay Times. 20 August 2013.
    17. ^ Viegas, Jen (2 April 2013). "Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016.
    18. ^ Sahagun, Louis (13 February 2014). "Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
    19. ^ Wines, Michael (24 March 2014). "Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
    20. ^ Cite error: The named reference BOERMEPR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference nyt151112 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ Cite error: The named reference latimes290113 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-21 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Bousso, Ron (16 January 2018). "BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
    27. ^ Ward, Andrew (1 May 2018). "BP hints at future dividend increases". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
    28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Times - barbier - 18 billion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    29. ^ "Deepwater Horizon oil spill settlements: Where the money went". NOAA. 20 April 2017.
     
  33. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    20 April 2010 – The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers and beginning an oil spill that would last six months.

    Deepwater Horizon oil spill

    The Deepwater Horizon oil spill (also referred to as the "BP oil spill") was an environmental disaster which began on April 20, 2010, off the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect,[6][7][8][9] considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill, also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, the United States federal government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 MMbbl (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3).[3] After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[10] Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking.[11][12] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.

    A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1,840,000 US gal (7,000 m3) of oil dispersant.[13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.[14] In Louisiana, oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013. 4,900,000 lb (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012.[15] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand.[16] In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.[17] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs which would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening; another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.[18][19]

    Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill. The United States Government report, published in September 2011, pointed to defective cement on the well, faulting mostly BP, but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton.[20][21] Earlier in 2011, a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system, but also concluded that the spill resulted from "systemic" root causes and "absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies, might well recur".[22]

    In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics, and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the United States government. BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $4.525 billion in fines and other payments.[23][24][25] As of 2018, cleanup costs, charges and penalties had cost the company more than $65 billion.[26][27]

    In September 2014, a United States District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct.[28] In April 2016, BP agreed to pay $20.8 billion in fines, the largest environmental damage settlement in United States history.[29]

    1. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ Cite error: The named reference MHL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference report2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    4. ^ "BP / Gulf Oil Spill – 68,000 Square Miles of Direct Impact" (Press release). SkyTruth.org. 27 July 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2001.
    5. ^ "Frontline: The Spill". Frontline on PBS. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
    6. ^ Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010). "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
    7. ^ "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
    8. ^ Jervis, Rick; Levin, Alan (27 May 2010). "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
    9. ^ "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers". USA Today.
    10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Aspress was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    11. ^ Jamail, Dahr (4 March 2012). "BP settles while Macondo 'seeps'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
    12. ^ "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back". Huffington Post. 30 September 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
    13. ^ Cite error: The named reference staff4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    14. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    15. ^ Elliott, Debbie (21 December 2013). "For BP Cleanup, 2013 Meant 4.6 Million Pounds Of Oily Gunk". NPR.
    16. ^ "Oil from BP spill pushed onto shelf off Tampa Bay by underwater currents, study finds". Tampa Bay Times. 20 August 2013.
    17. ^ Viegas, Jen (2 April 2013). "Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill". Archived from the original on 30 January 2016.
    18. ^ Sahagun, Louis (13 February 2014). "Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
    19. ^ Wines, Michael (24 March 2014). "Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
    20. ^ Cite error: The named reference BOERMEPR was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    21. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-17 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    22. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    23. ^ Cite error: The named reference nyt151112 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    24. ^ Cite error: The named reference latimes290113 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    25. ^ Cite error: The named reference AutoBB-21 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    26. ^ Bousso, Ron (16 January 2018). "BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
    27. ^ Ward, Andrew (1 May 2018). "BP hints at future dividend increases". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
    28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Times - barbier - 18 billion was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    29. ^ "Deepwater Horizon oil spill settlements: Where the money went". NOAA. 20 April 2017.
     
  34. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    21 April 753 BCRomulus founds Rome

    Founding of Rome

    Capitoline Wolf, sculpture of the she-wolf feeding the twins Romulus and Remus, the most famous image associated with the founding of Rome. According to Livy, it was erected in 296 BC.[1]
    Romulus and Remus on the House of the She-wolf at the Grand Place of Brussels

    The founding of Rome was a prehistoric event or process later greatly embellished by Roman historians and poets. Archaeological evidence indicates that Rome developed from the gradual union of several hilltop villages during the Final Bronze Age or early Iron Age. Prehistoric habitation of the Italian Peninsula occurred by 48,000 years ago, with the area of Rome being settled by around 1600 BC.[2] Some evidence on the Capitoline Hill possibly dates as early as c. 1700 BC[3] and the nearby valley that later housed the Roman Forum had a developed necropolis by at least 1000 BC.[4] The combination of the hilltop settlements into a single polity by the later 8th century BC was probably influenced by the trend for city-state formation emerging from ancient Greece.

    Roman myth held that their city was founded by Romulus, son of the war god Mars and the Vestal virgin Rhea Silvia, fallen princess of Alba Longa and descendant of Aeneas of Troy. Exposed on the Tiber, Romulus and his twin Remus were suckled by a she-wolf at the Lupercal before being raised by the shepherd Faustulus, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle Amulius, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather Numitor. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the Palatine Hill.

    Most modern historians doubt the existence of a single founder or founding event for the city, and no material evidence has been found connecting early Rome to Alba or Troy. Most modern historians also dismiss the putative Aeneid dynasty at Alba Longa as fiction. The legendary account was still much discussed and celebrated in Roman times. The Parilia Festival on 21 April was considered to commemorate the anniversary of the city's founding during the late Republic and that aspect of the holiday grew in importance under the Empire until it was fully transformed into the Romaea in AD 121. The year of the supposed founding was variously computed by ancient historians, but the two dates seeming to be officially sanctioned were the Varronian chronology's 753 BC (used by Claudius's Secular Games and Hadrian's Romaea) and the adjacent year of 752 BC (used by the Fasti and the Secular Games of Antoninus Pius and Philip I). Despite known errors in Varro's calculations, it is the 753 BC date that continues to form the basis for most modern calculations of the AUC calendar era.

    1. ^ Momigliano 1989, p. 57, citing Livy, 10.23.1.
    2. ^ Momigliano 1989, p. 53.
    3. ^ Lomas 2018, p. 38.
    4. ^ Cornell 1995, p. 48.
     
  35. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    22 April 2016 – The Paris Agreement is signed, an agreement to help fight global warming.

    Paris Agreement

    The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris), often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is an international treaty on climate change. Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of February 2023, 195 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2020, but rejoined in 2021.

    The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the rise in mean global temperature to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels, and preferably limit the increase to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), recognizing that this would substantially reduce the effects of climate change. To achieve this goal, emissions should be reduced as soon as possible and reach net zero by the middle of the 21st century.[3] To stay below 1.5 °C of global warming, emissions need to be cut by roughly 50% by 2030. This is an aggregate of each country's nationally determined contributions.[4]

    It aims to help countries adapt to climate change effects, and mobilize enough finance. Under the agreement, each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on its contributions. No mechanism forces a country to set specific emissions targets, but each target should go beyond previous targets. In contrast to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the distinction between developed and developing countries is blurred, so that the latter also have to submit plans for emission reductions.

    The Paris Agreement was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) at a ceremony inside the UN Headquarters in New York. After the European Union ratified the agreement, sufficient countries had ratified the agreement responsible for enough of the world's greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force on 4 November 2016.

    The agreement was lauded by world leaders, but criticized as insufficiently binding by some environmentalists and analysts. There is debate about the effectiveness of the agreement. While current pledges under the Paris Agreement are insufficient for reaching the set temperature goals, there is a mechanism of increased ambition. The Paris Agreement has been successfully used in climate litigation forcing countries and an oil company to strengthen climate action.[5][6]

    1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference depo2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    2. ^ "Paris Climate Agreement Becomes International Law". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
    3. ^ UNFCCC. "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
    4. ^ Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich. "The Paris Agreement – the 1.5 °C Temperature Goal". Climate Analytics. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
    5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :19 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
     
  36. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    23 April 1999NATO bombs the headquarters of Radio Television of Serbia, as part of their aerial campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

    Radio Television of Serbia

    Radio Television of Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Радио-телевизија Србије, Serbian: Radio-televizija Srbije; abbr. RTS/PTC) is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster of Serbia. Radio Television of Serbia has four organizational units – radio, television, music production, and record label (PGP-RTS). It is financed primarily through monthly subscription fees and advertising revenue.[3]

    1. ^ a b c "Analiza medijskog tržišta u Srbiji" (PDF). rem.rs (in Serbian). August 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
    2. ^ a b "Финансијски извeштаји 31. децембaр 2018. године и Извештај независног ревизора" (PDF). rts.rs (in Serbian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
    3. ^ "Consumer protection group wants TV fees abolished". B92. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
     
  37. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    24 April 1933Nazi Germany begins its persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses by shutting down the Watch Tower Society office in Magdeburg.

    Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany

    Jehovah's Witnesses suffered religious persecution in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 after refusing to perform military service, join Nazi organizations, or give allegiance to the Hitler regime. An estimated 10,000 Witnesses were sent to Nazi concentration camps. It is estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 died in custody, including 250 who were executed.[1] They were the first Christian denomination banned by the Nazi government and the most extensively and intensively persecuted.[2]

    Unlike Jews and Romani, who were persecuted on the basis of their ethnicity, Jehovah's Witnesses could escape persecution and personal harm by renouncing their religious beliefs by signing a document indicating renunciation of their faith, submission to state authority, and support of the German military.[3] Historian Sybil Milton concludes that "their courage and defiance in the face of torture and death punctures the myth of a monolithic Nazi state ruling over docile and submissive subjects."[4]

    Despite early attempts to demonstrate shared goals with the National Socialist regime,[5][6] the group came under increasing public and governmental persecution from 1933, with many expelled from jobs and schools, deprived of income, and suffering beatings and imprisonment. Historians are divided over whether the Nazis intended to exterminate them, but several authors have claimed the Witnesses' outspoken condemnation of the Nazis contributed to their level of suffering.

    1. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses in the Holocaust". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
    2. ^ Garbe, Detlef (2008). Between Resistance and Martyrdom: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Third Reich. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 100, 102, 514. ISBN 978-0-299-20794-6.
    3. ^ Berenbaum, Michael. "Persecution and Resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses During the Nazi-Regime".
    4. ^ Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). The Holocaust encyclopedia. Yale University Press. pp. 346–50. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
    5. ^ Garbe 2008, pp. 90–91.
    6. ^ Watch Tower Society. "Declaration of Facts" (June 1933) as quoted in Awake!, July 8, 1998, p. 14: "A careful examination of our books and literature will disclose the fact that the very high ideals held and promulgated by the present national government are set forth in and endorsed and strongly emphasized in our publications, and show that Jehovah God will see to it that these high ideals in due time will be attained by all persons who love righteousness."
     
  38. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    25 April 1916Anzac Day is commemorated for the first time on the first anniversary of the landing at ANZAC Cove.

    Anzac Day

    The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower that has been used since 1921 to commemorate war dead.
    Flags on the cenotaph in Wellington for the 2007 Dawn March. From left to right, the flags of New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia.

    Anzac Day (/ˈænzæk/; Māori: Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa[2] or Rā o ngā Hōia)[1] is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served".[3][4] Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).

    1. ^ a b "Rā o Ngā Hōia". Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
    2. ^ "Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa – te Aka Māori Dictionary".
    3. ^ "ANZAC Day". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
    4. ^ "Anzac Day Today". Anzac.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
     
  39. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 April 1903Atlético Madrid Association football club is founded

    Atlético Madrid

    Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið]; meaning "Athletic Club of Madrid"), known simply as Atleti in Spanish-speaking countries and commonly referred to at the international level as Atlético Madrid, is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid that plays in La Liga. The club play their home games at the Metropolitano, which has a capacity of 70,460.[3]

    Founded on 26 April 1903 as Athletic Club Sucursal de Madrid, the club has traditionally worn red and white vertical striped shirts, being known as Los Colchoneros ("The Mattress Makers") and Los Rojiblancos. The club became Atlético de Madrid in 1946 and began a long-standing rivalry with Madrid neighbours Real Madrid, with whom they contest the El Derbi Madrileño. They also share a rivalry with Barcelona.[8] Felipe VI, the King of Spain, has been the honorary president of the club since 2003.

    In terms of league titles won, Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football—behind Real Madrid and Barcelona. Atlético have won La Liga on eleven occasions, including a league and cup double in 1996; the Copa del Rey on ten occasions; two Supercopas de España, one Copa Presidente FEF [es] and one Copa Eva Duarte; in Europe, they won the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1962, were runners-up in 1963 and 1986, were UEFA Champions League runners-up in 1974, 2014 and 2016,[9] won the UEFA Europa League in 2010, 2012 and 2018, and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010, 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup.

    After suffering a decline in fortunes during the 2000s, the club have enjoyed a revival since 2011, under the management of Diego Simeone, with him forging a distinctive identity marked by defensive style and a strong sense of team unity and spirit, instilling a collective responsibility that transcends individual performances. This enables them to compete with rivals Real Madrid and Barcelona for major honours, winning La Liga twice, one Copa del Rey, two UEFA Europa Leagues, as well as been runner-up of the UEFA Champions League twice losing to Real Madrid.

    1. ^ "Why are the players from Atletico called 'Colchoneros'?". La Liga. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
    2. ^ "Por qué al Real Madrid le llaman vikingos y al Atlético indios". fotmob.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
    3. ^ a b "Club Atlético de Madrid – El aforo del Cívitas Metropolitano crece hasta los 70.460 espectadores". Club Atlético de Madrid (in European Spanish). 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
    4. ^ "Majority shareholder Atlético HoldCo to provide 120 million euros". Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. 25 June 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
    5. ^ "Israeli Billionaire Idan Ofer Makes Progress in Bid to Buy Stake in Atletico Madrid Soccer Club". Haaretz. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    6. ^ Welch, Ben (17 November 2017). "Israeli billionaire Idan Ofer buys share of Spanish football giants Atlético Madrid". The JC. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    7. ^ Hazani, Golan (17 November 2017). "Israeli Business Magnate Buys a 15% Stake in Atlético Madrid". CTECH. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    8. ^ "Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Derby: Great Local Football Derbies". Eurorivals. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
    9. ^ "1973/74: Müller ends Bayern wait". UEFA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
     
  40. NewsBot

    NewsBot The Admin that posts the news.

    Articles:
    1
    26 April 1903Atlético Madrid Association football club is founded

    Atlético Madrid

    Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið]; meaning "Athletic Club of Madrid"), known simply as Atleti in Spanish-speaking countries and commonly referred to at the international level as Atlético Madrid, is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid that plays in La Liga. The club play their home games at the Metropolitano, which has a capacity of 70,460.[3]

    Founded on 26 April 1903 as Athletic Club Sucursal de Madrid, the club has traditionally worn red and white vertical striped shirts, being known as Los Colchoneros ("The Mattress Makers") and Los Rojiblancos. The club became Atlético de Madrid in 1946 and began a long-standing rivalry with Madrid neighbours Real Madrid, with whom they contest the El Derbi Madrileño. They also share a rivalry with Barcelona.[8] Felipe VI, the King of Spain, has been the honorary president of the club since 2003.

    In terms of league titles won, Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football—behind Real Madrid and Barcelona. Atlético have won La Liga on eleven occasions, including a league and cup double in 1996; the Copa del Rey on ten occasions; two Supercopas de España, one Copa Presidente FEF [es] and one Copa Eva Duarte; in Europe, they won the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1962, were runners-up in 1963 and 1986, were UEFA Champions League runners-up in 1974, 2014 and 2016,[9] won the UEFA Europa League in 2010, 2012 and 2018, and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010, 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup.

    After suffering a decline in fortunes during the 2000s, the club have enjoyed a revival since 2011, under the management of Diego Simeone, with him forging a distinctive identity marked by defensive style and a strong sense of team unity and spirit, instilling a collective responsibility that transcends individual performances. This enables them to compete with rivals Real Madrid and Barcelona for major honours, winning La Liga twice, one Copa del Rey, two UEFA Europa Leagues, as well as been runner-up of the UEFA Champions League twice losing to Real Madrid.

    1. ^ "Why are the players from Atletico called 'Colchoneros'?". La Liga. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
    2. ^ "Por qué al Real Madrid le llaman vikingos y al Atlético indios". fotmob.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
    3. ^ a b "Club Atlético de Madrid – El aforo del Cívitas Metropolitano crece hasta los 70.460 espectadores". Club Atlético de Madrid (in European Spanish). 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
    4. ^ "Majority shareholder Atlético HoldCo to provide 120 million euros". Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. 25 June 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
    5. ^ "Israeli Billionaire Idan Ofer Makes Progress in Bid to Buy Stake in Atletico Madrid Soccer Club". Haaretz. 16 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    6. ^ Welch, Ben (17 November 2017). "Israeli billionaire Idan Ofer buys share of Spanish football giants Atlético Madrid". The JC. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    7. ^ Hazani, Golan (17 November 2017). "Israeli Business Magnate Buys a 15% Stake in Atlético Madrid". CTECH. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
    8. ^ "Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid Derby: Great Local Football Derbies". Eurorivals. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
    9. ^ "1973/74: Müller ends Bayern wait". UEFA. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
     

Share This Page